handbook fibeair ip-20g basic training course 7.7 ver2
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COURSE HANDBOOKInstallation | Commissioning | System Configuration
IP-20G Basic Training Course
Updated for SW Version 7.7
Visit our Customer Training Portal at training.ceragon.com or contact us at [email protected]
Trainee Name: _________________
Copyright 2012 Ceragon Networks Ltd. www.ceragon.com
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FibeAir IP‐20G Ceragon Training Course
CERAGON TRAINING
PROGRAM
–
IP
‐20G
Basic
Training
Course
Sw
7.7
Table of Content
Intro to Radio Systems ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 005
Introduction to Ethernet ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 029
IP‐20G Overview………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 041
Installation Guide……………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 053
First Login…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 079
ACM & MSE….…………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………. 085
Radio Link Parameters…………..…………………………………………………………………………………………… 097
Automatic Transmit Power Control ATPC……………………………………….……………………………………. 103
Service Model in IP‐20G………………………….…………………………………………………………………………. 109
Licensing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 133
Native TDM ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 143
Configuration Management & Software Download…………………………………………………………… 151
Troubleshooting………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 163
Course Evaluation Form………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 177
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Version 1
Introduction to Radio Systems
May 2014
Proprietary and Confidential
Agenda
2
• Radio Relay Principles
• Parameters affecting propagations:
• Dispersion
• Humidity/gas absorption
• Multipath/ducting
• Atmospheric conditions (refraction)
• Terrain (flatness, type, Fresnel zone clearance, diffraction)
• Climatic conditions (rain zone, temperature)
• Rain attenuation
• Modulation
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Digital Transmission Systems
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RF Signal
Path Terrain
f1
f1’
Radio Relay Principles
• A Radio Link requires two end stations
• A line of sight (LOS) or nLOS (near LOS) is required
• Microwave Radio Link frequencies occupy 1-80GHz
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High and Low frequency station
Local site
High station
Remote site
Low station
High station means: Tx(f1) >Rx(f1’)
Tx(f1)=11500 MHz Rx(f1)=11500 MHz
Rx(f1’)=11000 MHz Tx(f1’)=11000 MHz
Low station means: Tx(f1’) < Rx(f1)
Full duplex
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Standard frequency plan patterns
Frequency reuse:
2,4V
1,3V1,3H 1,3H 1,3H
Reduced risk for overshoot
Frequency shift:
1,3V1,3H 2,4H
Reduced risk for overshoot
Only Low stations can interfere High stations
1,3H
Tx in upper part of band
Tx in lower part of band
1,3VLow High Low High
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Tx Tx Tx
TxTxTx
TxTx
TxTx
Tx
Tx
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Preferred site location structure
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RF Tx Filter Branching
Network(*) Feeder
Z' B' C' D' A'
Feeder
DBranching
Network(*)
C BRF Rx Filter
A
Receiver
E
Demodulator
Z
Modulator
E'
RECEIVER PATH
TRANSMITTER PATH
Transmitter Digital
Line interface
Digital
Line interface Output
signal
Input
signal
Radio Principal Block Diagram
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RF Principals
• RF - System of communication employing electromagnetic waves
(EMW) propagated through space
• EMW travel at the speed of light (300,000 km/s)
• The wave length is determined by the frequency as follows -
Wave Length
• Microwave – refers to very short waves (millimeters) and typically
relates to frequencies above 1GHz:
300 MHz ~ 1 meter
10 GHz ~ 3 cm
9
f
c
where c is the propagation velocity of electromagnetic
waves in vacuum (3x108 m/s)
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RF Principals
• We can see the relationship between colour, wavelength and amplitudeusing this animation
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Radio Spectrum
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Parameters Affecting Propagation
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Parameters Affecting Propagation
• Dispersion
• Humidity/gas absorption
• Multipath/ducting
• Atmospheric conditions (refraction)
• Terrain (flatness, type, Fresnel zone clearance, diffraction)
• Climatic conditions (rain zone, temperature)
• Rain attenuation
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Parameters Affecting Propagation – Dispersion
• Electromagnetic signal propagating in a physical medium is degraded
because the various wave components (i.e., frequencies, wavelengths)
have different propagation velocities within the physical medium:
• Low frequencies have longer wavelength and refract less
• High frequencies have shorter wavelength and refract more
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Parameters Affecting Propagation Atmospheric Refraction
• Deflection of the beam towards the ground due to different electrical
characteristics of the atmosphere’s is called Dielectric Constant .
• The dielectric constant depends on pressure, temperature &
humidity in the atmosphere, parameters that are normally decrease
with altitude
• Since waves travel faster through thinner medium, the upper part of the
wave will travel faster than the lower part, causing the beam to bend
downwards, following the curve of earth
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No Atmosphere
With Atmosphere
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Wave in atmosphere
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Parameters Affecting Propagation – Multipath
• Multipath occurs when there is more then one beam reaching the receiver
with different amplitude or phase
• Multipath transmission is the main cause of fading in low frequencies
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Direct beam
Delayed beam
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Parameters Affecting Propagation – Duct
• Atmospheric duct refers to a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere with
vertical refractive index gradients causing radio signals:
• Remain within the duct
• Follow the curvature of the Earth
• Experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not
present
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Duct Layer
Terrain
Duct Layer
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Parameters Affecting Propagation - Polarization andRain
• Raindrops have sizes ranging from 0.1 millimeters to 9 millimetersmean diameter (above that they tend to break up)
• Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical.
• As a raindrop increases in
• size, its shape becomes more
• oblate, with its largestcross-section facing the
• oncoming airflow.
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Large rain drops become
Increasingly flattened on theBottom;
very large ones are shaped
like parachutes
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Parameters Affecting Propagation – Rain Fading
• Refers to scenarios where signal is absorbed by rain, snow, ice
• Absorption becomes significant factor above 11GHz
• Signal quality degrades
• Represented by “dB/km” parameter which is related the rain
density which represented “mm/hr”
• Rain drops falls as flattened droplet
V better than H (more immune to rain fading)
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Parameters Affecting Propagation – Rain Fading
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Heavier rain >> Heavier Atten.
Higher FQ >> Higher Attenuation
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Parameters Affecting Propagation – Fresnel Zone
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Terrain
Duct Layer0
1st
2nd
3rd
TX RX
1. EMW propagate in beams
2. Some beams widen – therefore, their path is longer
3. A phase shift is introduced between the direct and indirect
beam
4. Thus, ring zones around the direct line are created
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Parameters Affecting Propagation – Fresnel Zone
• Obstacles in the first Fresnel zone will create signals that will be 0 to 90 degrees outof phase…in the 2nd zone they will be 90 to 270 degrees out of phase…in 3rd zone,
they will be 270 to 450 degrees out of phase and so on…
• Odd numbered zones are constructive and even numbered zones are destructive.
• When building wireless links, we therefore need to be sure that these zones are keptfree of obstructions.
• In wireless networking the area containing about 40-60 percent of the first Fresnelzone should be kept free.
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Example: First condition
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RF Link Basic Components – Parabolic Reflector Radiation (antenna)
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RSSI Curve for RFU-C
1,9V
1,6V
1,3V
-30dBm -60dbm -90dBm
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• Standard performance antennas (SP,LP)
• Used for remote access links with low capacity. Re-using frequencies on adjacent links is notnormally possible due to poor front to back ratio.
