r

DASIAC-TN-86-15

HANDBOOK OF HE EXPLOSION EFFECTS

0N

J. PetesKaman TempoAlexandria OfficeHuntington Building2560 Huntington AvenueAlexandria, VA 22303-1410

11 April 1986

Technical Report

CONTRACT No. DNA 001-82-C-0274

Approved for public release.distribution is unlimited.

THIS WORK WAS SPONSORED BY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCYUNDER RDT&E RMSS CODE B337084466 P99QMXDCO0001 H2590D.

DTICIELECTE

Prepared for OCT 0 6 1988Director LIDEFENSE NUCLEAR AV-zENCY HWashington, DC 20305-1000

IDASIAC-TN-86-15

HANDBOOK OF HE EXPLOSION EFFECTS

J. PetesKaman TempoAle-andria OfficeHuntington Building2560 Huntington AvenueAlexandria, VA 22303-1410

11 April 1986

Technical Report

CONTRACT No. DNA 001-82-C-0274

Approved for public release;distribution is unlimited.

THIS WORK WAS SPONSORED BY THE DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCYUNDER RDT&E RMSS CODE B337084466 P99QMXDCO0001 H2590D.

Prepared forDirectorDEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY5 Washington, DC 20305-1000

88 10 6 021

UNCL ASS!iv I Ll3 SECU-RITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIi5 PAGE 11D f oQ o q4pREPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE

Ita RLPORT SECURITY CLASS.E.CATION Ib RESTRICTIVE MARKING;

2a SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AJTHQRIFY 3 DISTRIBUTION 'AVAILABILITY or REPORT

2bN/A since Unclassifirid Approved for public release; distribution2bDE CLASSIFICATION DOWNGRADING SCHE DULE is unlimirited.-

4 PERF'ORMING, ')RUANIZATIDN REPORT NUMBER(S) S MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBEiR(S)

DASIAC TN 86-15 PASIAC T,: 36-15

ba NAME (iF PERFORMING ORGANIZAlTION 6b OFFICE SYMBOL 7a NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION

Kalnan Tempo (if applicable) DrcoAlexandria Office ______ Defense Nuclear Anoncy

E5ý aDLRIRES 'rj). ;i4rp nd ZIP Code) 7b ADDRESS (City. State. arnd ZIP Code)

HLunti nt Lun Buillini;25150 !kintinfltoF AVITOOP Washi-itOl., LCC 20305-1.('0Ale~andria,_VA_ 223103-1I410 _______

8a NAIVE OF PUNO'NG SPONSORING 8bo OFPiCE SYmPiOL 9 PRO(CUREMENT iNSTRUMEN'T IDENTIFICATION NUMBER%ORGANIZATION j fit applicable) DNA 001-82-C-0274

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PROG(RAM PROjECT TASK WO RK UNITtLEME1NT NO NO O N

62715H ~ 90XI C 811007216

I' TITLE (include Security Classitl~ictioiij

2 0FRSONAL A.',i

'etesU

Ia ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; TY'O )IF t:ML ( )VFl[O [ WDAE i)F PI-POiRT (('ear MonthUr 1 PAUjE COUNT

k C h IIcol "10M 8340111 TO W~lI86641 116 SU5

PLEMFT SARY NOFATONJI~jS , Inrk v~as SilOIIýrel'd hir the INefe~isv Nurlear Anuirvi:. Under 1I)TAL '0155 Code 133-7084466

1 7 COSAF, LL)UES 'Pi SLUIELýT TFIRMS (Cointinue on Lverse it necessary and Identify by block numnber)

>E>T)D uPcup SI.B iPip P 3 [ xpI os i or ,tf fects, Lx'i Osions In Air,619 6T~lT' Explosions, Airblast -

19 ABSTRAC.T 'Continuje on "uri~ee it neczessary and identity by block inumber)

Tvi]s H.'rdbook is i etendrid frr uw 1-1 hiroro.fl I"nir,oheticlione Is in) hi rh-exil u'si ye

ticid tustS, and atlher.s Icqolin H T.)L ready, rete-CIcu to ai enlast Lind crates elfto -ts Af

confvni'oti001cl (1$ ybies. To fociliitato this a1T1 , the Ilendhook is in pocket- and desk-

siZed tjI-jl,. B,,, the( useL ol ,Vf'rl i ys . eft fee VS(1 rr niter s are availabh]e ftcr chor4es1 lb. to 1-i0 viliim Ol 11. lilt( Ilytirlly tI('i;lri CU1' c~i ALETS thle need to resort to norialo

DO FORM 1473. ý34 MAP 83(APR cillilil Mdv1 hr U'-J [t xdei>( JMTY (LASSIECATION OF1 THIS PAGEall aThpr -iii.' a-S ild ns.iietiNCASFD

Ui1CLAS]S IF!ED

SECLAITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE

UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIPICATION OF THIS PAGE

ii

Preface

This Handbook of HE Explosion Effects is intended for use by blast experts, test planners,safety engineers, accident investigators, administrators, and other interested persons whomay, at times, require a quick and reliable answer as to the effects of explosions from conven-tional high explosives (HE) and propellants. Overlays are used to determine major effects forcharges weighing from 100 to 107 pounds without recourse to usual scaling procedures. How-eve,, most of the information is provided in a form suitable for scaling if so desired.

The data presented in this handbook are based almost completely on experimental resultsrather than on hydrocode calculations. The values read off of the graphs are with ± 10 percentof those that would be obtained from the original source material referenced and annotated inSection 4.

The effects from only two explosives are covered in some detail: TNT, because it is commonpractice to relate and compare explosions from many sources to TNT explosions; and ANFO,because it has wide use in military tests where it is required to simulate nuclear weapon-proportioned blast and shock. The effects from several other explosives and propellants canbe determined by use of the equivalent weight values given on page 23. (The ANFO data arenot applicable to charges weighing less than about 500 pounds.)The data given in this handbook pertain to explosions in a standard sea-level atmosphere.

