Animal Husbandry: Research, Education and Development

About the Authors Prof (Dr) P.N. Bhat was awarded Ph.D. in population genetics from Institute of Population Genetics Purdue University, West Laffayette, Indiana, USA in the year 1965. He started his career as teaching assistant in Animal Breeding followed by several post doctoral assignments and visiting professorship in genetics, biotechnology, livestock production systems. He returned to India and joined Punjab Agricultural University at Hisar–Ludhiana followed by several professional assignments in India. He joined as Project co-ordinator (Animal Breeding) at ICAR and subsequently as Head, Division of Animal Genetics at Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) in 1971. He was responsible for establishing coordinated projects on cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pigs and poultry during 1970–74. He was founder Director of Central Institute for

Research on Goats. In 1984 he became Vice-Chancellor and Director of IVRI. He joined as Deputy Director-General (Animal Science) in May, 1992 and Animal Husbandry Commissioner, GoI in December, 1992. He is fellow of several National and International Science Academies.

Prof. (Dr.) M.P. Yadav, Ex-Director and Vice Chancellor, Indian

orked as Professor & Head Division of Virology at IVRI, Mukteswar, Director of

few-OIE,

Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar; Ex-Vice Chancellor, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut (UP), India, is an eminent microbiologist having major research contributions in animal health by development of indigenous vaccines against equine influenza A Equi-2 (H3N8), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and colisepticaemia of poultry, and goat pox; isolation and characterization of animal and poultry viruses, namely equine influenza virus, equine infectious anemia virus, equine herpes virus-1 (EHV-1), EHV-3, EHV-4, equine rotavirus, avian adenovirus, buffalo pox virus; followed by development of sensitive and cost effective diagnostic

of Q Fever, brucellosis, rabies, bovine herpes virus-1, and disease management. Prof. Yadav w

tests/kits; epidemiology

National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar. He is a Fellow of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) New Delhi and National Academy of Veterinary Sciences, India. Prof. Yadav has guided the destiny of several professional bodies as President, Indian Virological Society (1996-2003); President, Indian Association of Veterinary Microbiologists & Specialists in Infectious Diseases (1999 to date); President, Indian Agricultural University Association (2006-07); President National Academy of Veterinary Sciences (2011-13), Secretary, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2014-16) and Patron, Society of Plant Research (2008 to date). Prof. Yadav is recipient of numerous national/international awards. To mention a International Meritorius Award 2000; World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Geneva Award 2005; ICAR Special Award 1998; Distinguished Veterinarian Award 2002, Dr. P. Richard Masillamony Oration Award 2003; M.S. Swaminathan Agricultural Scientist Award 2009; Dr. P. G. Pandey Oration Award 2010 (IAVMI); Dr. A. Lingard Memorial Award, 2012 by Indian Academy of Environmental Sciences; Dr. M.R. Dhanda Memorial Oration Award, 2012 (IAPH); Excellence in Virology Award - 2013 of Indian Virology Society (IVS) and Prof. K. S. Bhargaba Oration Award- 2016 (IVS).

Animal Husbandry: Research, Education and Development

Prof.(Dr.) P.N. Bhat 600A, Hamilton Court DLF Phase –IV, Gurgaon – 122 002 Haryana

Prof.(Dr.) M.P. Yadav House No. 365, Sector-45, Gurgaon - 122003 Haryana Email: yadav_mp@hotmail.com

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PREFACE

India became independent on August 15, 1947 and new Government started. The contribution of agriculture sector to the total GDP in 1950–51 was 50.5%, of which the share of animal husbandry was 15.5%. During 1980 to 2012–13, the contribution of livestock to agriculture and allied sectors rose from 18.6% to approximately 26% at current prices in contrast to a reduction of crops agricultural output from 41% to approximately 15%. During 2014–15, the value of output from livestock sector as per the estimates of the Central Statistics Office (CSO) at current prices was about INR 7,33,054 crores which is approximately 28.7% of the value of output from agricultural and allied sector.