• High performance antennas (HP)
• Used for high and low capacity links where only one polarization is used. Re-usingfrequencies is possible. Can not be used with co-channel systems.
• High performance dual polarized antennas (HPX)
• Used for high and low capacity links with the possibility to utilize both polarizations. Re-usingfrequencies is possible. Can be used for co-channel systems.
• Super high performance dual polarized antennas (HSX)
• Normally used on high capacity links with the possibility to utilize both polarizations. Re-usingfrequencies is possible with high interference protection. Ideal for co-channel systems.
• Ultra high performance dual polarized antennas (UHX)• Normally used on high capacity links with high interference requirements. Re-using
frequencies in many directions is possible. Can be used with co-channel systems.
Main Parabolic Antenna Types
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Passive Repeaters
Planereflector
Back-to-backantennas
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Objective examples
• Typical objectives used in real systems
• 99.999%• Month: 25.9 sec
• Year: 5 min 12 sec
• 99.995 %• Month: 2 min 10 sec
• Year: 26 min
• 99.99%• Month: 260 sec
• Year: 51 min
• Performance requirements generally higher than Availability.
• ITU use worst month for Performance Average year for Availability
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Modulation
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Modulation
Modulation
Analog
Modulation
Digital
Modulation
AM - Amplitude modulation ASK – Amplitude Shift Keying
FM - Frequency modulation FSK – Frequency Shift Keying
PM – Phase modulation PSK – Phase Shift Keying
QAM – Quadrature Amplitude modulation
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Modem
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 11 0
Modem
1 111 10 0 0
0111 0 11
F1F2F1 F1F2F1 F1
Modem
1 1 1 1 10 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1800 phase shift
ASK modulation changes the amplitude to the analog
signale.”1” and “ 0” have different amplitude.
FSK modulation is a method of represent the two
binary states ”1” and ”0” with different
spcific frequencies.
PSK modulation changes the phase to the transmittedsignal. The simplest method uses 0 and 1800 .
Digital modulation
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QAM Modulation
• Quadrature Amplitude Modulation employs both phase modulation(PSK) and amplitude modulation (ASK)
• The input stream is divided into groups of bits based on the numberof modulation states used.
• In 8 QAM, each three bits of input, which provides eight values (0-7)alters the phase and amplitude of the carrier to derive eight uniquemodulation states
• In 64 QAM, each six bits generates 64 modulation states; in 128QAM, each seven bits generate 128 states, and so on
4QAM 2bits/symbol 256QAM 8bits/symbol
8QAM 3bits/symbol 512QAM 9bits/symbol
16QAM 4bits/symbol 1024QAM 10bits/symbol32QAM 5bits/symbol 2048QAM 11bits/symbol
64QAM 6bits/symbol
128QAM 7bits/symbol
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Why QAM and not ASK or PSK for higher modulation?
• This is because QAM achieves a greater distance between adjacent pointsin the I-Q plane by distributing the points more evenly
• The points on the constellation are more distinct and data errors arereduced
• Higher modulation >> more bits per symbol
• Constellation points are closer >>TX is more susceptible to noise
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Constellation diagram
• In a more abstract sense, it represents the possible symbols that may beselected by a given modulation scheme as points in the complex plane.
Measured constellation diagrams can be used to recognize the type of
interference and distortion in a signal.
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8 QAM Modulation Example
We have stream: 001-010-100-011-101-000-011-110
Bit sequence Amplitude Phase (degrees)
000
1
None
001
2
None
010
1
pi/2
(90°)
011
2
pi/2
(90°)
100
1
pi
(180°)
101
2
pi
(180°)
110
1 3pi/2
(270°)
111
2 3pi/2
(270°)
How does constellation diagram look?
DIGITAL QAM (8QAM)
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4QAM VS. 16QAM
4QAM 16QAM
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2048 QAM
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2-PSK
4-PSK
8-PSK
16-QAM
64-QAM
Bandwidth
DecreasesModulation
Complixity
Increases
Bandwidth vs. Modulation
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P o w e r
Noise
Signal
S/N
P o w e r
Noise
S/N
Signal
P o w e r
Noise
S/N
Signal
P o w e r
Noise
S/N
Signal
• Example: S/N influence at QPSK Demodulator
• Each dot detected in wrong quadrant result in bit errors
BER=10-3BER=10-6BER
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10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
-75 -72 -69 -66Receiver input level [dBm]
BER change ratio vs. Noise isdependent on Noise Power distribution
and coding
BER Impact on Transmission Quality
BER
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RSL Vs. Threshold
Thermal Noise=10*log(k*T*B*1000)
S/N=23dB for 128QAM (37 MHz)
BER>10-6RSL (dBm)
-20
-30 Nominal Input Level
-99
-96 Receiver amplifies thermal noise
-73 Threshold level BER=10-6
Fading Margin
K – Boltzmann constant
T – Temperature in Kelvin
B – Bandwidth
Time (s)
BER>10-6
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Thank you
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Version 1
Introduction to Ethernet
November 2013
Proprietary and Confidential
Agenda
2
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Network Devices
• OSI Layers
• Ethernet Frame
• VLAN concept
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The Local Area Network (LAN)
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Network Devices
The various devices used to build a data communication network can be classified into type of
equipment depending on how Ethernet packets are forwarded.
HUB
BRIDGE / SWITCH
ROUTER
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Functions of OSI layers
5
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
OSI model layers
Type of communication: e-mail, file transfer, web browsing
Encryption, data conversion: ASCII to EBCDIC, BCD to binary e t.
Starts, stops sessions. Maintains order
Routes data to different LANs and WANs based on network addresses
Transmits packets from node to node based on station address
Electrical signals and cabling (physical medium)
Ensure delivery of entire file or message
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Protocols in OSI layers
6
Physical
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
OSI model layers
HTTP, FTP, IRC, SSH, DNS, SNMP
SSL, SFTP, IMAP, SSH, Jpeg, GIF, TIFF, MPEG, MIDI, mp3
VARIOUS API’S, SOCKETS
IP, IP Sec, ICMP, IGMP
Ethernet, Token Ring, SLIP, PPP, FDDI
Coax, Fiber, Wireless
TCP, UDP, ECN, SCTP, DCCP
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Ethernet frame
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OSI and TCP/IP model
8
Physical
Data Link
Layer 2,5
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
Data Link
Layer 2,5
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Network
Interface
Layer 2,5
Internet
ApplicationSession Protocol
Presentation Protocol
Application Protocol
P SFD MAC MPLS IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA FCSS‐VLAN
DATA
MAC MPLS IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA FCSS‐VLAN C-VLAN
MPLS IPv4 /6 TCP/UDP DATA
IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DAT A
T CP/ UD P D AT A
TCP/IP modelOSI model
layers
OSI model
layers
E
L
E
L
7 1 12 4 4 4 2 20/40 20/8 4
46-1500P Preamble TCP Transmission control protocol
SFD Start frame Delimiter UDP User datagram protocol
MAC = Destination + Source MAC Address FCS Frame check sequence
EL Ether Length/Type
VLAN Virtual local area network
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
IP Internet protocol
C-VLAN
Size in bytes:
Transport
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L2
9
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L3
10
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L4
11
UDP Header
TCP Header
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Inter-frame gap
Ethernet works in Layer 1, Layer 2 and “Layer 2,5”
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VLAN concept
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Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) concept
14
• Imagine that you have a network and three different customer
• Customer 1
• Customer 2
• Customer 3
NETWORK
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Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) concept
15
The most common protocol used today in configuring virtual LANs is IEEE 802.1Q
VLANs are created to provide the segmentation services traditionally provided by routers
in LAN configurations
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OSI and TCP/IP model
Physical
Data Link
Layer 2,5
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
Data Link
Layer 2,5
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Network
Interface
Layer 2,5
Internet
ApplicationSession Protocol
Presentation Protocol
Application Protocol
P SFD MAC MPLS IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA FCSS‐VLAN
DATA
MAC MPLS IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DATA FCSS‐VLAN C-VLAN
MPLS IPv4 /6 TCP/UDP DATA
IPv4/6 TCP/UDP DAT A
T CP/ UD P D AT A
TCP/IP modelOSI model
layers
OSI model
layers
E
L
E
L
7 1 12 4 4 4 2 20/40 20/8 4
46-1500P Preamble TCP Transmission control protocol
SFD Start frame Delimiter UDP User datagram protocol
MAC = Destination + Source MAC Address FCS Frame check sequence
EL Ether Length/Type
VLAN Virtual local area network
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
IP Internet protocol
C-VLAN
Size in bytes:
Transport
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Ethernet frame
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Length / Type < 1500 - Parameter indicates number of Data Bytes
Length / Type > 1536 - Parameter indicates Protocol Type (PPPoE, PPPoA, ARP etc.)
