handling problem manuscripts the nature of the problem common ethical issues what to do
TRANSCRIPT
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Handling Problem Manuscripts
The nature of the problem
Common ethical issues
What to do
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Reasons for retractions
Fang FC, Steen RG, Casadevall A., PNAS 2012
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Percent of published articles retracted for fraud or suspected fraud
Fang FC, Steen RG, Casadevall A., PNAS 2012
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JBC Problem ManuscriptsN
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Common Ethical Issues
90% of problems found in gel images
• Gel splicing
• Duplicate image
• Dropped background
• Cloning, masking, cleaning up
(J. Krueger, ORI)
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GEL SPLICING AND DUPLICATION
ORI gradient tool
Common Ethical Issues
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DUPLICATE IMAGECommon Ethical Issues
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DUPLICATE IMAGE
Common Ethical Issues
ORI gradient tool
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DUPLICATE IMAGES IN MICROGRAPHS
Common Ethical Issues
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DROPPED BACKGROUND
Were these bands just copied onto a white(-ish) background?
YES
Common Ethical Issues
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ORI gradient tool
What’s missing?
Common Ethical IssuesMASKING AND “CLEANING UP”
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90% of problems found in gel images
• Gel splicing
• Duplicate image
• Dropped background
• Cloning, masking, “cleaning up”
99% of these problems were image preparation errorsNOT FRAUD
Common Ethical Issues
(J. Krueger, ORI)
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• Prior publication
• Simultaneous submission to more than one journal
• Plagiarism
• Human / animal protocols
• Statement of conflict of interest
• Authorship issues
Other Kinds of Ethical Issues
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Finding problems BEFORE publication
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Find problems before publication
• Be alert to image manipulation
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Increase brightness
Zoom
Zoom in on blots
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Find problems before publication
• Be alert to image manipulation-Zoom, enlarge figures
• Be alert to prior publication-Check PubMed
• Review manuscripts for compliance with JBC policiesHuman/animal protocolsConflict of interest statement
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What to do
• Report suspicions promptly to the associate editor
• Maintain confidentiality