Most of the information contained in this manual has been derived from the references cited inSection 4; only page 22 (on craters) introduces new information.

The overlay presentation was designed by Nancy Parnell who made the necessary calcula-tions and original plots. The final graphic design was developed by Dennis Paulazzo andBonnie Krueger.

J. Petes

kAocess Ion For

NTIS GRAA-IDTIC TAB

-Uuawiou.ned [

Dist Tib.ution/I_ _______llt

AAvailubility Codas

jAVail and/orDiet I peaia1

iii

Table of Contents

PagePreface iii

How To Use The Manual

1 Airblast

Free-Air TNT Spheres (Overpressure vs Distance) 2

Surface TNT Spheres (Overpressure vs Distance) 3

TNT Spheres/Intermediate-Pressure (Height of Burst vs Ground Ranges) 4

TNT Spheres/Low-Pressure (Height of Burst vs Ground Ranges) 5

Ideal Blast Characteristics at Shock Frort 6

Effects of Charge Geometry for Surface TNT Charges (Overpressure vs Distance) 7

TNT Hemispheres (Overpressure vs Distance) 8

TNT Hemispheres (Arrival Time vs Distance) 9

TNT Hemispheres (Positive Duration vs Distance) 10

TNT Hemispheres (Positive Impulse vs Distance) 11

Free-Air TNT Pressure Ratio (Cylinder/Sphere) 12

Surface TNT Pressure Ratio (Cylinder/Sphere) 13

ANFO Domed Cylinders (LID 0.75) (Overpressure vs Distance) 14

ANFO Domed Cylinders (LID 0.75) (Arrival Time vs Distance) 15

ANFO Domed Cylinders (L/D 0.75) (Positive Duration vs Distance) 16

ANFO Domed Cylinders (LID 0.75) (Positive Impulse vs Distance) 17

ANFO Domed Cylinders (LID 0.75) (Positive Dynamic Pressure vs Distance) 18

ANFO Domed Cylinders (LID = 0.75) (Positive Dynamic Pressure Impulsevs Distance) 19

2 Craters

TNT Spheres (Apparent Crater Radius vs Depth of Burst) 20

TNT Spheres (Apparent Crater Depth vs Depth of Burst) 21

Multiplying Factors for Charges of Different Geometries 22

3 Miscclian9ous

Equivalent Weights for Peak Pressure 23

Scaling Procedures 24

iv

Table of Contents

Page

Cube Root of Numbers 25

Meter/Feei Conversion 26

psi/kPa Conversion 27

Airblast Criteria for Personnel Standing in the Open (Part 1) 28

Airblast Criteria for Personnel Standing in the Open (Part 2) 29

4 Annotated Sources of Information 30

How To Use The Manual

Most of the effects information is presented in the form of plots for 1-pound charges, fired in astandard sea-level atmosphere. The overlays permit reading effects values for the parametersof interest for charges weighing from 100 to 107 pounds.

For overlays on pages 4, 5, 20, and 21, line the bottom and left axes of the overlay with thecharge weight scale of interest and read the parameters directly. In a similar fashion with theremaining overlays, place the overlay on the graph, aligning the targets with the charge weightof interest on both the bottom and top weight scales and read the parameters directly.

A test example illustrating the use of the overlays is included on many of the graphs.

An alternative to using the overlays would be to use a scaling procedure to determine therequired data since all plots are based on 1-pound charges. See page 24 for simplified scalingprocedures.

Section 1AIRBLAST

J

Free Air TNT SpheresOverpressure vs Distance

,ii

1U5

1 4 4Q n n9 jA 4AA 49 , 4a l g 7 Ibs

103.

LUM 102

•L

0

101

100

100 101 102 103 104 Job 106 107 lbs10-1 1tH7

10-1 i100 101 102 103 104 105

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 20,000 Ibs, at 1,000 feet, pressure = 1 psi

2

Surface TNT SpheresOverpressure vs Distance

105

104

10 10' 102 103 104 105 106 107 Ibs

103

LU

U) 102LUC".L

0

101

100 2 5

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107i bs

10-1110-1 100 101 102 103 104 Jos

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 5,000 Ibs, 22 psi is at 125 feet

3

TNT Spheres/intermediate-PressureHeight of Burst vs Ground Ranges

pounds • 2 --7--- .*-. "'. "

120 .ps150 20-

u24poun 0s 400 16

140 .24- .. ..300 50 20- 20psi h. X120

480 2001 40 o Io 2

24- /10K• .00 ,.]4 1K 480 100 80 12 0 4 psi\0 1

6 500- 25000 -50010 0 50 pI24 14- 10I-.~a 44-~~

0 0-2i --- 1 10 2

5 - 20 3p 0 40 5ps6iM o -I 2K- ' -10.• " ' • , -- .18 24 3 10 12 1 20n0 10 , 400

3K 800" 001 300 - 00. ' o ' 8 1- 16 1 20 2 28

1'60. 0 10 20 30 40 s040- -1- ý -1 1 - 10216l 12X 800430200 0 20 520

' 400 " 40 50 On 6I 000 20 40 , 8•0 100, 0.- 80- 0 20 010 00 .00 10 1201 2K-8 '0 0- 00 - 1w- . 0 . , I 101 6 0 5 -103

- .0 5 0 1 0 1 2 0 12 0 25 0 10 4 pud

o - ,5 15

Ex m l:Fr10 0 50 a 10H =0 fee,50 203 250t6 fe

200- 0 2;0 8 0 10 2400 320 4000 4804 0 00 1011 0

01 400;00 1.000

0 400 800 1.20 1 600 2.f:00 2.400 2820

GROUND RANGE (feel)

Example: For 1,000 lbs at an HOB =z50 feet, 20 psi is at 68 feet

4

TNT Spheres/Low-PressureHeight of Burst vs Ground Ranges

Z10 2 0 6 0 0 2 4

100. illiT 1i2

0 00 120- it, 040 0 100 200 300i 400 '00 00 700 !