Preamble + SFD DA SA Length / Type DATA + PAD FCS
6 Bytes 6 Bytes8 Bytes 2 Bytes 46 - 1500 Bytes4 Bytes
(32-bit
CRC)
FCS is created by the sender and recalculated by the receiver
Minimum 64 Bytes < FRAME SIZE < Maximum 1518 Bytes
Untagged Ethernet Frame
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• Additional information is inserted
• Frame size increases to 1522 Bytes
Tagged Ethernet Frame
4 Bytes
TPID = Tag protocol ID
TCI = Tag Control Information
CFI = 1 bit canonical Format Indicator
Preamble + SFD DA SA Length / Type DATA + PAD FCS
3 Bit 1 Bit 12 Bit
TCI
CFI
VLAN TAG
P‐TAG VLAN ID
TPID = 0x8100
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VLAN ID uses 12 bits, therefore the number of maximum VLANs is 4096:
• 212 = 4096
• VID 0 = reserved
• VID 4090-4096 = reserved (dedicated for IP-10’s internal purposes such as MNG etc.)
• VID 1 = default
• After tagging a frame, FCS is recalculated
• CFI is set to 0 for ETH frames, 1 for Token Ring to allow TR frames over
ETH backbones (some vendors may use CFI for internal purposes)
Tagging a Frame
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TPID / ETHER-Type / Protocol Type…
21
TPID in tagged frames in always set to
0x8100
It is important that you understand the
meaning and usage of this parameter
Protocol type Value
Tagged Frame 0x8100
ARP 0x0806
Q ‐in‐Q (CISCO) 0x8100
Q ‐in‐Q (other vendors) 0x88A8
Q ‐in‐Q (other vendors) 0x9100
Q ‐in‐Q (other vendors) 0x9200
RARP 0x8035
IP 0x0800
IPv6 0x86DD
PPPoE 0x8863/0x8864
MPLS 0x8847/0x8848
IS‐IS 0x8000
LACP 0x8809
802.1x 0x888E
Proprietary and Confidential
• Additional VLAN (S-VLAN) is inserted
• Frame size increases to 1526 Bytes
Q-in-Q
4 Bytes
Preamble + SFD DA SA Length / Type DATA + PAD FCS
3 Bit 1 Bit 12 Bit
CFI
S ‐ VLAN
TPID = 0x88A8
P‐TAG VLAN ID
TCI
CFI P‐TAGVLAN ID
TCITPID = 0x8100
C ‐ VLAN
4 Bytes
3 Bit 1 Bit 12 Bit
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Thank you
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Version 2
IP-20G Overview
July 2014
Proprietary and Confidential
Agenda
2
• FibeAir IP-20 Product Family
• Network topology with IP-20G
• IP-20G Introduction and Highlights
• IP-20G Front Panel Description
• IP-20G Block Diagram
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FibeAir IP-20 Product Family
3
IP‐20Platform
IP-20LH
IP-20A= IP20N + RFU-A
IP-20N 1RU & 2RU
IP-20G
IP-20S
IP-20C
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IP-10CIP-10EIP-10G
Ethernet + Optional TDM
IP-10Q
Ethernet Only
Compact
All-OutdoorTerminal /
Single-Carrier
Nodal
Terminal /
Single-Carrier
NodalAggregation
FibeAir IP-10 Product Line - 2011
Optimized for “Full GE”Multi-Carrier pipesUltra-high density
Optimized Solution for Any Network
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IP-10CIP-10EIP-10G
Optimized for “Full GE”Multi-Carrier pipesUltra-high density
Ethernet + Optional TDM
IP-10Q
Optimized Solution for Any Network
Ethernet Only
FibeAir IP-X0 Product Line - 2012 (Introducing IP-20G)
Compact
All-OutdoorTerminal /
Single-CarrierTerminal /
Single-Carrier
Aggregation
IP-20G
5
Proprietary and Confidential
IP‐20N
IP‐20N
IP‐20N
IP‐20G
Network Topology Example (Tree)
6
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
1+1
2+0
1+1
IP‐10G
C
C
IP‐20G
C
C
1+0
1+02+0IP‐10G
C
C
1+0
C
2+0
C
C
1+0
IP‐20N
C
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Proprietary and Confidential
IP-20G Introduction
7
IP-20G hardware characteristics:
• 6 x 1 GE interfaces total• 2 x dual mode GE electrical or cascading interfaces (RJ-45)
• 2 x GE electrical interfaces (RJ-45)
• 2x GE optical interfaces (SFP)
• Optional: 16 x E1 interfaces• Single or dual radio interfaces (TNC)• Single or dual power-feeds (-48v)• Sync in/out interface• Management interfaces
• Terminal – RS232 (RJ-45)
• 2x FE electrical interfaces (RJ-45)
• External alarms interface• RFU-C support
• IP-20G maintains high capacity, with up to 1024QAM modulation in its first SW release (T7.7),and up to 2048QAM in future release
Proprietary and Confidential
IP-20G Highlights
8
• Optimized tail/edge solution supporting seamless integration of radio (L1)and end-to-end Carrier Ethernet transport/services (L2) functionality
• Rich packet processing feature set for support of engineered end-to-endCarrier Ethernet services with strict SLA
• Integrated support for multi-operator and converged backhaul businessmodels, such as wholesale services and RAN-sharing
• Highest capacity, scalability and spectral efficiency
• High precision, flexible packet synchronization solution combining SyncEand 1588v2
• Best-in-class integrated TDM migration solution
• Specifically built to support resilient and adaptive multi-carrier radio links,scaling to GE capacity
• Future-proof with maximal investment protection
• Supports RFU-Ce for modulations up to 1024QAM.
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IP-20G Front Panel Description
9
Proprietary and Confidential
FibeAir IP-20G – Front panel description
10
Terminal
(RJ45)
External
Alarms
(DB9)
16 x E1/DS1s
(optional)
MDR69 connector
Sync in/out
(RJ45)2 x GE
Electrical
(RJ45)
2 x GE
Optical
(SFP)
1 or 2 RFU
interfaces
(TNC)
Power
-48V DC
(Single-feed &
Dual-feed options)
2 x FE
Management
(RJ45)
Purpose-built for tail/edge nodal sites
Same features/capabilities as IP-20A Aggregation Nodes
1RU
2 x Dual-Mode:GE Electrical or
‘Cascading’
(RJ45)
Passive cooling
(Fan-less design)
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SM- Card
11
• The SM-Card holds the configuration and software for the IDU. The SM-Card is embedded in the SM-Card Cover, so re-using the existing SM-Card
Cover is necessary to ensure that the unit’s software and configuration is
maintained.