If we look at overall world meat production, it is predicted to stagnate at about 321 million tonnes in 2016. Poultry is forecasted to register some growth, followed by bovine and ovine meat, while pig meat output could decline. However, global meat trade is expected to recover, growing by 2.8 percent to 30.6 million tonnes. International dairy product prices remained depressed during the first five calendar months of 2016, due to subdued import demand and plentiful export availability. Milk production continues to increase steadily in many countries, although lower prices are expected to dampen growth in world output in 2016 (FAO- Food Outlook, June 2016).

In India meat production from all sources was 7.0 MT in 2015-16 with an average annual growth rate of 7.51% during the last five years (2011-12 to 2015-16). Buffalo meat has grown at approximately 8% annually. Cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pigs and poultry contributed 5.0%, 23%, 7%, 13%, 6% and 46.0%, respectively, to total meat production during 2015-16. The poultry population in India is 729.21 million (2012) which is approximately 3% of the world’s population; with the growth in annual egg production being 5.6% between the years 2011-12 and 2015-16, and that of chicken meat approximately 3% of the world’s production. The contribution of bullock power for agriculture operations was 71.6% in 1961 when the foundation of the green revolution was laid, though over years it was reduced to about 23% (in 1991) due to farm mechanisation. It has remained at approximately 23% until the 19th Livestock Census 2012.

vi Animal Husbandry: Research, Education and Development

Presently, the contribution of animal draft power to total motive power in agriculture is about 5.8%.

As per 19th Livestock census (2012), India had 109 million buffaloes, which is more than half (57.3%) of the world’s buffalo population. Buffaloes constituted 21.23% of the total livestock population. Buffalo is the ‘dairy animal of 21st century’ in India. With 57 million adult females, population of breedable buffaloes is one-third. Presently, they contribute about 51% of the total milk produced in the country. The buffalo population has increased approximately 151% between 1951 and 2012 (43.4 million in 1951 to 109 million in 2012). As per the 19th Livestock census (2012), the Indian buffalo population consist of 17.05% pure-bred, 39.58% graded and 43.37% non-descript animals. The river buffalo constitute around 65% of the total world buffalo population and accounts for 92% of the total milk produced. India alone contributes 42% of total milk produced by buffaloes. The largest concentration of swamp buffaloes, found in rice growing countries of Asia, will remain about 5%. The distribution of the buffalo is conspicuous by its being confined principally to the areas where animal husbandry is poorly developed and badly organized. By and large, buffaloes are owned only in small numbers generally by resources-poor farmers. In fairness to buffalo stock owners in these regions, it may be stated that they maintain buffaloes not from ignorance of the potentialities of other large ruminants but because they find that in prevailing agricultural situation no other domestic animal will thrive like the buffalo and at the same time be so useful and economical.

Water buffaloes have been responsible for more than 10% of world milk production for several years, but the potential of these animals has seldom been appreciated or recognized. One of the main reasons for this is that those who have a stake in buffalo rearing are generally poor and underprivileged, and not able to project the impact this animal has on their livelihood and well-being. The water buffalo is an important beast of burden in Asian farming. It is widely used to plough, level land, plant crops, puddle rice fields, cultivate field crops, pump water; haul carts, sleds and shallow draft boats. It is also used to carry people, thrash grain, press sugarcane, haul logs and more. Buffaloes have an advantage over other draught animals in wet or muddy areas, with their large hooves. Their legs can withstand wet conditions better than cattle, although they are not as fast as cattle, horses or mules. Buffaloes have been used as draught animals for centuries. This has led to exceptional muscular development; some animals can weigh more than 1000 kg. Though buffalo is a major source of meat, they have not been used solely for meat production until recently. Most buffalo meat is derived from old animals so not surprisingly the meat is considered to be of poor quality. However, this is not true of meat from younger animals. Buffalo meat from animals properly reared and fed, is tender and palatable. Buffaloes are lean

Preface vii

animals. In general, a buffalo carcass has a higher proportion of muscle and a lower ratio of bone and fat than a cattle carcass. Buffaloes are managed under very different conditions over the world. These depend both on the geographic situations and for what purpose the buffaloes are used; any system from multipurpose animals kept in backyards to high yielding milk animals in advanced farms may exist. Over time buffalo rearing has shifted from the backyard to commercial farms and large business enterprises. The immense popularity of buffalo milk and meat products has ensured that buffalo production follow the path of the dairy cattle industry. However, for this species to perform optimally under the pressure of intensive production system, the breeds have to be improved, with clear focus on the desired output. This has not yet happened. Buffalo, although potentially excellent for both milk and meat production still languishes in obscure conditions of poor nutrition and breeding. Management can bring about notable improvements in the productive and reproductive performance of buffalo.