Z00 200 400 00 00 100!.0

0 0 0 40- 6 00 0'1 0 1 . 2 0 1 .4 0 0 1 1 M i ln! !

0 50 1,00- 1.00 2,000 2,0 .0

20K 0 14000 2.00 3,00 .00 500

0 .0K0 2.I OK .C00 4.0060- 3 .0 00 .i ,0

0 200 4 000 2000 6.0 0. 1.0

3 2.00 4.000 :.0:A0 0.0 200 1400 1.0

320- 120-RANGE4(fee0)

5OK5

Ideal Blast Characteristics at Shock Front

104

t: SHOCK VELOCITY 10O30 103 Z

0

-J,w

0. 102 2

PARTICLE VELOCITY (D

S102S WIND VELOCITYw-

cjhwa. 101 0

" 101z

< REFLECTEDRLT DYNAMIC PRESSURE"0- PRESSUREs 100

(n

0100

w-j

uC

w

1-2

I.-

o10-1 0101013

U-

C--

•o10-21

PEAK OVERPRESSURE (psi)

6

,=.

Effects of Charge Geometry for Surface TNT Charges(Overpressure vs Distance)

103

7C\\102 \

0

101

- SPHERES HALF-BURIED

HEMISPHERES ON SURFAC'-C

SPHERES SITTING ON SURFACE

-- _CYLINDERS (L/D - 5) SITTING ON SURFACE

SCALED FROM 20 TONS TNT AND LARGER

10010-1 100 101 102

SCALED DISTANCE, X (ft/lbs1 /3)

7

TNT HemispheresOverpressure vs Distance

104 -100 101 102 103 104 105 106 1071 bsIX,,1 ri}i I iiiirll I 'IT77 1

103

102

w

a-

ILl

0

100

///////77,10-i

2 5w

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 1071 bs10-2

10-1 1lt 10i 102 103 J04 105

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 5,000 Ibs, 22 psi is at 110 feet

8

TNT HemispheresArrival Time vs Distance

105

104

103

* N

CO 102

w

_J

CC 101a:

100

10-1

10-210-1 "• 100 101 102 103 104 105

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 5,000 lbs, time of arrival at 110 feet is 35 msec

9

... ..... ..... .. . . .. . . ... ...

TNT HemispheresPositive Duration vs Distance

X'X

9

CD

00

Example: For 5,000 lbs, positive duration at 110 feet is 29 msec

10

TNT HemispheresPositive Impulse vs Distance

105

104

103

E

a Hr

U)LU(n• J,3-1S102

U)ro 4:,•

100

10-1110-1 100 101 102 103 104 105

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 5,000 ibs, positive phase impulse at 110 feet is 210 psi-msec

11

Free-Air TNT Pressure RatioCylinder/Sphere

2.0

1.8

1.6 L/D 311 611

W 2110.

0. 1.4

wo 1/1z

1.2

c-

I 1.0 L__ _ _ _ _

SPLANE OF 4/1

MEASUREMENT

0.8 " *

POINr OFDETONATION

0.645 27 18 13 10 8 6.8 3.5 2.2

PRESSURE FROM SPHERE (psi)

Example: What is the pressure 90 feet away from a 5,900-pound pentolite cylinder with anL/D = 2/1 detonated in free air?

1. From page 23: pentolite equivalent weight = 1.17; therefore, 5,000 poundspentolite = 5,850 pounds TNT.

2. From page 2 overlay, at 90 feet from a 5,850-pound TNT sphere, the overpres-sure =- 27 psi.

3. From page 12, for 27 psi from a sphere, PJP, = 1.58 for an L/D = 2/1. There-fore, P, = 1.58 x 27 = 42.7 psi.

12

Surface TNT Pressure RatioCylinder/Sphere

2.0

1.8

L/D 3/1

w

cc

I 1.44 111

w0

.j

1 1.2 - t

S"'POINT OF

DETONATION1.0 L

0.8 217 5Y1

0.675 57 36 24.218 1410.5 4.7 3.0

PRESSURE FROM SPHERE (psi)

Example: What is the pressure 30 feet from an L/D = 3/1 TNT cylinder weighing 216pounds?1. From page 3 overlay, at 30 feet from a 216-pound TNT sphere tangent to the

surface, the overpressure = 57 psi.

2. From page 13, for 57 psi from a sphere, PJP, = 1.62 for an L/D = 3/1. There-fore, P, = 1.62 x 57 = 92.3 psi.

13

ANFO Domed Cylinders (L/D = 0.75)Overpressure vs Distance

105 . . .... ,T

104

01f) 1(31 102 3()3 104 115.1t6 I71b"

I l I 1 11

103

•u -- I ' I•" ;

U, 102

0Ilo

101

1001

10001101 10•2 2103i~IO 0 104 105

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 100,000 Ibs, at 200 feet, pressure = 110 psi

1 4

ANFO Domed Cylinders (LiD = 0.75)Arrival Time vs Distance

104

103.