Proprietary and Confidential
Ethernet Management Interface IP-20G
12
• FibeAir IP-20G contains two FE management interfaces, which connect to a single RJ-45 physicalconnector on the front panel (MGMT).
• If the user only needs to use a single management interface, a standard Cat5 RJ-45 cable (straight orcross) can be connected to the MGMT interface.
• To access both management interfaces, a special 2 x FE splitter cable can be ordered from Ceragon.
• Port Status LED – The LED for management interface 1 is located on the upper left of the MGMTinterface. The LED for management interface 2 is located on the upper right of the MGMT interface.
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DS1 - Interface
13
• Optionally, FibeAir IP-20G can be ordered with an MDR69 connector in which 16DS1 interfaces are available (ports 1 through 16).
• In SW 7.7. is E1 option only available
• The DS1 interface has the following LEDs
• ACT LED – Indicates whether the TDM card is working properly (Green) or if there isan error or a problem with the card’s functionality (Red).
• E1/DS1 LED – Indicates whether the interfaces are enabled with no alarms (Green),with alarms (Red), or no interfaces enabled (Off).
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Radio Interfaces
14
• In 7.7 is supported only single radio carrier.
• In 7.7.5 will be supported 2x 1+0 East / West Terminal
• In future software release will be available 2+0 ABC
• In 7.7 is supported only RFU-C (up to 256QAM) and RFU-Ce (up to 1024QAM)
• RFU-HP, 1500HP, RFU-A support is planned for future software releases
• The IDU and RFU are connected by a coaxial cable RG-223 (100 m/300 ft),Belden 9914/RG-8 (300 m/1000 ft) or equivalent, with an N-type connector
(male) on the RFU and a TNC connector on the IDU.
RFU-C / RFU-Ce 1500HP RFU-A
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Radio Interfaces - LEDs
15
• ACT – Indicates whether the interface is working properly (Green) or if there is an error ora problem with the interface’s functionality (Red), as follows:
• Off – The radio is disabled.
• Green – The radio is active and operating normally.
• Blinking Green – The radio is operating normally and is in standby mode.
• Red – There is a hardware failure.
• Blinking Red – Troubleshooting mode.
• LINK – Indicates the status of the radio link, as follows:• Green – The radio link is operational.
• Red – There is an LOF or Excessive BER alarm on the radio.
• Blinking Green – An IF loopback is activated, and the result is OK.
• Blinking Red – An IF loopback is activated, and the result is Failed.
• RFU – Indicates the status of the RFU, as follows:
• Green – The RFU is functioning normally.• Yellow – A minor RFU alarm or a warning is present, or the RFU is in TX mute mode,
or, in a protected configuration, the RFU is in standby mode.
• Red – A cable is disconnected, or a major or critical RFU alarm is present.
• Blinking Green – An RF loopback has been activated, and the result is OK.
• Blinking Red – An RF loopback has been activated, and the result is Failed.
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Power Interfaces
16
• FibeAir IP-20G receives an external supply of -48V current via one or two powerinterfaces (the second power interface is optional for power redundancy).
• The IP-20G monitors the power supply for under-voltage and includes reversepolarity protection, so that if the positive (+) and negative (-) inputs are mixed up, the
system remains shut down.
• The allowed power input range for the IP-20G is -40V to -60V. An under voltagealarm is triggered if the power goes below the allowed range, and an over voltage
alarm is triggered if the power goes above the allowed range.
• There is an ACT LED for each power interface.
• The LED is Green when the voltage being fed to the power interface is within range,and Red if the voltage is not within range or if a power cable is not connected.
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Synchronization Interface
17
• FibeAir IP-20G includes an RJ-45 synchronization interface for T3 clock input and T4 clock output.The interface is labeled SYNC.
• The synchronization interface contains two LEDs, one on the upper left of the interface and oneon the upper right of the interface, as follows:
• T3 Status LED – Located on the upper left of the interface. Indicates the status of T3 input clock,as follows:
• Off – There is no T3 input clock, or the input is illegal.
• Green – There is legal T3 input clock.
• T4 Status LED – Located on the upper right of the interface. Indicates the status of T4 outputclock, as follows:
• Off – T4 output clock is not available.
• Green – T4 output clock is available.• Blinking Green – The clock unit is in a holdover state.
Proprietary and Confidential
External Alarms
18
• IP-20G includes a DB9 dry contact external alarms interface. The external alarmsinterface supports five input alarms and a single output alarm.
• The input alarms are configurable according to:
• 1 Intermediate
• 2 Critical
• 3 Major
• 4 Minor • 5 Warning
• The output alarm is configured according to predefined categories.
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Terminal Interface
19
• FibeAir IP-20G includes an RJ-45 terminal interface (RS-232). A local craftterminal can be connected to the terminal interface for local CLImanagement of the unit.
• Bits per Second – 115,200
• Data Bits – 8
• Parity – None
• Stop Bits – 1
• Flow Control - None
Proprietary and Confidential20
IP-20G Block Diagram
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Version 1
IP-20G Installation Guide
May 2014
Proprietary and Confidential
Agenda
2
• Electromagnetic Fields, ESD and Laser Protection
• General Requirements for Packing and Transportation andEnvironment
• IP-20G Rack Installation
• Rack Installation
• Grounding the IP-20G
• Replacing SM-Card• Power Cable
• Mechanical Specifications
• Earth Bonding of Equipment
• IP-20G to RFU-C connection
• Antenna Installation
• RFU-C Installation
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High Frequency Electromagnetic Fields!
3
• Exposure to strong high frequency electromagnetic fields may causethermal damage to personnel. The eye (cornea and lens) is easily exposed.
• Any unnecessary exposure is undesirable and should be avoided.• In radio-relay communication installations, ordinary setup for normal
operation, the general RF radiation level will be well below the safety limit.
• In the antennas and directly in front of them the RF intensity normally willexceed the danger level, within limited portions of space.
• Dangerous radiation may be found in the neighborhood of open waveguideflanges or horns where the power is radiated into space.
• To avoid dangerous radiation the following precautions must be taken:• During work within and close to the front of the antenna; make sure that
transmitters will remain turned off.
• Before opening coaxial - or waveguide connectors carrying RF power,
turn off transmitters.• Consider any incidentally open RF connector as carrying power, until
otherwise proved. Do not look into coaxial connectors at closer thanreading distance (1 foot). Do not look into an open waveguide unlessyou are absolutely sure that the power is turned off.
Proprietary and Confidential
ESD & LASER
4
• ESD
• This equipment contains components which are sensitive to "ESD" (ElectroStatic Discharge). Therefore, ESD protection measures must be observed
when touching the IDU.
• Anyone responsible for the installation or maintenance of the FibeAir IDUmust use an ESD Wrist Strap.
• Additional precautions include personnel grounding, grounding of workbench, grounding of tools and instruments as well as transport and storage
in special antistatic bags and boxes.
• LASER
• Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures other thanthose specified herein may result in hazardous radiation exposure.