The achievement in agriculture sector are attributed in large part to technology led improvement in productivity and investments in the agriculture R&D with allied sectors. This has been divided into three phases. At the time of independence (1947) the population grew 3.6 times from 361.1 million in 1951 to 1302 million in 2016, while food grain production grew from 51 million tonnes (mt) in 1951 to 273 mt in 2016. India’s horticultural production has increased from 25 mt to over 287 mt in the same time, and milk production to 155.5 mt. This has been possible to achieve self-reliance in food security but hunger among the population remains still a cause of worry. While India is still to achieve MDG goal of reducing hunger, the 2016 Global Hunger Index (GHI) report indicate that globally, about 795 million people are chronically undernourished and India has 40% of all such children.

Last century agriculture has shown three distinct phases of growth (i) till 60’s it was more dictated where farmer was dictated by food needs of the family and a little for special social requirement, as he did not spend much on produce of such as natural resources or technology, (ii) the second phase was driven by technological production, input driven agriculture, which give high production in food grain crops like rice and wheat under better resources areas and was called Green Revolution, (iii) in third phase emphasis was given to diversification of crop with inclusion of all necessary inputs. This phase was the phase which ensured rural employment, brought in the concept of holistic agriculture and lead to basic agriculture research. In addition, focus on 510 million livestock and 8000 km of coastline will demand agricultural production to lead towards rural agriculture of the country more. India is projected to be the most populous country in the world with about 1.5 billion people by 2030 and

viii Animal Husbandry: Research, Education and Development

80% of growth will depend on the food production which will be produced, based on research, education, production and human resources.

We started from 1950 and by 2020 we will be holistic and integrated agriculture reckoner. We are now becoming one of the leader in skilled instruction to be no. 1 in education and research and by twenties, our agriculture will be known by broadway, and we are going in the middle of this decade to participate to develop the skill of entrepreneurship and will be more on the path of agriculture and rest of the fast moving India will have good educators of 21st century in the world by 2030. Let God help us.

Prof (Dr) P.N. Bhat Prof. M.P. Yadav

New Delhi Date: 26 March, 2018

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks are due to Mrs. Aruna T Kumar, Editor (English). Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture for editing the manuscript of the book “Animal Husbandry: Research, Education and Development” both for language and technical content. Thanks are due to Resource persons and contributors for their ideas and discussion.

Thanks are due to Deputy Director General (Animal Science), Indian Council of Agricultural Research for kindly agreeing to draw on the materials/ contributions submitted for the NAAS policy papers.

The hard work put up by Mr. G.P. Gangadharan Pillai, Centre for Integrated Animal Husbandry & Dairy Development, Noida for proof reading of the manuscript and other works related to the editing of this book which is gratefully acknowledged.

ABBREVIATIONS

ADG Average daily growth AEZ Agro-eco-zones AFS Australian Friesian

Sahiwal AGID Agar gel immune diffusion AHS African horse sickness AI Artificial Insemination AICRP All India Coordinated

Research Project AMZ Australian Milking Zebu APAU Andhra Pradesh

Agricultural University APEDA Agricultural & Processed

Food Products Export Development Authority

API Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India

ARS Agricultural Research Services

ASMM Area-specific mineral mixture

ATIC Agriculture Technology Information Centre

BAH&FS Basic Animal Husbandry & Fisheries Statistics

BAU Birsa Agricultural University

BC Before Christ BO Butter Oil BP Biological Products BPD Business Planning &

Development BQ Black quarter

BSI Botanical Survey of India BUN Blood urea nitrogen BVC Birsa Veterinary College BVD Bovine Viral Diarrhoea BZ Benzimidazole CAE Caprine Arthritis