2 ':w 102

I: 101

10012

100 101 102 103 104 105

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 100,000 Ibs, at 200 feet, arrival time = 34 msec

15

ANFO Domed Cylinders (L/D = 0.75)Positive Duration vs Distance

104

103

g , ,

EZ 102 %

0

I--

F 1010

100

100 101 102 103 104 105

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 100,000 Ibs, at 200 feet, positive duration is 32 msec

16

ANFO Domed Cylinders (L/D = 0.75)Posi-;ve Impulse vs Distance

,06

105

N104

LU-J... ). 103 \

a-

w

o N" 102

101

100 o•VN

10-1 100 101 ",(310 2 103 10U4 1 05

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 100;000 Ibs, at 200 feet, positive impulse = 750 psi-msec

17

ANFO Domed Cylinders (L/D = 0.75)Positive Dynamic Pressure Impulse vs Distance

103

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 lbs

102 2

0.U,w

w0

z

100 AN /

/" / /

2 5

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 lbs

10-1100 101 102 103 104

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 100,000 Ibs, at 200 feet, dynamic pressure = 85 psi

18

ANFO Domed Cylinders (L/D = 0.75)Positive Dynamic Pressure Impulse vs Distance

104

103d)

w t

E,

w

102

LU

in-

0. 100

10-1,

0 00 101213 0 0

DISTANCE (feet)

Example: For 100,000 Ibs, at 200 feet, •ynarnic pressure impulse = 600 p-i-msec

19

Section 2CRATERS

TNT SpheresApparent Crater Radius vs Depth of Burst

5

pounds .

4 3

Id6

S 20

45 - 8 6S32-

72 40

28 1-1~50 - 15 6

, 35 5- 1100 24-- 2

7400 7- 30-3280 16U O4-1 20- _n- a 4 3-S•400

48 25- 10ce 60 140 60 1 62

w 240 201010R 20 W.-03b 0 05 1_0 1_5 20 25

40- 0 I245

oo •t 00I' • 1 t2 0. --- ,---,--,-- ,----,---,- -- ,o

S24 t 0 1 2 3 "

4 .160 60- 30 0 2 4 6 1 0

10- - 1 0 2 4 6 . ', , ,

120 12- 5 0 0 "0

300 0 b 2S0 400 10 0 1'042 4 1 1

00] 0 5 1 1',0 2h , -, . .2

20'0ý0 2 24 3 6 4

20 4060 80 4050 140 ,i0 10

0 ,0 -" 2, 10 • '-' •

100 2 0 400

,0". 0 . . . . . .. . . ... I 1 6I0 100 200 300 40 O 500 W I00

DEPTH OF BURST (leer)

Example: For 10,000 Ibs, for a depth of burst of 25 feet in dry clay,

apparent crater radius = 17 feet

20

TNT SpheresApparent Crater Depth vs Depth of Burst

710

20 10

3- 24

40 2-0i2 20 8 4.

4:~28 -OO8 1

1~ 5-1i-W~O 6010 4-2

143 0- 0.52- PLAYAVio

/0 3-31

120 0 20 24-4 5 6400 '60 48 o , , ,

0 10681' L00 00 2. ,

0c 240 1 6 3 10 I 1 3 101 .- 2 5 10 1 5 202S

12 0 02 4 8 12 1 0 2 28 33 30

80 40 0 05 0 10 15 50 2 0 3 4 5 p d

10010 0 12 24 36I8Q,

20 0 0 2 0 40 50,01080200 30o L08010 5

Y0 , , , , , , ,0 , , ,101G0 0 2 40 0 80 10 20 10 10 8

2 0 4 80 1 0 160 200 240 280 32005 0.. . . . T 103T ~

00 12-120 200 5 0 2040010 100 228 300 40 G0 0

Exaple For 10,0 0 Ibs fo a det of burs f 25 fee in drpcayuapret drae

det 0 390ee

0 121

Multiplying Factors for Chargesof Different Geometries

CHARGE GEOMETRY RADIUS DLPTH

717C HALF BURIED SPHERE 1.0 1.0

7,/ SURFACE TANGENT SPHERE 0.74 0.61

HEMISPHERE 0.97 1.08

"DOMED CYLINDER (LID = 0.75) 0.6 0.63

APPARENT"CRATER

DIAMETER PRE-SHOTGROUND

APPARENTCRATER DEPTH

FALL BACK \ '/ TRUE CRATER'Z'• BOUNDARY

Apparent Crater Dimensions for Half-Buried Spheres, Surface Tangent Spheres,Hemispheres, and Domed Cylinders (LID := 0.75)

To obtain the apparent crater radii and depths for charges of shapes other than spherical, usethe spherical TNT surface burst data, i.e., depth of burst = 0, and multiply the dimensions bythe values shown in the table. If the explosive is other than TNT, first determine the TNTequivalence of the test explosive (see page 23), e.g., 620 tons ANFO = 500 tons TNT

22

Section 3

MISCELLANEOUS

Equivalent Weights For Peak Pressure(Referenced to TNT)

CHANGE IN DISTANCEFOR GIVEN PRESSURE

EXPLOSIVE EQUIVALENT WEIGHT (percent)

TNT 1.0 0PENTOLITE 1.17 +5

TRITONAL 1.1 +3

1--6 1.31 +9

HBX 1.18 +6

AN FO (9416) 0.82 -6

NITROMETHANE 1.0 0DYNAMITES 0.7 to 0.9 -11 to -3

PROPELLANTS

LIQUID, e.g., LOX/H 2, WINT (MAX) ; 4 ,,p

SOLID 0 to 1.25 (according to type and size)

EQ WTEXL'X" - WTNT

WEXPL"X"

Example: What weight of ANFO gives the same pressures as 1,000 pounds of TNT?

1,000 IbSTNT - A F0.82ANFO " WANFO 1,219.56 '

WANFO

or 1,000 lbs TNT = 1,200 lbs ANFO

For the same weight of explosive, the distance for a given pressure is 6 percent less for ANFOthan for TNT.

23

Scaling Procedures

As an alternative to the overlays, all the 1-pound airblast curves in this manual can be scaledto other, new yields via the following steps:

1. For arrival time, positive duration, and dynamic pressure impulse:

* Determine the cube root of the new yield (weight of charge) [see page 25].

* Divide the distance or the effects parameter of intorest by this cube root to getscaled parameter.

* On the 1-pound curve, read the value for the scaled parameter of interest (Y axis)versus the scaled distance (X axis).

* Multiply this scaled effects value by the cube root of the new yield to obtain thaanswer.

