hands on training in fisheries report 2015 16 by cof, kawardha students

1

HANDS ON TRAINING IN FISHERIES

(EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME)

Module - Seed Production in Fisheries

GROUP III:

Krishna Jaiswal

Kuldeep Jaiswal

Manoj Kumar

Nilesh Kumar Chandravanshi

Shitlesh Kosriya

Tameshwari Patil

Veena Barle

Academic session- 2015-16

Submitted to:

COLLEGE OF FISHERIES

(CHHATTISGARH KAMDHENU VISHWAVIDYALAYA)

KAWARDHA– 491995

2

HANDS ON TRAINING IN FISHERIES

(EXPERIENTIAL LEARNING PROGRAMME)

Module - Seed Production in Fisheries

Submitted by:

KRISHNA JAISWAL ID N0.-K3201120012

KULDEEP JAISWAL ID No.-K3201120013

MANOJ KUMAR ID No.-K3201120015

NILESH KUMAR ID No.- K3201120016

SHITLESH KOSRIYA ID No.-K3201120022

TAMESHWARI PATIL ID No.-K3201120026

VEENA BARLE ID No.-K3201120027

Academic session-2015-16

Submitted to:

COLLEGE OF FISHERIES (CHHATTISGARH KAMDHENU VISHWAVIDYALAYA)

KAWARDHA - 491995

3

1. OVERVIEW ON AQUACULTURE

Global fish production has grown steadily in the last five decades, with food

fish supply increasing at an average annual growth rate of 3.2 percent, outpacing

world population growth at 1.6 percent. World per capita apparent fish consumption

increased from an average of 9.9 kg in the 1960s to 19.2 kg in 2012.

Table 1. World aquaculture production (2014)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Production (million tonnes)

Aquaculture

Inland 29.9 32.4 34.3 36.8 38.7 41.9

Marine 20.0 20.5 21.4 22.3 23.3 24.7

Total aquaculture 49.9 52.9 55.7 59.0 62.0 66.6

TOTAL WORLD FISHERIES

140.7 143.1 145.8 148.1 155.7 158.0

(Source:- FAO, 2014)

1.1. AQUACULTURE IN INDIA

In India Fisheries sector not only contribute to nutritional security but also

provide employment and livelihood to 14 million people in primary level and is

earning over Rs 10,000 crore annually through export. The vibrancy of the sector can

be visualized by the 11–fold increase achieved in fish production in just six decades

i.e. from 0.75 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 9.6 million tonnes during 2013-14. This

resulted in an unparalleled average annual growth rate of over 4.5 percent over the

year which has placed the country on the forefront of global fish production, only

after China. (Source: MPEDA, 2014)

Freshwater aquaculture contributes to over 95 percent of the total

aquaculture production. The national mean production level from ponds has gone up

from about 600 kg/hectare/year in 1974 to over 2900 kg/hectare/year at present

and several farmers are even demonstrating higher production levels of 8–12

tonnes/hectare/year. Induced breeding of carps and catfishes, hatcheries for mass-

scale spawning, seed rearing and carp poly-culture are some of the epoch-making

technologies actually accelerated the freshwater aquaculture development.

1.2. AQUACULTURE IN CHHATTISGARH

In Chhattisgarh the fisheries sector has been recognized as a powerful

income & employment generating source and plays an important role in developing

rural economy and is a source of cheap and nutritious food. More than 2.50 lakh

fishermen in the Chhattisgarh depend on fisheries and aquaculture for their

4

livelihood and also it occupies an important place in the socio-economic

development of the state. (Source: Department of fisheries, Chhattisgarh)

1.2.1. FISHERIES RESOURCES

The state possesses vast and varied natural water area available for fish

culture in the form of river, reservoir, pond & tanks. About 1.483 lakh hactare

average water area is available for fish culture.

Table 2. Fisheries resources of Chhattisgarh

FISHERY RESOURCES

Resource No. Area Area used for fisheries

Rivers & canals (Km) 31 3573 3573

Reservoirs (Lakh ha) 1770 0.826 0.800

Tanks & ponds (Lakh Ha) 59384 0.751 0.683

Total inland water bodies

(Lakh Ha) 61,185 1.577 1.483

(Source:- Department of fisheries, Chhattisgarh)

1.2.2. FISH SEED PRODUCTION

Existing 62 no. of circular hatcheries, 57 no. of fish farms and 721 no. of

individual rearing space with the available water area of 207.58 ha. are involved in

fish seed production in Govt. and private sector. Present demand of fish seed is

placed at 92.02 crores st. fry against of which 104.37 crore have been produced in

2012-13. Chhattisgarh stands at 6th position in the total inland fish production with

annual fish production of 2.86 lakh ton (2013-14). (Source:- Department of fisheries,

Chhattisgarh)

1.3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNDER HANDS ON TRAINING

S.No. OBJECTIVE SITE OF WORK

1. Carp breeding and Seed Production.

Fish seed production and rearing center, Bodla, Kawardha and Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala, Kawardha.