• The optical interface must only be serviced by qualified personnel, who areaware of the hazards involved to repair laser products.
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General Requirements
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Transportation & Inspection
6
• The equipment cases are prepared for
shipment by air, truck, railway and sea,
suitable for handling by forklift trucks and
slings. The cargo must be kept dry during
transport and storage.
• It is recommended that the equipment be
transported to the installation site in its
original packing case.
• If intermediate storage is required, the
packed equipment must be stored in a dry
and cool environment, and out of direct
sunlight, in accordance with ETS 300 019-
1-1, Class 1.2.
• Check the packing lists and verify that the
correct equipment part numbers and
quantities are in the delivered packages.
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Packing & Transportation
7
The equipment is packed at the factory, and sealed moisture-absorbing bagsare inserted.
The equipment is prepared for public transportation. The cargo must be kept dry
during transportation.
Keep items in their original boxes till they reach their final destination.
If intermediate storage is required, the packed equipment must be stored in dry
and cool conditions and out of direct sunlight
When unpacking –Check the packing lists, and ensure that thecorrect part numbers and quantities of
components arrived.
Proprietary and Confidential
General Requirements
8
1. Environmental specification for IDU: -5C (23F) to +55C (131F)
2. Environmental specification for RFU: -33C (-27F) to +55C (131F) high reliability
3. -45C (-49F) to +60C (140F) with limited margins
4. Cold startup requires at least -5C (23F)
5. Humidity: 5%RH to 95%RH for IP-20G
6. Humidity: 5%RH to 100%RH for RFU-C
7. IDU standard Input is -48VDC (-40 to -60VDC)
8. This equipment is designed to permit connection between the earthed conductor of
the DC supply circuit and the Earthing conductor at the equipment.
9. The equipment shall be connected to a properly grounded supply system
10. The DC supply system is to be local, i.e. within the same premises as the equipment
11. A disconnect device is not allowed in the grounded circuit between the DC supply
source and the frame/grounded circuit connection.
8
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IP-20G Rack Installation
Proprietary and Confidential
Installing the IP-20G IDU
10
Kits required to perform the installation:
• IP-20G chassis 1x
• 19” rack/ sub rack 1x• SM-Card Cover 1x
Tools:
Philips screwdriver
Flat screwdriver
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Rack Installation
11
• Insert and hold the IP-20G IDU in the rack, as shown in the followingfigures. Use four screws (not supplied with the installation kit) to fasten the
IDU to the rack.
Proprietary and Confidential
Grounding the IP-20G
12
• Connect a grounding wire first to the single-point stud shown in the figurebelow, and then to the rack, using a single screw and two washers.
• The grounding wire must be 16 AWG or thicker
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Replacing an IP-20G IDU or SM-Card
13
• If you should need to replace the IP-20G IDU, you must first remove the SM-Card Cover so thatyou can insert it into the new IDU.
• The SM-Card holds the configuration and software for the IDU. The SM-Card is embedded in theSM-Card Cover, so re-using the existing SM-Card Cover is necessary to ensure that the unit’s
software and configuration is maintained.
• In some cases, you may need to replace the SM-Card itself in order to upgrade the unit’sconfiguration.
To remove the SM-Card Cover:
1. Loosen the screws of the SM-Card Cover and remove it from the IDU.
Proprietary and Confidential
Replacing an IP-20G IDU or SM-Card
14
2. In the new IDU or, if you are upgrading the SM-Card, the old IDU, make sure that there is noforeign matter blocking the sockets in the opening where the SM-Card is installed.
3. Gently place the SM-Card Cover in its place and tighten the screws, using a Phillips screwdriver.
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Power Requirements
15
When selecting a power source, the following must be considered:
• DC power can be from -40 VDC to -60 VDC.
• Installation Codes: The equipment must be installed according to country national
electrical codes. For North America, equipment must be installed in accordance to the
US National Electrical Code, Articles 110-16, 110-17 and 110-18, and the Canadian
Electrical Code, Section 12.
• Overcurrent Protection: A readily accessible listed branch circuit overcurrent
protective device, rated 15 A, must be incorporated in the building wiring.
• Grounded Supply System: The equipment shall be connected to a properly grounded
supply system. All equipment in the immediate vicinity shall be grounded the same
way, and shall not be grounded elsewhere.
• Local Supply System: The DC supply system is to be local, i.e. within the same
premises as the equipment.
• Disconnect Device: A disconnect device is not allowed in the grounded circuit
between the DC supply source and the frame/grounded circuit connection.
15
Proprietary and Confidential
Power Interface
• FibeAir IP-20G receives an external supply of -48V current via one or two power interfaces (thesecond power interface is optional for power redundancy). The IP-20G monitors the power supply for
under-voltage and includes reverse polarity protection, so that if the positive (+) and negative (-)
inputs are mixed up, the system remains shutdown.
• The allowed power input range for the IP-20G is -40V to -60V. An under voltage alarm is triggered ifthe power goes below the allowed range, and an over voltage alarm is triggered if the power goes
above the allowed range.
• Make sure to use a circuit breaker to protect the circuit from damage by short or overload. In abuilding installation, the circuit breaker shall be readily accessible and incorporated external to the
equipment. The maximum rating of the overcurrent protection shall be 10 Amp, while the
maximum current rating is 5 Amp.
16
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Power Cable
17
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Power cables
18
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Mechanical Specifications
19
Copyright © 2009 – 2013 Nera Networks AS All rights reserved. I-79113-EN rev. A
Earth Bonding of Equipment
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Typical Earthing Network
21
Note 1: Structure or cable riser directly connected to Station
Earth Network.
Note 2: Main Earth Bar in equipment room, connected to
Station Earth Network.
Note 3: Earth Bus Bar/Cable connected to main earth bar.
Note 4: Coax Signal Cable.
Note 5: Over voltage protection integrated in units.
Note 1
Proprietary and Confidential
There are three logical positions where
a Waveguide/Feeder Earthing Kit should be installed:
1. Highest priority is at the bottom of the vertical
feeder run, on the straight section just above the
bend where it transitions from vertical to
horizontal.
2. Jumper Leads from the kit should be bonded to
the Tower Structure:- directly (bolted connection)
- via a earth termination plate (if provided)
- stainless steel angle adaptor (ANDREW)
3. Earth Kit on the feeder should be positioned
so that each jumper lead has a uniform smooth
transition down to the point of bonding – this may
mean staggering their position as shown here.
4. It is preferred that each jumper is bonded
separately.
SEE NEXT TWO SLIDES
Jumper lead between Earthing Kit
and buried earth radial bonded to base
of the Tower Leg.
Recommended 70mm² PVC Coated Conductor
Earthing Kit staggered to ensure smooth,
uniform jumper transition to point of bonding.
Custom Earthing Kit supplied from the
Feeder Manufacturer – use only kit that are
compatible.
Never intermix components from different
Manufacturers.
Ceragon Networks provides one
Earthing kit per feeder as standard
Feeder - Earthing Kit (pos.1)
22
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The second position in order of priority is just before the
waveguide/feeder enters the shelter through the wall plate.
1. Again it is important that the jumper lead forms a smooth
transition downwards to earth. In this case the bonding
point is on the earth termination plate mounted below the
cable bridge.
2. It is preferred that each jumper is bonded separately. Earth
Termination Plate usually have multiple bonding holes pre-
drilled.