2. For ovci pressure and dynamic pressure:

SDetermine the cube root of the new yield (weight of charge) [see page 25].

* Divide the distance by this cube root to get scaled distance.

* On the appropriate pressure curve, read the pressure at this scaled distance; thispressure is the answer.

Examples:What is the arrival time at 110 feet from a 5,000-pound hemispherical TNT charge?

1. From page 25, cube root of 5,000 = 17.1

2. Scaled distance = 110/17.1 = 6.43 feet3. From page 9. at scaled distance of 6.43 feet, scaled arrival time = 2.1 msec4. 2.1 x 17.1 = 35.9 msec (Answer).

At what distance from a 5,000-pound TNT hemisphlee Is the arrival -,,,"1 msecu1. From page 25, cube root of 5,000 = 17.12. Scaled arrival time = 35/17.1 = 2.1 msec3. From page 9, for scaled arrival time of 2.1 msec, scaled distance = 6.3 feet4. 6.3 x 17.1 = 108 feet (Answer).

What is the pressure at 110 feet from a 5,000-pound TNT hemisphere charge?

1. From page 25, cube root of 5,000 = 17.12. Scaled distance = 110/17.1 = 6.43 fe "3. From page 8, at a scaled distance of 6.43 feet, the overpressure - 23 psi (Answer).

24

Cube Root of Numbers

- 0

pIx

z uz

C 0

o 0

UEBISI"AN -10 IOOU gfl•34•

25

Meter/Feet Conversion

meters

10110-2 10-1 100 101104

100 1(03

10-1 102

10-2L 101100 101 102 103

ineters

26

psi/kPa Conversion

psi

1021 102 103 104

101 103

101 102

/7.

1 1 10110-2 10-1 100 101

psi

27

Airblast Criteria for PersonnelStanding in the Open

(Part 1)

104

- 1 percent SERIOUS INJURIESFROM DISPLACEMENT /1 percent MORTALITY FROM DIRECTOVERPRESSURE EFFECTS

50 percent of PERSONNEL/BLOWN DOWN

50 percent of EARDRUMS /RUPTURED /

/L7,o,,' /1 ; °,/" I! / ,

w102 / 106

I-.I I / ,'/

zI,, !/I

10, 1/0/5/,"1 I,t / o

100 1,102 103 104

DISTANCE (feet)

28

Airblast Criteria for PersonnelStanding in the Open

(Part 2)

104

---- 'THRESHOLD LUNG DAMAGE

NO PERSONNEL BLOWN DOWN

- 1 percent EARDRUMS RUPTURED

1 o~ /103 107

7 / //(. 101 10 _

j"5' / z.

1/ / I-

/1 ///II IIo , /I /- ,/ •

// /

10' L,

100 101 102 103 104

DISTANCE (feet)

29

Section 4SOURCES OF INFORMATION

Sources of Information

TNT Spheres (pp. 2-6), TNT Cylinders Ipp. 12-13), TNT Craters (pp. 20-21)

The basic data for the indicated pages were obtained from Explosion Effects and Properties-Part 1, Explosion Effects in Air, M.M. Swisdak, Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak,Maryland, Report NSWCIWOLITR75-116, October 1975. Other sources considered: Structuresto Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions, TM 5-1300/NAVFAC P-397/AFM 88-22; personalcommunications with R.E. Reisler, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, Maryland, June1983, for height-of-ourst information; Airblast from One Pound Cylindrical Charges PositionedVertically on the Ground, R.E. Reisier, D.P. LeFevre, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen,Maryland, BRL Interim Memorandum Report 42, April 1972.

Charge Shape Effect on Pressure (p. 7)

"Watch Your Equivalent Weight," J. Petes, Proceedings of the 12th Explosives Safety Seminar,Armed Services Explosive Safety Board, Washington, D.C., August 1970.

TNT Hemispheres (pp. 8-11)

Air Blast Parameters Versus Distances for Hemispherical TNT Surface Bursts, C.N. Kingery,BRL Report 1344, June 1966, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, Maryland.

ANFO Domed Cylinder (pp.14-19)

User's Guide and History of ANFO as a Nuclear Weapons Effect Simulation Explosive, J. Petes,R. Miller, R. McMullan, Kaman-Tempo, Alexandria, Virginia, KT-83-012(R), DNA-TR-82-156.This report considers the 10-year development and 7-year experimental use of unconfined(uncased) ANFO for nuclear weapon effects simulation bringing together the explosion effectsof ANFO cha~ges in one volume. Note: although the ANFO sheets show 1-pound curves, thisis done strictly to aid scaling to larger yields. Because of the large critical diameter of uncon-fined ANFO charges, the curves should be used only for charges woighing 500 pounds andmore. Note also that the curves are for a specific geometry of the charge with the ratio of thelength of the cylindrical portion of the charge to the diameter equaling 0.75; the dome ishemispherical.

Charge Shape Effect on Craters (p. 22)

The information on this page was developed frcm an examination of crater data obtained onlarge tests using TNT and ANFO explosives. For the tests considered, crater diameters werewithin 18 percent of those measured and crater dupth within 8 percent. The big problem inestimating crater dimensions in any scheme is in determining the applicable soil description.

30

Equivalent Weights (p. 23)

The values given for the military explosives TNT, Pentolite, Tritonal, H-6, and HBX are aver-ages from many "standard" sources. The ANFO and dynamites equivalent weights are fromNSWC/WOUTR 75-116; for nitromethane, the value comes from Pre-Mine Throw IV-FreeFieid Experiment, G. Teel, Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, Maryland, POR-6830,August 1"75; for liquid propellants, "A Simplified Method for Estimating the Appropriate TNTEquivalent Weight from Liquid Propellant Explosions," Proceedings of the 15th Annual Explo-sives Safety Seminar, September 1973, L.D. Sutherland; and for solid propeilants, MaximumTNT Equivalence of Naval Propellants, M.M. Swisdak, Naval Surface Weapons Center, WhiteOak, Maryland, NSWCTR 83-120, February 1983. Note: equivalent weight values are averagesover a limited range of pressures, perhaps a few hundred to a few psi.

