handling norm : examples of work from uranium mining and other operations riaz akber...

Handling NORM : Examples of work Handling NORM : Examples of work from uranium mining and other from uranium mining and other

operationsoperations

Riaz Akber

[email protected]



Riaz Akber

[email protected]

Uranium mines and millsBauxite minesMineral sandsNatural



Riaz Akber

[email protected]

NORM in WaterNORM in AirExternal gammaMeasurement of NORM

238U4.47x109 y

226Ra1600 y

214Pb26.8 m

222Rn3.82 d

218Po3.1 m

234Th24.1 d

234mPa1.18 m

234U2.5x105 y

230Th7.5x104 y

206PbStable

210Pb22.3 y

214Bi19.7 m

214Po164 µs

210Bi5.01 d

210Po138 d

NORM – 238U series

238U4.47x109 y

226Ra1600 y

214Pb26.8 m

222Rn3.82 d

218Po3.1 m

234Th24.1 d

234mPa1.18 m

234U2.5x105 y

230Th7.5x104 y

206PbStable

210Pb22.3 y

214Bi19.7 m

214Po164 µs

210Bi5.01 d

210Po138 d


228Ra5.75 y

232Th series

238U4.47x109 y

226Ra1600 y

214Pb26.8 m

222Rn3.82 d

218Po3.1 m

234Th24.1 d

234mPa1.18 m

234U2.5x105 y

230Th7.5x104 y

206PbStable

210Pb22.3 y

214Bi19.7 m

214Po164 µs

210Bi5.01 d

210Po138 d


228Ra5.75 y

232Th series

1 Bq (becquerel) = 1 Nuclear disintegration per second

Sv (sievert) , Gy (gray) : Units of radiation dose

NORM in WaterNORM in AirExternal gammaMeasurement of NORM

NORMAqueous – Solid phase

ActivityWater ActivitySoil


Strong

Absorption

Weak

Desorption


Typical 226Ra activity concentration

Water: 10 -100 m Bq.kg-1

Soil: 10 - 100 Bq.kg-1



Strong

Absorption

Weak

Desorption


Typical 226Ra activity concentration

Water: 10 -100 m Bq.kg-1

Soil: 10 - 100 Bq.kg-1



Strong

Absorption

Weak

Desorption

Overland flow and ponding of water improves its quality – by removing radioactivity from aqueous to solid phase.

Wetland Filtration

Natural , Engineered

Spa waters Helidon

226Ra activity concentration (Bq.L-1)

1.27, 1.22, 1.1, 0.62, 0.50

http://www.gov.au/sites/fed.html

Spa waters Helidon

226Ra activity concentration (Bq.L-1)

1.27, 1.22, 1.1, 0.62, 0.50



Wetland Filtration


1.13 ± 0.02 Bq.L-1

0.069 ± 0.004 Bq.L-1

WATER




Wetland Filtration


911 ± 14 Bq.L-1

527 ± 10 Bq.kg-1

SEDIMENT / SOIL

17 ± 2 Bq.L-1

Koulouris, Dharmasiri, Akber 1996



Wetland Filtration




Wetland Filtration


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

0 500 1000 1500

Distance from spillway

Wet

lan

d a

bso

rpti

on

par

amet

er

Akber, Johnston, Hancock 1992

URaMg



Land Application

+ H2O

H2O

Application

Soil surface

Sub surface


Land Application

0 100 200 300

0-2

2-4

4-6

6-8

8-10

So

il d

epth

(cm

)

Ra activity (Bq.kg-1)

0 100 200 300

0-2

2-4

4-6

6-8

8-10

So

il d

epth

(cm

)

Ra activity (Bq.kg-1)

226Ra

228Ra

Akber, Marten 1992

Outside Irrigated Land

Irrigated Land

NORM in Water

NORM in AirExternal gammaMeasurement of NORM

NORMRadon – 222Rn

Soil surface

Interstitial space

Soil grain2:

Rn

m

igra

tio

n3: Rn exhalation

1:

Rn

em

an

ati

on

210Pb22. 3 y

222Rn

α

214Bi

214Pb

218Po

226Ra

214Po

226Ra 1600 y

226Ra 1600 y

210Pb 22.3 y

NORMRadon – 222Rn

NORMRadon – 222Rn

How much radon comes out of the U rocks?

Holdsworth, Akber 2004

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1000.00

10000.00

100 1000 10000

222Rn atomic production rate (#.s-1)

222R

n a

tom

ic e

mis

sio

n r

ate

(#.s

-1)

NORMRadon – 222Rn

How much radon comes out of the U rocks?

Akber, Jeffries, Dharmasiri 2002

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1000.00

10000.00

100 1000 10000

222Rn atomic production rate (#.s-1)

222R

n a

tom

ic e

mis

sio

n r

ate

(#.s

-1)

NORMRadon – 222Rn

How much radon exhales from ground?