3. To shape each conductor correctly begin at the earth
termination plate and form the cable to the best transition
back to the feeder. From there you will establish the
location to fit the earth kit. Treat each earthing kit
separately.
Common Errors
Fitting or, finding the Earth Termination Plate too high on the
shelter wall often prevent achieving the required earth
jumper transition.
Second line of defence
Jumper lead between Earthing Kit
and Earth Termination Plate outsideshelter.
Recommended 70mm² PVC Coated
Conductor or 3mm x 25mm Copper
Tape.
Conductor / Tape should be run out
to the
Buried earth loop at a depth of
600mm.
Earth Kit
Earth Termination Plate
Feeder - Earthing Kit (pos.2)
23
Proprietary and Confidential
The third position in order of priority is at the antenna position.
Here, the Earthing Kit is fitted on the vertical straight
section of feeder just after the transition from horizontal to
vertical.
1. Once again it is important that the jumper lead forms a
smooth transition downwards to earth. It is usual to use the
tower structure itself as the main down conductor.
2. To shape each conductor correctly begin at the bonding
point and form the cable to the best transition back to the
feeder. From there you will establish the best position to fitthe earth kit to the feeder. Treat each earthing kit
separately.
3. If using a Stainless Steel Angle Adaptor – this will provide
flexibility to establishing a bonding point on the tower – the
Angle Adaptor does not require you to find or drill a hole in
any structural members.
The tower structure or
climbing ladder are
both commonly used
for bonding the earth
jumper.
Angle Adaptors are the
most convenient
bonding method as this
avoids finding or
drilling holes at height
in the tower.
Additional Earthing Kit:
If a customer specifies additional earthing kit to be fitted, these
would normally be positioned between the two kit installed at the
top and bottom of the feeder.
Feeder - Earthing Kit (pos.3)
24
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RSSI
EARTH TERMINAL
N-Type to IDU connection
4. BOND TO TOWER STRUCTURE.CLAMP TYPE DEPENDENT ON
TOWER MEMBER PROFILE
3. SUPPORT EARTH JUMPERWHERE NEEDED
1. SMOOTH JUMPER TRANSITION
2. SHORTEN THE JUMPER IF TOO LONG
EACH ODU IS SEPARATELY
EARTHED – DO NOT JUMPER
BETWEEN ODU
ODU Earthing
25
Proprietary and Confidential
With All Cable Installations
Avoid leaving coils along
feeder cables
Avoid – kinking the cable
Avoid – cable loopbacks
Applying the same principles to all cables
26
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Weatherproofing
• Each Earthing Kit should be protected with a waterproof weather seal
• If the weather seals are not provided as part of the main Earthing Kit, they must beordered
• Each kit is provided with an installation instruction (or, Bulletin)
• Always follow the advice given in the instruction to achieve the best possibleinstallation
27
ODU to IDU connection
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IP-20G to RFU-C connection
29
TNC females
N-type female
TNC
The cable should have a maximum attenuation of 30 dB at 350 MHz.
N-type male
TNC male
Proprietary and Confidential
N-type connector installation
30
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=cAV_xhP3FNA
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=Mo9LwdHe39M
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TNC connector
installation
instructions
31
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=XfA0JVR
JSxU
Proprietary and Confidential
Self sealing vulcanized tape
weather kit should be
applied to the connector at
the ODU to make it fully
water tight.
Make sure the vulcanized tape and PVC tape
overwrap extends right up to the ODU casing
and is hand moulded around the connector to
form a water tight joint
Fit a small cable tie at the top and
bottom of the weather kit to
prevent the PVC tape over wrap
from loosening
Failure to follow every detail of
the installation instructions will
result with water damage to the
connector and cable
Protecting the IF Connector for Split Mount
The vulcanized tape must
be overwrapped with PVC
tape tied off at the top and
bottom with cable ties.
Also is possible to use cold
shrink medium instead of
tapes
32
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Antenna Installation
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RSSI Curve
1,9V
1,6V
1,3V
-30dBm -60dbm -90dBm
36
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Receiving Antenna
Antenna Panning - Azimuth
SIDE LOBE
SIDE LOBE
MAIN BEAM
AZ I M UT H
Important to establish which are the side lobesand what is the main beam
Position can be marked onto the column or
interface using a felt tipped pen
For Azimuth panning it is important to establish the
strongest possible signal – but remember, further improvement
should be expected once elevation adjustment is carried out
Always Pan antenna
beyond each side lobe
37
Proprietary and Confidential
SIDE LOBE
SIDE LOBE
MAIN BEAM
E L E
V AT I ON
HORIZONTAL
Antenna Panning - Elevation
Determine from available data if the antenna direction
of shoot is above or below horizontal to ensure the
elevation is adjusted in the correct direction
With the main beam having already been established
it is not necessary to find the side lobes again
Once the best signal strength has been found using
elevation – minor azimuth panning can often
improve the signal strength further
Receiving Antenna
Note:
It should not always be expected to establish the strongest receive signal at
first attempt to align an antenna
Antenna may need to be panned several times before the optimum signal
strength is established
38
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Dual Polarized Antenna connection
To fit the Duel Polarized Waveguide
Interface
Remove the two Waveguide Interface
securing screws.
Replace the Waveguide Interface with the
Dual Polarized Waveguide Interface.
Secure the Dual Polarized Waveguide
Interface to the antenna by means of two
screws M8.
Remount the two Waveguide Interface
securing screws.
Note: There may be some variation in of the
Duel Polarized Waveguide Interface -
always refer to the installation Bulletin before
attempting to install this unit
39
Proprietary and Confidential
Dual Polarized Antenna connection
WAVEGUIDE
Waveguide ports on feedhorn
clearly marked to show polarization
DUEL POLARIZED FEEDHORN
V
H
40
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RFU-C direct mount configurations
1+0 direct
43
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RFU-C and Antenna Interface Direct Mount Polarization
44
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Proprietary and Confidential
RFU-C remote mount configurations
1+0 remote
45
Proprietary and Confidential
RFU-C direct 1+1 mount configurations
1+1 direct
46
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RFU-C 1+1 Coupler Direct Mount Polarization
47
Vertical Polarization Horizontal Polarization
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RFU-C remote mount configurations
1+1 remote
48
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Orthogonal Mode Transducer (OMT) Installation
49
Switch to the circular adaptor
(removing the
existing rectangular transition,
swapping the O-ring, and
replacing on the circular
transition).
Proprietary and Confidential
OMT Installation Example
50
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RFU-C Mediation devices losses
51
Thank you
52
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July, 2014 v2
First login
Ceragon Training Services
Proprietary and Confidential
Agenda
2
• CLI and Web login
• General commands
• Get IP address
• Set IP address
• Set to default
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Proprietary and Confidential
Connecting to the Unit
3
CLI
Web/Telnet
Default Username/password is admin/admin
Baud rate =
115200
IP address = 192.168.1.1
Bits per Second – 115,200
DataBits – 8Parity – None
Stop Bits – 1
Flow Control- None
Proprietary and Confidential
General commands
4
Press twice the TAB key for optional commands in actual directoryUse the TAB key to auto-complete a syntax
Use the arrow keys to navigate through recent commands
Question mark to list helpful commands
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Get IP address
5
CLI Command:
“platform management ip show ip-address”
Proprietary and Confidential
Changing Management IP Address
6
• CLI Command:
“platform management ip set ipv4-address subnet
gateway ”
• Example
• Webexpand Platform branch, then Management branch and click on IP, setaccordingly and click Apply button
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Set to default
7
• CLI Command:
“platform management set-to-default”
Please note that IP address after Set to Factory Default will be not changed!!!