Scaling Procedure (p. 24)

The curves for the effects of 1 pound of explosive are the usually presented "scaled" curves

with the X- and Y-axes showing the scaled parameters (except for pressure, which cannot be

scaled). Page 7 is an example of the traditional presentation of scaled curves.

Personnel Criteria (pp. 28-29)

"Blast Criteria for Personnel in Relation to Quantity-Distance," Proceedings of the 13th Annual

Explosives Safety Seminar, D.R. Richmond and E.R. Fletcher, Armed Services Explosive

Safety Board, Washington, D.C., September 1971.

3

31

DISTRIBUTION LIST

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFFAITN: J-5 NUCLEAR & CHEMICAL DIV

ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ATTN: JAD

ATOMIC ENERGY ATTN: JOINT ANALYSIS DIRECTORATE

ATTN: EXECUTIVE ASSISTANTJOINT STRAT TGT PLANNING STAFF

DEF RSCH & ENGRG ATTN: .JKCS

ATTN: STRAT & THTR NUC FOR (O&SS)NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY

DEFENSE ADVANCED RSCH PROJ AGENCY ATTN: R-1 E BUTALA

ATTN; DIR(STRATTECH OFF) ATTN: W14

DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF THE ARM

AITN: DI-7DATTN: DT 1 ADV ANI ITANK WEAPON SYS PROJ OFF (PROV)

A1TN: DT-12 ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

ATTN: DT.2ATIN. RTS-2A (TECH LIB) AIR DEF COMM & CONTROL SYS

ATTN: RTS-2B ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY AIRCRAFT SURViVABILITY EQUIPMENT

AT TN: DFRA ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

A T N: NANFAWTN: NASF AMCPM.GARS-TMD

ATIN: NAWE ATTN: PROJECi MANAGER

AITN OPNA ARMORED COMBAT VEHICLE TECH

ATTN: OPNS ATTN. PROJECT MANAGER

ATTN: RAAEATTN: RAEE ARMY HELICOPTER IMPROV PROG (AHIP-PRO)

ATTN: RAEV ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

A[IN: SPt1ATT N: SPWE ARMY LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT CTR

AT1 N: TDTR ATTN: COMMANDANT

4 CYS ATTN IITLBLACK IAWK

DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFORMATION CENTER ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

12 CYS ATTN: DOCANNON ARTiLLERY WEAPONS SYS

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE EXPLO SAFETY BOARD ATTN: AMCPM-CAWS-S

ATTN: CHAIRMANCH-47 MODENIZATION PROGRAM

FIELD COMMAND DEFENSE NUCLEAR AGENCY ATTN: PROJECT MANAGERATTN: FCPRWATTN: FCT CHAPARRAL/FARR

ATTN: FCTP ATTN: AMCPM-CF

ATTN: FCTXE COBRA

ATTN: FTSM ATTN: AMCPMCO

ATTN: FTTD

FIELD COMMAND DNA DET 2 COMMERCIAL CONST. EQUIPMENT &

LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

ATTN; FC+1 DEFENSE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

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DEP CI OF STAFF FOR OPS & PLANS M9/UETATTN: DAMO-NCN ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

DEP CH OF STAFF FOR RSCH DEV & ACQ OFFICE OF THE PROJECT MANAGERATTN; DAMA.ART ATTN: AMCPM-NUC-A (C KRIESER)ATTN: DAMA-CSM-N OPERATIONS TACTICAL DATA SYS

DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR LOGISTICS ATTN: PROJECT MANAGERATTN, DALO-SMA PATRIOT

FIGHTING VEHICLE SYSTEMS ATTN: PROJECT MANAGERATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

PERSHING SYSTEMFiREFINDER/REMBASS ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

AITN: PROJECT MANAGER POSITION LOCATION REPORTING SYS/HARRY DIAMOND LABORATORIES ATTN: AMCPM-PL

ATTN: SCHLD-NW-PATTN: SCLHD-DTSO RESEARCH & DEV CENTERATTN: SLCIS-IM-TL(IECH LIB) ATTN: COMMANDER

HAWK SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONSATTN: AMCPM-HA-SE MS ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

HEAVY EQUIPMENT TRANSPORTER SYS SMOKE/OBSCURANCEATI N: PROJECT MANAGER ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

HELLFIRE/GROUND LASER DESIGNATORS (AMCPM-HD) SPECIAL ELEC MISSION AIRCRAFTATTN: PROJECT MANAGER ATTN: AMCPM-AE

IMPROVED TOW VEHICLE READINESS STINGERATTN: PROJECT MANAGER AITN: PROJECT MANAGER

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JOINT TACTICAL FUSION PROG (PROV) TANK MAIN ARMAMENT SYST EMATTN: JTF-SETAMPTEST ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

LIGHT COMBAT VEHICLES TARGET ACQUISITION DESIGNATION SIGHT/ATTN: PROGRAM MANAGER ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

MOBILE ELECTRIC POWER IOW, AMCPM-TOATTN: PROJECT MANAGER ATTN: PROJECT MANAGER

MOBILE SUBSCRIBER EQUIPMENT (MSE) U S ARMY ARMAMENT RSCH & DEV CENTERATTN: AMCPM-MSE ATTN: SMCAR-FSM-E

ATTN: SMCAR-LCN-CMODULAR INTERGRATED COMM & NAV SYS ATTN: SMCAR-ST

ATTN: PROJECT MANAGERU S ARMY ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LAB