Encephalitis CAFT Centre for Advance

Faculty Training CAL Carcinoscorpius

amoebocyte lysate CARI Central Avian Research

Institute CB Cross-bred CBPP Contagious bovine pleuro

pneumonia CC Combination with chloride CCBF Central Cattle Breeding

Farm CCPP Contagious caprine pleuro-

pneumonia CCS Copper chaperone for

superoxide dismutase CDRI Central Drug Research

Institute CDV Canine distemper virus CE Capillary electrophoresis CELO Chick embryo lethal

orphan (virus) CFB Complete Feed Blocks CFTRI Central Food

Technological Research Institute

xii Animal Husbandry: Research, Education and Development

CIDR Controlled intra-vaginal drug releasing device

CIE Counter immuno-electrophoresis

CIRB Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes

CIRC Central Institute for Research on Cattle

CIRG Central Institute for Research on Goat

CLFMA Compound Livestock Feed Manufacturers Association

CLRI Central Leather Research Institute

CMVL Central Military Veterinary Laboratory

Co Cobalt CO2 Carbon dioxide CP Control Programme CPBP Central Poultry Breeding

Programme CRD Chronic Respiratory

Disease CSF Classical Swine Fever CSO Central Statistics Office CSWRI Central Sheep and Wool

Research Institute Cu Copper DAD&F Department of Animal

Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries

DAH Department of Animal Husbandry

DARE Department of Agricultural Research and Education

DCFB Densified complete feed block

DCS Dairy cooperative societies DFRL Defence Food Research

Laboratory DG Distillers grains DIVA Differentiating infected

from vaccinated animals

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DTMR Densified total mixed

ration EC Emulsifying capacity ECE Equine coital exanthema ECP Estradiol cypionate EEC European Economic

Community EHV Equine herpesvirus EI Equine influenza EIA Enzyme immunoassay /

Equine infectious anaemia ELISA Enzyme-linked

immunosorbent assay EMA European Medicines

Agency ERV Equine rotavirus ETT Embryo transfer

technology / Embryo transfer techniques

EU European Union EVA Equine viral arteritis FAD Food and Drug

Administration FAO Food and Agriculture

Organization FAT Fluorescence antibody

technique FCR Feed conversion ratio Fe Iron FEC Faecal egg count FFS Food-feed system FMD Foot and mouth disease FROGIN Forecasting for Rajasthan

on ovine gastro intestinal nematodiasis

FSH Follicle-stimulating hormone

GA Angora (rabbit) crosses of German

GC Gas chromatography GC/MS Gas chromatography–mass

spectrometry

Abbreviations xiii

GDP Gross Domestic Product GFY Greasy fleece yield GHG Greenhouse gas GI Gastrointestinal GLF Government Livestock

Farm GMM Garole × Malpura

×Malpura GMMP Garole × Malpura ×

Malpura × Patanwadi GMOs Genetically modified

organisms GMP Good manufacturing

practice GNP Gross National Product GOI Government of India GP Grandparent GSPA-PHI Global strategy and plan of

action on public health, innovation and intellectual property

H F Holstein Friesian HAU Haryana Agricultural

University HI Haemagglutination

inhibition (assay) HPL High Production Livestock HPLC High performance liquid

chromatography HPTLC High-performance thin-

layer chromatography HS Haemorrhagic septicaemia HSADL High Security Animal

Disease Laboratory IARI Indian Agricultural

Research Institute IB Infectious bronchitis IBL Imperial Baeteriological

Laboratory IBR Infectious Bovine

Rhinotracheitis ICAR Indian Council of

Agricultural Research

ICDP Integrated Cattle Development Project

ICDP Intensive Cattle Development Project

ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research

ICPC Indian Cattle Plague Commission

ICRISAT International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

IDA Indian Dairy Association IHA Indirect haemagglutination ILRI International Livestock