Proprietary and Confidential
Other CLI commands
8
• For any CLI commands please follow our Web Manual
• Open Index html file
• Find out in Topics submenu required configuration
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Web Management
9
Proprietary and Confidential
First Web login
10
Default IP address is 192.168.1.1 /24
Default Username/password is admin/admin
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IP address settings
11
1
2
Thank You
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Proprietary and Confidential3
Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)• In ACM mode, the radio will select the highest possible link capacity based on received signal quality.
• When the signal quality is degraded due to link fading or interference, the radio will change to a more robust
modulation and link capacity is consequently reduced.
• When signal quality improves, the modulation is automatically increased and link capacity is restored to the original
setting. The capacity changes are hitless (no bit errors introduced).
• During the period of reduced capacity, the traffic is prioritized based on Ethernet QoS - and TDM priority - settings.
• In case of congestion the Ethernet or TDM traffic with lowest priority is dropped. TDM capacity per modulation
state is configurable as part of the TDM priority setting.
H i g h
P r i o r i t y
T r a f
f i c
L o w P
r i o r i t y
T r a f f i c
1 0 2 4 Q A M
L F E C
1 0 2 4 Q A M
S F E C
5 1 2 Q A M
2 5 6 Q A M
1 2 8 Q A M
6 4 Q A M
3 2 Q A M
1 6 Q A M
8 Q
A M
4 Q
A M
2 0 4 8 Q A C M
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Hitless and Errorless switching
4
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Using MSE with ACM
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MSE - Definition
6
MSE is used to quantify the difference between an estimated
(expected) value and the true value of the quantity being
estimated
MSE measures the average of the squared errors:
MSE is an aggregated error by which the expected value differs
from the quantity to be estimated.
The difference occurs because of randomness or because the
receiver does not account for information that could produce a
more accurate estimated RSL
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To simplify….
7
Imagine a production line where a machine needs to insert
one part into the other
Both devices must perfectly match
Let us assume the width has to be 10mm wide
We took a few of parts and measured them to see how
many can fit in….
Proprietary and Confidential
The Errors Histogram(Gaussian probability distribution function)
8
To evaluate how accurate our machine is, we need to know how many
parts differ from the expected value
9 parts were perfectly OK
10mm 12mm 16mm6mm 7mm
width
Quantity
3
2
3
1
9 Expected value
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The difference from Expected value…
9
To evaluate the inaccuracy (how sever the situation is) we
measure how much the errors differ from expected value
10mm 12mm 16mm6mm 7mm
width
Quantity
Error = + 6 mm
Error = - 3 mm
Error = + 2 mm
Error = 0 mm
Error = - 4 mm
Proprietary and Confidential
Giving bigger differences more weight than smaller
differences
10
We convert all errors to absolute values and then we square them
The squared values give bigger differences more weight than smaller differences,
resulting in a more powerful statistics tool:
16cm parts are 36 ”units” away than 2cm parts which are only 4 units away
10mm 12mm 16mm6mm 7mm
width
Quantity
+ 6 mm = 36
-3 mm = 9
+ 2 mm = 4
Error = 0 mm
- 4 mm = 16
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Calculating MSE
11
To evaluate the total errors, we sum all the squared errors and take the average:
16 + 9 + 0 + 4 + 36 = 65, Average (MSE) = 13
The bigger the errors (differences) >> the bigger MSE becomes
width
Quantity
+ 6 mm = 36
-3 mm = 9
+ 2 mm = 4
Error = 0 mm
- 4 mm = 16
Proprietary and Confidential
Calculating MSE
12
When MSE is very small – the “Bell” shaped histogram is closer to perfect
condition (straight line): errors = ~ 0
10mm
width
Quantity
MSE determines how narrow / wide the “Bell” is
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MSE in digital modulation (Radios)
13
Let us use QPSK (4QAM)
as an example:
QPSK = 2 bits per symbol
2 possible states for I signal
2 possible states for Q signal
= 4 possible states for the
combined signal
The graph shows the expected
values (constellation) of the
received signal (RSL)
0001
1011
I
Q
Proprietary and Confidential
MSE in digital modulation (Radios)
14
The black dots represent the
expected values (constellation)
of the received signal (RSL)
The blue dots represent the
actual RSL
As indicated in the previous
example, we can say that the
bigger the errors are – the
harder it becomes for the
receiver to detect & recover the
transmitted signal
0001
1011
I
Q
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MSE in digital modulation (Radios)
15
MSE would be the average
errors of e1 + e2 + e3 + e4….
When MSE is very small the
actual signal is very close tothe expected signal
0001
1011
I
Q
e1
e2
e3e4
Proprietary and Confidential
MSE in digital modulation (Radios)
16
When MSE is too big, the
actual signal (amplitude &
phase) is too far from theexpected signal
0001
1011
I
Q
e1
e2
e3e4
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Commissioning with MSE in EMS
17
When you commission your
radio link, make sure your MSE
is small
Actual values may be read
-34dB to -35dB
Bigger values will result in loss
of signal
Proprietary and Confidential
MSE and ACM
18
When the errors is too big, we need
a stronger error correction
mechanism (FEC)
Therefore, we reduce the number
of bits per symbol allocated for data
and re-assign the extra bits forcorrection instead
For example –
256QAM has great capacity but
poor immune to noise
64QAM has less capacity but much
better immune for noise
ACM – Adaptive Code Modulation
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Triggering ACM with MSE
19
When ACM is enabled, MSE values are analyzed on each side of the link
When MSE degrades or improves, the system applies the required
modulation per radio to maintain service
Profile Mod MSE Down-Threshold MSE Up-Threshold
0 QPSK -18
1 8PSK -16 -19
2 16QAM -17 -23
3 32QAM -21 -26
4 64QAM -24 -29
5 128QAM -27 -32
6 256QAM -30 -34
7 512QAM -32 -37
8 1024 QAM SFEC -35 -38
9 1024 QAM WFEC -36 -41
10 2048QAM -39
Applicable for both 28/56MHz , 2048 QAM will be supported in 7.9
The values are typical and subject to change in relation to the frequency and RFU
type. For more details please contact your Ceragon representative
Proprietary and Confidential
ACM & MSE: An example…
20
It is easier to observe the hysteresis of changing the ACM profile with
respect to measured MSE.
As you can see, the radio remains @ profile 8 till MSE improves to -38dB:
MSE -39 -36 -35 -32 -30 -27 -24 -21
Profile 10 Profile 9 Profile 8 Profile 7 Profile 6 Profile 5 Profile 4 Profile 3
-41
-38
ACM
Profile
-37
-34
Downgrade
2048 QAM
Downgrade
1024 QAM 1024 QAM 512 QAM 256 QAM 128 QAM 64 QAM 32 QAM
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ACM & MSE: An Example
21
When RF signal degrades and MSE passes the upgrade point (MSE @ red point), ACM will
switch back FASTER to a higher profile (closer to an upgrade point) when MSE improves.
When RF signal degrades and MSE does not pass the upgrade point (green point) – ACM
waits till MSE improves to the point of next available upgrade point (takes longer time to
switch back to the higher profile).