MULTI SERVICE COMMUNICATIONS SYS ATTN: SLCAS-AEATTN; AMCPM.MSCS-PM ATTN: SLCAS-AE-E

MULTIPLE LAUNCH ROCKET SYSTEM U S ARMY AVIATION SYSTEMS CMDAITN: PROJECT MANAGER ATTN: COMMANDER

M113/M113A1 FAMILY OF VEH READINESS U S ARMY BALL" TIC RESEARCH LABATTN: PROJECT MANAGER ATTN: AMXBR-OD-ST

ATTN: DRBAR-BLEM60 TANKS (Ai.LCPM M60) ATTN: DRDAR-BLT

ATTN: AMCFPM M60

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U S ARMY BELVOIR R&D CTR U S ARMY NUCLEAR & CHEMICAL AGENCYATTN. STRBE-AO ATTN: MONA-NU

U S ARMY CHEMICAL RSCH & DEV CTR U S ARMY OPERATIONAL. TEST & EVAL AGYATTN: SMCCR-PPC ATTN: COMMANDER

U S ARMY COMMUNICATIONS COMMAND U S ARMY SATELLITE.COMM AGENCYATTN: COMMANDER ATTN: AMCPM-SC-9B

ATTN: TECHNICAL LIBRARYU S ARMY CONSTRUCTION ENGRG RES LAB

ATTN: CERL-PP U S ARMY STRATEGIC DEFENSE CMDATTN: DACS-BMT/S

U S ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS ATTN: DASD-DPATTN: DAEN-ECE-T ATTN: DASO-PPATTN: DAEN-RDM ATTN: DASD-TDATTN: DAEN-ZCM

U S ARMY STRATEGIC DEFENSE CMDU S ARMY ELCT WARF/REC SURV & TARG ACQ CTR ATTN: ATC-D

ATTN: AMSEL.EW-D ATIN: BMDSC-HATTN: BMDSC-LEH

US ARMY ELECTRONICS R & D COMO ATTN: DASD-HLATTN: COMMANDER

U S ARMY TEST ANC EVALUATION COMDU S ARMY ELECTRONICS R & D COMMAND ATTN: DRSTE-CM-F R GALASSO

ATTN: AMC-PM-J S-PAATTN: DELET-ER U S ARMY TROOP SUPPORT COMMAND

ATTN: AMSTR-LU S ARMY ENGR WATERWAYS EXPER STATION

ATTN: WESGH U S ROLANDATTN: WESGR ATIN: PROJECT MANAGLRATTN: WESSDATTN: WESSE, J K INGRAM U S TANK COMMANDATTN: WESSS ATTN. AMCPM.GCM-QT

ATTN: AMCPM-LAU S ARMY FOREIGN SCIENCE & TECH CYR ATTN: AMCPM-LCV-QT

ATTN: DRXSI-SD1 ATTN: AMCPM-TVH

U S ARMY HEALTH SERVICES COMMAND US ARMY WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGEATTN. HSOP-SO ATTN STEWS.FE-R

5CYS ATIN SlEWS-TE-ANJOKUMAU S ARMY MATLRIAL COMMAND ATTN. SlEWS-TEN

ATTN: AMCCN-NATTN: DRXAM-TL (TECH LIB) USA LLECT WAREARE/SECSURV & TARGET ACQ CTRATTN: OFFICL Ur P-HUJ MANAGEMEN1 AITN AMSEL EW-MD

ATTN DLLCSKU S ARMY MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

A'TN: AMXNR.P USA ORD MISSILE & MUNITIONS CTR & SCHOOLATTN ATSK MS

U S ARMY MATERIEL SYS ANALYSIS ACTVY

ATTN: AMXSY CR DEPARI MENT OF THE NAVY

U S ARMY MISSILE COMMAND DAVID TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP R & D CTRATTN: AMCPM-HAE ATTN. CODE 174ATTN: AMCPM-PE ATTNý STRUCTURES DEPTATTN: AMCPM-RDL-EATI N: AMCPM-RSTT DAVID TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP R & D CTRATTN: DOCUMENTS, AMSMI-RD.CS-R ATTN: CODE 770

U S ARMY NAI ICK RSCH DEV & ENGRG CENT ER JOINT CRUISE MISSILES PROJECT OFC (PM-3)A1 IN H ?NC UST ATTN: JCM-NS-1

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MARINE CORPS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING & SERVICES CTRATTN: COOL POG-31 ATTN: RDCS

ATTN: RDCS BUCHHOLTZNAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ATTN: S HAWN/RDCM

ATTN: L51J TANCRETOATTN: L51PI W KEENAN AIR FORCE GEOPHYSICS LABORATORY

ATTN: LYNAVAL COASTAL SYSTEMS CENTER ATTN; LYC

ATTN: CODE 4210 ATTN: XOP

NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND AIR FORCE INSPECTION & SAFETY CENTERATTN: COMMANDER ATTN: AFISC/SEV

NAVAL MATERIAL COMMAi.0 AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY/ENATTN: MAT 0323 ATTN- LIURARY/AFIT/LDEE

NAVAL OCEAN SYSTEMS CENTER AIR FORCE LOGISTICS COMMANDATTN: CODE 825 ATTN: COMMANDER

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AIR FORCE ROCKET PROPULSION LABNAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND ATTN: COMMANDANT

ATTN: SEA-55X1AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND

NAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER ATTN: DLWN (MAJ WALTHAM)ATTN; CODE H21 ATTN: TEVAATTN: CODE R15

AIR FORCE TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS CTRNAVAL SURFACE WEAPONS CENTER ATTN: TNT

ATTN: COMMANDERAIR FORCE WEAPONS LABORATORY, NTAAB

NAVAL WEAPONS CENTER ATTN: NTEATTN: COMMANDER ATTN: SUL

NAVAL WEAPONS EVALUATION FACILITY AIR FORCE WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABATTN: DIRECTOR ATTN: COMMANDANT

