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CellsandTissuesPartI:CellStructuresBIO160Objectives Identifythethreemajorcellregions(nucleus,cytoplasm,andplasmamembrane)andtheiroverallfunctions.

Identifythemajortypesofcellsfoundinthehumanbody.

Describeselectivepermeability,diffusion,osmosis,andthevarioustransportprocessesallowingsolutesand

moleculestopassthroughamembrane.

CellsandTissues Carryoutallchemicalactivitiesneededtosustainlife

Cellsarethebuildingblocksofalllivingthings

Tissuesaregroupsofcellsthataresimilarinstructureand

function

Cellsarenotallthesame

Allcellssharegeneralstructures

Allcellshavethreemainregions

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Plasmamembrane

CellularProjections

Notfoundinallcells

Usedformovement

Ciliamovematerialsacrossthecellsurface

Locatedintherespiratorysystemtomovemucus

Flagellapropelthecell

Theonlyflagellatedcellinthehumanbodyissperm

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CellDiversity

CellPhysiology:MembraneTransport Membranetransportmovementof

substancesintoandoutofthecell

Twobasic

methods

of

transport

Passivetransport

Noenergyisrequired

Activetransport

Cellmustprovidemetabolicenergy

(ATP)

SolutionsandTransport Solutionhomogeneousmixtureoftwoor

morecomponents

Solventdissolvingmedium;typically

waterinthebody

Solutescomponentsin

smaller

quantitieswithinasolution

Intracellularfluidnucleoplasmandcytosol

Interstitialfluidfluidontheexteriorofthe

cell

SelectivePermeability Theplasmamembraneallowssomematerialstopasswhileexcludingothers

Thispermeabilityinfluencesmovementbothintoandoutofthecell

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PassiveTransportProcesses Diffusion

Particlestendtodistributethemselvesevenlywithinasolution

Movementisfromhighconcentrationtolowconcentration,ordownaconcentrationgradient

PassiveTransportProcesses

Typesof

diffusion

Simplediffusion

Anunassistedprocess

Solutesarelipidsolublematerialsorsmallenoughto

passthroughmembranepores

Osmosissimplediffusionofwater

Highlypolarwatermoleculeseasilycrosstheplasma

membrane

PassiveTransportProcesses Facilitateddiffusion

Substancesrequireaproteincarrierforpassive

transport

Transportslipidinsolubleandlargesubstances

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ActiveTransportProcesses Substancesaretransportedthatareunabletopassbydiffusion

Substancesmaybetoolarge

Substancesmaynotbeabletodissolveinthefatcoreofthemembrane

Substancesmayhavetomoveagainstaconcentrationgradient

ATPisusedfortransport

ActiveTransportProcesses

Twocommon

forms

of

active

transport

Activetransport(solutepumping)

Vesiculartransport

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

Activetransport(solutepumping)

Aminoacids,somesugars,andionsaretransportedbyproteincarrierscalledsolutepumps

ATPenergizesproteincarriers

Inmostcases,substancesaremovedagainstconcentrationgradients

Vesiculartransport

Exocytosis

Movesmaterials

out

of

the

cell

Materialiscarriedinamembranous

vesicle

Vesiclemigratestoplasma

membrane

Vesiclecombineswithplasma

membrane

Materialisemptiedtotheoutside

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Vesiculartransport(continued)

Endocytosis

Extracellularsubstancesareengulfedbybeingenclosedinamembranousvescicle

Typesofendocytosis

Phagocytosiscelleating

Pinocytosiscelldrinking

CellsandTissuesPartII: TissueTypesBIO160Objectives Namethefourmajortissuetypes,theirchiefsubcategoriesandexplainhowtheydifferstructurallyand

functionally.

Givethechieflocationsofthevarioustissuetypesinthebody.

BodyTissues Tissues

Groupsofcellswithsimilarstructureand

function

Four

primary

types

Epithelialtissue(epithelium)

Connectivetissue

Muscletissue

Nervoustissue

EpithelialTissues Locations

Bodycoverings

Bodylinings

Glandular

tissue

Functions

Protection

Absorption

Filtration

Secretion

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EpitheliumCharacteristics Cellsfitcloselytogetherandoftenformsheets

Theapicalsurfaceisthefreesurfaceofthetissue

Thelowersurfaceoftheepitheliumrestsonabasement

membrane

Avascular(nobloodsupply)

Regenerateeasilyifwellnourished

ClassificationofEpithelia Numberofcelllayers

Simpleonelayer

Stratifiedmorethanonelayer

Shapeofcells

Squamous

flattened

Cuboidal

cubeshaped

Columnar

columnlike

SimpleEpithelia Simplesquamous

Single

layer

of

flat

cells

Usuallyformsmembranes

Linesbodycavities

Lineslungsand

capillaries

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Simplecuboidal

Singlelayerofcubelike

cells

Commoninglandsand

theirducts

Formswallsofkidney

tubules

Coverstheovaries

Simplecolumnar

Singlelayeroftallcells

Oftenincludesmucus

producinggobletcells

Linesdigestivetract

Pseudostratifiedcolumnar

Singlelayer,butsomecells

areshorterthanothers

Oftenlookslikeadouble

layerofcells

Sometimesciliated,suchas

intherespiratorytract

Mayfunction

in

absorption

orsecretion

StratifiedEpithelia Stratifiedsquamous

Cellsattheapicalsurface

are

flattened

Foundasaprotective

coveringwherefrictionis

common

Locations

Skin

Mouth

Esophagus

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Stratifiedcuboidaltwolayersofcuboidalcells