MSE ‐39 ‐36 ‐35
Profile 10 Profile 9 Profile 8
‐41 ‐38
ACM
Profile
Thank You
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July 2014 version 2
Radio Link Parameters
Ceragon Training Services
Proprietary and Confidential
Agenda
2
• MRMC
• TX & RX Frequencies
• Link ID
• RSL
• MSE• Current ACM Profile
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Proprietary and Confidential
High and Low frequency station
Local site
High station
Remote site
Low station
High station means: Tx(f1) >Rx(f1’)
Tx(f1)=11500 MHz Rx(f1)=11500 MHz
Rx(f1’)=11000 MHz Tx(f1’)=11000 MHz
Low station means: Tx(f1’) < Rx(f1)
Full duplex
3
Proprietary and Confidential
IDU ODU IDUODU) ) )TSL RSL
Radio Link Parameters
4
To Establish a radio link, we need configure following parameters:
1. MRMC – Modem scripts (ACM or fixed capacity, channel & modulation)
2. TX / RX frequencies – set on every radio
3. Link ID – must be the same on both ends4. Max. TSL – Max. allowed Transmission Signal [dBm]
5. Unmute Transceiver – Transceiver is by default muted (is not transmitting)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To verify a radio link, we need control following parameters:
1. RSL – Received Signal Level [dBm] – nominal input level is required
2. MSE- Mean Square Error [dB]
3. Current ACM profile
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Both IDUs of the same link must use the same Link ID
Otherwise, “Link ID Mismatch” alarm will appear in Current Alarms Window
“Link ID Mismatch”
# 101
# 101
# 101
# 102“Link ID
Mismatch”
LINK ID – Antenna Alignment Process
9
Proprietary and Confidential
Questions?
10
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Radio Link Setup Exercise
11
Thank You
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July 2014, ver 2
Automatic Transmit Power Control - ATPC
Proprietary and Confidential
Agenda
2
• Why ATPC?
• How does ATPC works?
• ATPC Vs. MTPC
• ATPC Configuration
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Proprietary and Confidential
ATPC – Automatic Transmit Power Control
3
The quality of radio communication between low Power devices varies
significantly with time and environment.
This phenomenon indicates that static transmission power, transmission range,
and link quality, might not be effective in the physical world.
• Static transmission set to max. may reduce lifetime of Transmitter
• Side-lobes may affect nearby Receivers (image)
Main Lobe
Side Lobe
Proprietary and Confidential
ATPC – Automatic Transmit Power Control
1. Enable ATPC on both sites
2. Set Input reference level (min. possible RSL to maintain the radio link)
3. ATPC on both ends establish a Feedback Channel through the radio link (1byte)
4. Transmitters will reduce Output power to the min. possible level
5. Power reduction stops when RSL in remote receiver reaches Ref. input level
6. ATPC is strongly recommended with XPIC configuration
ATPC
module
Radio
Transceiver
Radio
Receiver
Radio
Receiver
Signal
Quality
Check
‐
Site A Site B
TSL Adjustments
Radio
Feedback
Ref. RSL
Monitored RSL
RSL
required
change
4
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Proprietary and Confidential
ATPC – Example when ATPC is OFF
MTPC
TSL A = 30dBmRSL A = ?
MTPC
TSL B = 30dBmRSL B = ?
RSL A = -30dBm (TSL B + FSL) RSL B = -30dBm (TSL A + FSL)
FSL= -60 dBSite A Site B
5
Proprietary and Confidential
ATPC – Example when ATPC is ON (One site ATPC, second site MTPC)
ATPC
IRLB (Input Ref. level on Site B) = -50dBm
TSL A = ?
RSL A = ?
MTPC
TSL B = 30dBm
RSL B =?
RSL A = -30dBm (TSL B + FSL)
RSL B = -50dBm (TSL A + FSL)TSL A = 10dBm (IRLB-FSL)
You want -50dBm on Site B, so what is TXA in Site A?
FSL= -60 dBSite A Site B
6
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Proprietary and Confidential
ATPC Configuration
9
Thank You
10
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July 2014 version 2
Service Model in IP-20
Ceragon Training Services
Proprietary and Confidential
Agenda
2
• IP-20 Ethernet Capabilities
• Service Model in General• What is a Service ?
• What is a Service point?
• Services in IP-20 Family & Services attributes1. Point to Point Service
2. Multipoint Service
3. Management Service• Service Point in IP-20 Family
1. Pipe Service Point
2. Service Access Point (SAP)
3. Service Network Point (SNP)
4. Management Service Point (MNG)
• Service Points classification and attributes
• Examples for Services and Service points
• Logical VS. Physical Port
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IP-20’s Ethernet Capabilities
3
• Up to 1025 services (1025 reserved for Management)• Up to 32 service points per service (30 SPs for MNG service)• All service types:
• Multipoint (E-LAN)
• Point-to-Point (E-Line)
• Point-to-Multipoint (E-Tree)
• Smart Pipe
• Management
• 128K MAC learning table per service - ability to limit MAC learning perservice
• Split horizon between service points• Flexible transport and encapsulation via 802.1q, 802.1ad (Q-in-Q), and
MPLS-TP, with tag manipulation possible at egress• High precision, flexible frame synchronization solution combining SyncEand 1588v2
• Hierarchical QoS with 8K service level queues, deep buffering, hierarchicalscheduling via WFQ and Strict priority, and shaping at each level
Proprietary and Confidential
IP-20’s Ethernet Capabilities
4
• Hierarchical two-rate three-Color policers
• Port based – Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast, Ethertype
• Service-based
• CoS-based
• Up to four link aggregation groups (LAG)
• Hashing based on L2, L3, MPLS, and L4
• Enhanced
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Service model in General
5
Proprietary and Confidential
What is a Service?
6
• A virtual bridge, connecting two or more interfaces
• Bridge is a device that separates two or more network segmentswithin one logical network
• Interfaces are usually referred to physical ports but can also be logicalports
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Proprietary and Confidential
4
3
1
2
Service Model
7
Service #1
Service #2
Proprietary and Confidential
Service points
8
Service points are logical entities attached to the interfaces that make up the
service. Service points define the movement of frames through the service.
Without service points, a service is simply a virtual bridge with no ingress or
egress interfaces.
The Route is your first service point
towards the bridge
Rails are second service point
towards the bridge
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Proprietary and Confidential
4
3
1
2
What is a service point?
9
Service #1
Service #2
SP SP
SP SP
SPSP
Services in IP-20 Family
10
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Proprietary and Confidential
IP-20 Services
11
IP20N supports the following services types:
1. Point-to-Point Service (P2P)
2. Multipoint Service (MP)
3. Management Service (MNG)
4. Point-to-Multipoint Service (E-Tree)
E-Tree services are planned for future release.
Proprietary and Confidential
3
Point to Point Service (P2P)
12
• Point-to-point services are used to provide connectivity between two
interfaces of the network element.
• When traffic ingresses via one side of the service, it is immediately directed
to the other side according to ingress and egress tunneling rules.
• This type of service contains exactly two service points and does not require
MAC address-based learning or forwarding
41
2SAPPIPE
SAPPIPE
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Proprietary and Confidential
Multipoint Service (MP)
13
• Multipoint services are used to provide connectivity between two or more service points.
• When traffic ingresses via one service point, it is directed to one of the service points in the
service, other than the ingress service point, according to ingress and egress tunneling rules, and
based on the learning and forwarding mechanism.
• If the destination MAC address is not known by the learning and forwarding mechanism, the
arriving frame is flooded to all the other service points in the service except the ingress service
point.
3
41
2
SNP
SNP
S