OFC OF THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF NAVAL OPS AIR FORCE WRIGHT AERONAUTICAL LABATTN: OP62 ATTN: AFWAL/MLBCATTN: OP 654(STRAT EVAL & ANAL BR)ATTN: OP 981 A!R UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

ATTN: AUL-LSEOFFICoE Or CI IIOF Or NAVAl. OPERATIONS

ATTN: OP-622C BALLISTIC MISSILE OFFICE/DAAATTN: OP-981 2 CYS ATTN: ENSN

ATTI'J: ENSRSTRATEGIC SYST EMS PROGRAM OFFICE (PM-1) ATTN: MYE

AFTN: DIRECTORATTN: SP-272 DEPUTY CHiEF OF STAFF/AF-RDQM

ATTN: AF/RDQIDEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF/XOO

AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION ATTN: AF/XOOTSATTN: ASD/ENSS

ELECTRONIC SECURITY COMMANDAIR FORCE ARMAMENT LABORATORY ATTN: COMMANDER

ATTN: AFATL/DLJEELECTRONIC SYSTEMS DIV/OCMS

ATTN: OCMS

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HQ USAF/XOXFS ATTN: M/S 17-04ATTN: AFXOOTS ATTN: M/S 85-20

HUMAN SYSTEMS DIVISION (AFSC) BOEING TECHNICAL & MANAGEMENT SVCS, INCATTN: COMMANDER ATTN: E YORKATTN: YAX

CALIFORNIA RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, INCMILITARY AIRLIFT COMMAND ATTN: K KREYENHAGEN

ATTN. MACOS/XNODATTN: MACOS/XON[D CARPENTER RESEARCH CORP

ATTN: H J CARPENTERROME AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER, AFSC

ATTN: RADC/DCCL DENVER COLORADO SEMINARY UNIVERSITY OFATTN: J WISOTSKI

SPACE & MISSILE TEST CENTER, AFSC ATTN: L BROWNATTN: COMMANDER

INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANA' YSESSTRATEGIC AIR COMMAND/INTCS ATTN: STD

ATTN: INTCSKAMAN SCIENCES CORP

544 IAS/IAAT ATTN: E CONRADATTN: IAAT

KAMAN TEMPODEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ATTN: DASIAC

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY KAMAN TEMPOATTN: R L tIYMES, ODP ATTN: DASIAC

2 CYS ATTN: J PETESDEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

ATTN: OMA/DP-225 LOCKHEED MISSILES & SPACE CO, INCATTN: K S MYERS

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYATTN: NEJ5 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS CORP

ATTN: D NEWLANDERLAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LAB ATTN: J TRACYS

ATTN: L-22 ATTN: L COHENATTN: L-81

NEW MEXICO ENGINEERING RESEARCH INSTITUTELOS ALAMOS NAl IONAL LABORATORY ATTN- G LANE

ATTN: D RICHMONDATTN: T T S COLMAN PACIFIC SIERRA RESEARCH CORP

ATTN: H BRODE, CHAIRMAN SAGEOAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

ATTN: O P ZIMMERMAN PHYSICS INTLRNATIONAL COATTN: DIRECTOR

SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIESAlTN: ORG 7100 C D BROYL.ES R & D ASSOCIATES

ATTN: F A FIELDOTHER GOVERNMENT

RAND CORPFEDERAL EMERGENCYS MANAGEMENT AGENCY ATTN: R SOLOMON

ATIN: INDUSTRIAL PROT DIV/NP S-CUBED

U S COAST GUARD ATTN: R DUFFATTN: G-MHM. SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTL CORP

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE CONTRACTORS ATTN: J DISHON

APTEK, INC SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTL CORP

ATTN: H LINDBERG ATTN: J COCKAYNE

BOEING CO

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SPECTRON DEVELOPMENT LABATORIES, I"C NORWEGIAN EMBASSYATTN: D MODARRESS ATTN: MILITARY ATTACHE

TECH REPS, INC ROYAL FORTIFICATION ADMINISTRATIONATTN: J KEEFER ATTN: B VRETBLAD

TERRA TEK, INC ROYAL SWEDISH FORTIFICATION ADMINATTN: S GREEN ATTN: DIRECTOR GENERAL

TRW ELECTRONICS & DEFENSE SECTOR SWEDISH EMBASSYATTN: N LIPNER ATTN: OFF OF THE ARMED FOR ATTACHES

WEIDLINGER ASSOC-, CONSULTING ENGRG WEHRWISSENSCHAFTLICHE DISENSTSELLEATTN: T DEEVY ATTN: H KRUGER

FOREIGN

ADMIRALTY SURfACE WEAPONS ESTAB (ASWE)ATIN: C JONES

AMT FUR STUDEIN UND UBUNGENATTN: DIRECTOR

AUSTRALIA EMBASSYATTN: OFFICE OF THE DEF SCI ATTACHE

# BRITISH DEFENCE STAFFA ATI N: ACOW

ATTN: DR MITCHELLATTN: MR LEYSATTN: RARE (MR GRIFFITHS)

BUNDESMINISTERIUM DE VERTEIDIGUNGATTN: R SHILLING

CANADIAN EMBASSYATTN: CDRD

DEFENSE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENTATTN: HEAD/MILITARY ENGRG SECTION

DIRECTOR TECHNOLOGY RESEARCHATTN: H PASMAN

ERNST-MACH-INSTITUT

ATTN: H REICHENBACH

INQENIUR EN CHE- DE L'ARMEMENT DRET/SDN'3C

ATTN: COL ISTIN

MILITARY ATTACHE STAFFATTN: AIR ATTACHEATTN: MILITARY ATTACHE

NAIlIONAL DEFENCL HEADQUARTERSATTN: DGMEM/DMES 3, MR BEZEMER

NATIONAL DEFI ICE RESEARCH INSTITUTEAITN: HAXELSSON

NORWEGIAN DEFENCL CONSTRUCTION SERVICE2b CY'; ATTN: A JLNSSEN

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