Stratifiedcolumnarsurfacecellsarecolumnar,cellsunderneathvaryinsizeandshape

Stratifiedcuboidalandcolumnar

Rareinhumanbody

Foundmainlyinductsoflargeglands

Transitionalepithelium

Shapeofcellsdepends

uponthe

amount

of

stretching

Linesorgansoftheurinary

system

GlandularEpithelium Gland

Oneormorecellsresponsibleforsecretingaparticularproduct

Twomajorglandtypes Endocrinegland

Ductlesssincesecretionsdiffuseintobloodvessels

Allsecretionsarehormones

Exocrinegland

Secretionsemptythroughductstotheepithelialsurface

Includesweatandoilglands

CellsandTissuesPartIII: TissueTypesBIO160ConnectiveTissue Foundeverywhereinthebody

Includesthemostabundantandwidelydistributed

tissues

Functions

Bindsbodytissuestogether

Supportsthebody

Providesprotection

ConnectiveTissueCharacteristics Variationsinbloodsupply

Some

tissue

types

are

well

vascularized

Somehaveapoorbloodsupplyorare

avascular

Extracellularmatrix

Nonlivingmaterialthatsurroundsliving

cells

ExtracellularMatrix Twomainelements

Groundsubstancemostlywateralongwith

adhesionproteinsandpolysaccharide

molecules

Fibers

Producedbythecells

Threetypes

Collagen(white)fibers

Elastic(yellow)fibers

Reticularfibers

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ConnectiveTissueTypes Bone(osseoustissue)

Composedof

Bonecellsinlacunae

(cavities)

Hardmatrixofcalcium

salts

Largenumbersof

collagenfibers

Usedtoprotectandsupport

thebody

Hyalinecartilage

Mostcommontypeof

cartilage

Composedof

Abundantcollagen

fibers

Rubberymatrix

Locations

Larynx

Entirefetalskeleton

priortobirth

Elasticcartilage

Provideselasticity

Location

Supportsthe

external

ear

Fibrocartilage

Highlycompressible

Location

Formscushionlike

discsbetween

vertebrae

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Denseconnectivetissue(dense

fibroustissue)

Mainmatrixelementis

collagenfiber

Fibroblastsarecellsthat

makefibers

Locations

Tendonsattach

skeletalmuscle

to

bone

Ligamentsattach

bonetoboneatjoints

Dermislowerlayersoftheskin

Looseconnectivetissuetypes

Areolartissue

Mostwidely

distributedconnective

tissue

Soft,pliabletissuelike

cobwebs

Functionsasapacking

tissue

Containsallfibertypes

Cansoakupexcess

fluid(causesedema)

Looseconnectivetissuetypes

Adiposetissue

Matrixisanareolar

tissueinwhichfat

globules

predominate

Manycellscontain

largelipiddeposits

Functions

Insulatesthe

body

Protectssome

organs

Servesasasiteof

fuelstorage

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Looseconnectivetissuetypes

Reticularconnectivetissue

Delicatenetworkof

interwovenfibers

Formsstroma(internal

supportingnetwork)of

lymphoidorgans

Lymphnodes

Spleen

Bonemarrow

Blood(vasculartissue)

Bloodcellssurroundedby

fluidmatrixcalledblood

plasma

Fibersarevisibleduring

clotting

Functionsasthetransport

vehicleformaterials

MuscleTissue Functionistoproducemovement

Threetypes

Skeletalmuscle

Cardiacmuscle

Smoothmuscle

MuscleTissueTypes Skeletalmuscle

Undervoluntarycontrol

Contractstopullonbones

orskin

Producesgrossbody

movementsorfacial

expressions

Characteristicsofskeletal

musclecells

Striated

Multinucleate(morethanonenucleus)

Long,cylindrical

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Cardiacmuscle

Underinvoluntarycontrol

Foundonlyintheheart

Functionistopumpblood

Characteristicsofcardiac

musclecells

Cellsareattachedto

othercardiacmuscle

cellsat

intercalated

disks

Striated

Onenucleuspercell

Smoothmuscle

Underinvoluntarymuscle

Foundinwallsofholloworgans

suchasstomach,uterus,and

bloodvessels

Characteristicsofsmoothmusclecells

Novisiblestriations

Onenucleuspercell

Spindleshapedcells

NervousTissue Composedofneuronsandnerve

supportcells

Functionistosendimpulsesto

otherareasofthebody

Irritability

Conductivity