Research Institute Imp. Improved INR Indian Rupee IPDP Intensive Poultry

Development Project IPT Immuno peroxidase

technique IR Infrared ISGP Indo-Swiss goat

development and fodder production project

IVF In vitro fertilization IVM In vitro maturation IVRI Indian Veterinary

Research Institute JH Jamaica Hope kg Kilogram KLDB Kerala Livestock

Development Board KMF Karnataka Milk Federation KV Key Village KVS Key Village Scheme LAB Lactic acid bacteria LAMP Loop-mediated isothermal

amplification LCMS Liquid Chromatography

Mass Spectrometry L-DOPA L-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-

alanine

xiv Animal Husbandry: Research, Education and Development

LDPE Low-density polyethylene LLPD Lakh litres per day LPD Litres per day LPT Livestock Products

Technology MAB Monoclonal antibodies MAS Marker Assisted Selection MFAL Marginal Farmers and

Agricultural Labour Development Agency

MFPI Ministry of Food Processing Industries

mLF Mithun Lactoferrin MMT Million metric tonnes Mn Manganese MOET Multi-ovulation embryo

transfer technology MPC Meat protein concentrate MS Mass Spectrometry MSL Mean Sea Level MT Million tonnes MV Measles virus MVC Madras Veterinary College MW Megawatt MWMP Modified Worm

Management Programme NABARD National Bank for

Agriculture and Rural Development

NABCONS NABARD Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd

NARI Nimbkar Agricultural Research Institute

NARS National Agricultural Research System

NBAGR National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources

NCA National Commission on Agriculture

NDDB National Dairy Development Board

NDP National Dairy Plan

NDRI National Dairy Research Institute

NEH North Eastern Hills NER North Eastern Region NET National Eligibility Test NGO Non-Government

Organizations NIANP National Institute of

Animal Nutrition and Physiology

NMG National milk grid NPSI Network Project on Sheep

Improvement NRCC National Research Centre

on Camel NRCE National Research Centre

on Equines NRCM National Research Centre

on Mithun NRCP National Research Centre

on Pig NRCY National Research Centre

on Yak NSP Non-structural proteins OECD Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development

OF Operation Flood OFP Operation Flood

Programme ONBS Open Nucleus Breeding

System OPU Ovum pick up PAN Precision animal nutrition PAU Punjab Agricultural

University PCR Polymerase chain reaction PDP Project Directorate on

Poultry PFR Pineapple fruit residue PIC Polymorphic information

content PKC Palm kernel cake

Abbreviations xv

PPR Peste-des-petits ruminants PPRV Peste-des-petits-ruminants

virus PT Progeny tested R&D Research & Development RAPD Random Amplified

Polymorphic DNA RCA Royal Commission on

Agriculture RFI Residual feed intake RFLP Restriction fragment

length polymorphism RP Rinderpest Rs Red Sindhi RST Random Sample Test RV Rinderpest virus SAU State Agricultural

University SFDA Small Farmers

Development Agency Sh Sahiwal SMP Skim milk powder SNF Solids-not-fat SPF Specific Pathogen Free STPP Sodium tripolyphosphate SVU State Veterinary

University TB Tuberculosis TCM Technical Co-operation

Mission TCRP Tissue-culture rinderpest

vaccine TEM Transmission Electron

Microscope Thp Tharparkar TLC Thin layer chromatography

TLR Toll-like Receptor TMR Total Mixed Ration TNAU Tamil Nadu Agricultural

University TST Targeted selective

treatment U.P. Uttar Pradesh UGC University Grants

Commission UHT Ultra-heat treatment UK United Kingdom UMMB Urea-molasses-mineral

block UNDP United Nations

Development Programme USA United States of America USAID United States Agency for

International Development USD US Dollar USSR Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics UV Ultraviolet VN Virus neutralisation VTCC Veterinary Type Culture

Collection WFP World Food Programme WHA World Health Assembly WHC Water holding capacity WHO World Health Organization WRL World Reference Lab Zn Zinc ZTM Zonal Technology