INSERT AFKAR HERE

F Rn-222 = (0 .45 + 0 .38 )CRa-226

R2 = 0 .18

10

100

1000

10000

100000

10 100 1000 10000 100000226Ra Activity Concentration (Bqkg-1)

222

Rn

Exh

alat

ion

Rat

e (m

Bqm

-2s-1

)NORMRadon – 222Rn


0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

OSP 7 R

im

OSP7 Pile

OSP7 Pad

Pit3 ro

ck

Mudgin

berri

Pit 3

Rubble

Expplo

t Non

Pit3 p

adJW

T

Expplo

t Irr

Later

ite p

ad

Pit 1

gener

al

WRD P

ad

LAA Irr S

easo

nal

WRD S

easo

nal

Later

ite ri

m

LAA Irr

LAA Non

Seaso

nal

WRD R

ehab

Mirr

ay

Jabiru

Eas

t

LAA NIR

R III

LAANIR II

OSP2 Rim

OSP2 Pad

Overb

urden

Later

ite p

ush z

one

Mag

ela

Location

222 R

n F

lux

(mB

qm

-2s-1

)/22

6 Ra

Co

nce

ntr

atio

n

(Bq

kg-1

)NORMRadon – 222Rn


NORMRadon – 222Rn


0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

OSP 7 R

im

OSP7 Pile

OSP7 Pad

Pit3 ro

ck

Mudgin

berri

Pit 3

Rubble

Expplo

t Non

Pit3 p

adJW

T

Expplo

t Irr

Later

ite p

ad

Pit 1

gener

al

WRD P

ad

LAA Irr S

easo

nal

WRD S

easo

nal

Later

ite ri

m

LAA Irr

LAA Non

Seaso

nal

WRD R

ehab

Mirr

ay

Jabiru

Eas

t

LAA NIR

R III

LAANIR II

OSP2 Rim

OSP2 Pad

Overb

urden

Later

ite p

ush z

one

Mag

ela

Location

22

2R

n F

lux

(m

Bq

m-2

s-1

)/2

26R

a C

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

(Bq

kg

-1)

Vegetated or rehabilitated woodland

NORMRadon – 222Rn


0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

OSP 7 R

im

OSP7 Pile

OSP7 Pad

Pit3 ro

ck

Mudgin

berri

Pit 3

Rubble

Expplo

t Non

Pit3 p

adJW

T

Expplo

t Irr

Later

ite p

ad

Pit 1

gener

al

WRD P

ad

LAA Irr S

easo

nal

WRD S

easo

nal

Later

ite ri

m

LAA Irr

LAA Non

Seaso

nal

WRD R

ehab

Mirr

ay

Jabiru

Eas

t

LAA NIR

R III

LAANIR II

OSP2 Rim

OSP2 Pad

Overb

urden

Later

ite p

ush z

one

Mag

ela

Location

22

2R

n F

lux

(m

Bq

m-2

s-1

)/2

26R

a C

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

(Bq

kg

-1)

Vegetated or rehabilitated woodlandCompacted with no vegetation

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

Location

222R

n Fl

ux (

mB

qm-2

s-1)/

226R

a C

once

ntra

tion

(Bqk

g-1

)


Non compacted fine grains

NORMRadon – 222Rn


NORMRadon – 222Rn

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

Location

222R

n Fl

ux (

mB

qm-2

s-1)/

226R

a C

once

ntra

tion

(Bqk

g-1

)


Lawrence, Akber (to be finalised 2005)


Non compacted fine grainsNon compacted boulders

NORMRadon – 222Rn

How much radon is in air ?

Total flow rate = 4000 m-3.s-1

NORMRadon – 222Rn

How much radon is in air ?

Akber, Jeffries, Dharmasiri (2002)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

0 1000 2000 3000222 Rn activity concentration

(Bq.m-3, Tracks)

222 R

n a

cti

vit

y c

on

ce

ntr

ati

on

(Bq

.m-3

, Ch

arc

oa

l)

NORMDust

Akber,

Dharmasiri (1996)

AMAD Next to the operating station 8.4 m 12 m away 5.9 m

NORM in WaterNORM in Air

External gammaMeasurement of NORM

NORMExternal gamma radiation

Sand Dune

Abandoned tailings

Mineral sand derivatives


HTotal = a CU + b CTh + c CK + HCosmic

Cosmic radiation dose (nGy.h-1)

Potassium concentration (%)

Thorium concentration (ppm)

Uranium concentration (ppm)

External gamma dose (nGy.h-1)



CU = (A1 HTotal – A2)

CU 0.16 (HTotal – 66)



CU = (A1 HTotal – A2)

0

300

600

900

1200

1500

0 300 600 900 1200 1500

Expected U (ppm)

Me

as

ure

d U

(p

pm

)

CU 0.16 (HTotal – 66)

Akber, Lawrence, Bollhoefer, Martin 2004

NORM in Water

NORM in AirExternal gamma

Measurement of NORM

NORMM

easu

rem

en

t

Riaz Akber

[email protected]

handling norm : examples of work from uranium mining and other operations riaz akber...

Documents

d norm

water norm

water slide

contact norm

handling norm

u series

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contact slide