Management ZTMC Zonal Technology

Management Centre

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction 11.1 Animal Husbandry Scenario 1 1.1.1 Establishment of Royal Commission on Agriculture (RCA) 1928 1 1.1.2 Cattle 2 1.1.3 Buffalo 4 1.1.4 Sheep 4 1.1.5 Constitution of Imperial Council of Agricultural Research 5 1.1.6 Indian Cattle Plague Commission (ICPC) 5 1.1.7 Livestock and Poultry Diseases and Vaccine Production 6 1.1.8 Livestock Census 6 1.1.9 Agriculture Power 6 1.1.10 Bovine Skins 7 1.1.11 Milk Production 7 1.1.12 Hill Region Cattle Development Scheme 111.2 Cattle and Buffaloes 18 1.2.1 Breeding Policy for Cattle and Buffaloes 19 1.2.2 Key Village Scheme 20 1.2.3 Intensive Cattle Development Projects 20 1.2.4 All India Co-ordinated Research Projects on Cattle/Buffalo

Breeding 22

1.2.5 City Kept Cattle/Buffalo 23 1.2.6 Operation Flood Programme 231.3 Sheep 25 1.3.1 Cross-breeding of Sheep 26 1.3.2 Sheep Breeding Policy Committee 27 1.3.3 All India Coordinated Research Project on Sheep 281.4 Poultry 29 1.4.1 Poultry Research Division at IVRI 29

xviii Animal Husbandry: Research, Education and Development

1.4.2 Intensive Poultry Development Project 31

Chapter 2: Science, Technology and Interventions 33

Introduction 332.1 Cattle 33 2.1.1 Cross-breeding during the 50s 45 2.1.2 Cross-breeding during the 60s and 70s 46 2.1.3 Bilateral International Cross-breeding Projects 472.2 Buffalo 67 2.2.1 The indigenous buffalo diversity 67 2.2.2 Buffalo Breeding 74 2.2.3 Buffalo Physiology and Reproduction 74 2.2.4 Feed Efficiency 752.3 Sheep 76 2.3.1 Cross-breeding for Fine Wool 79 2.3.2 Improving Carpet Wool 80 2.3.3 Cross-breeding for Mutton Production 81 2.3.4 Lamb-pelt Production 822.4 Goat 87 2.4.1 Breeds 87 2.4.2 Angora Goats 88 2.4.3 All India Coordinated Project on Goats 882.5 Equines 97 2.5.1 Equines - a Cavalry Force: Breed Characteristics and husbandry 97 2.5.2 Army Remount and Horse Breeding Department 98 2.5.3 Equine Health 100 2.5.4 Equine Production 1022.6 Camel 1062.7 Pig 1102.8 Yak 1122.9 Mithun (Bos frontalis) 1202.10 Rabbit 1322.11 Poultry 1332.12 Duck 1412.13 Quail 1432.14 Animal Health 144

Contents xix

2.14.1 Immunobiologicals 148 2.14.2 Epidemiological Studies 148 2.14.3 Diagnostic Methods 150 2.14.4 Sheep and Goats 153 2.14.5 Disease Management 1552.15 Meat Technology 155 2.15.1 Meat Production 157 2.15.2 Meat Evaluation 158 2.15.3 Improvement of Meat Quality, Meat Preservation and Shelf Life 159 2.15.4 Identification of Meat 161 2.15.5 Meat Processing 162 2.15.6 Utilisation of Slaughter House By-products 1652.16 Traditional (Herbal) Veterinary Medicines: Preview of last two decades 1672.17 Quality Control of Herbal Products 1792.18 Significant Achievements in Animal Production and Health in India

during the past 25 years 183

2.18.1 Animal Nutrition 183 2.18.2 Achievements in Animal Nutrition 1982.19 Genetics of Cross-breeding 205

Chapter 3: Services and Policy Support 213

3.1 Cattle 2133.2 Sheep 2133.3 Goats 2143.4 Poultry 2143.5 Rinderpest Eradication 2153.6 Development of Feeds and Fodders 215

Chapter 4: The Path 217

4.1 Strategies 2194.2 Feed Burden 2224.3 Animal Health 223

Chapter 5: Breeding Policy: A Critique 224

Resource Personnel 227Bibliography 231