2. Nursery Rearing of carp seeds Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala, Kawardha.

3. Magur breeding and Seed Production

Demonstration Cum Training Center, Raipur.

4. Ornamental Fish Breeding and Culture

Live fish laboratory, College of Fisheries, Kawardha (C.G.)

5

2. CARP BREEDING & SEED PRODUCTION

6

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Carps contribute the largest share in the total global aquaculture production.

These fishes are cultivated extensively in Asian countries because of their consumer

preference & suitable climate prevalent in these areas for its growth. Major carps

that are native to Indo-gangetic riverine system of India are Catla (Catla catla) Rohu

(Labeo rohita) & Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). Carp are the main stay of aquaculture in

India & as a matter of fact, India is called as the “CARP COUNTRY” with reference to

aquaculture because carp flesh is highly relished by the majority of its population &

these fishes are cultivated in this country from ancient days. Last three decades have

witnessed a phenomenal growth in the farming of these carps in India as a result the

market demand for fry stocking also has increased. All major carps mentioned above

are seasonal, riverine spawner.

Breeding of carp was very old practice. Previously it was breed naturally then

by pituitary extract used for breeding. Now several synthetic hormones such as

ovaprim, ovatide (Haemopharma), ovapel and WOVA-FH are developed which are

used for breeding purpose.

2.2. SITE OF WORK

2.2.1. FISH SEED PRODUCTION AND REARING CENTER, BODLA,

KAWARDHA

It is a Govt. hatchery established on date 16 JULY 2010 in 2 ha. in area in

Khostabandha, Bodla. Bodla is one of the four blocks in Kabirdham District and is

located 22km away from Kawardha. Having 09 numbers of ponds with total water

area of 12541.4m2 and remaining land area is about 7458.6 m2. The water for the

hatchery drawn from the Chhirpani reservoir which is 2km away from the hatchery

site. The hatchery also got borewell to support continuous water supply. The soil and

water quality of hatchery is good enough for carp seed production. Artificial feed

was used for feeding brooder and mixture of mustard oil cake & rice bran for fry,

fingerling in the hatchery.

2.2.2. FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBANA KALA, KAWARDHA.

It is a Govt. farm established in the year 1995-96 at Khairbana Kala having 19

numbers of ponds with total water area of 20221.95m2. Presently the source of

water is from canal of “Sarodha dam” and ground water through borewell. The total

area for hatchery is 1640 m2. out of which 450 m2 is being used for primary hatchery

components such as Over head tank, Spawning tank, Incubation tank, Egg collection

tank and Spawn collection tank. The remaining area i.e. 1190 m2 is being utilized as

secondary area for hatchery such as gardening, office room and store room.

7

2.3. LAY OUT OF FISH SEED PRODUCTION CENTER, BODLA

POND 6

POND 7

POND 9

POND1

POND2

POND3

POND4

POND 5

POND 8

HATCHERY

ROAD

COMPLEX

NURSERY POND REARING POND BROODER POND

Total water area - 12541.4 square meterTotal land area - 7458.6 square meter

2.4. MEASUREMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENTS AND

PONDS

The different components of hatchery were measured and are presented in

the table no. 3, 4 & 5 (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Measurement of hatchery component

8

Table 3. Circular hatchery unit

S.no

.

Component Outer

diameter

(m)

Inner

diameter

(m)

Height

(m)

Wall

thickness

(m)

Slope

(m)

No.

of

inlet

Distance

between

inlets

(m)

Height

of

outlet

(m)

1. Spawning

pool 6.72 5.95 1.2 0.39 0.23 18 1 0.86

2. Incubation

pool 4.2

3.6

2.27

1.78

1 .04

0.95 0.3

0.06

0.04 14 0.77 0.15

Table 4. Rectangular tank

S.no. Component Length

(m)

Width

(m)

Height

(m)

Area (m2) Volume

(m3)

1. Egg collection

tank 2.5 1.4 0.9 3.50 3.15

2. Spawn collection

tank 2.0 1.19 0.86 2.38 2.04

3. Over head tank 8.43 5.10 1.45 42.99 62.33

Table 5. Morphometery of pond

CCOMPON

ENT

POND

1

POND

2

POND

3

POND

4

POND

5

POND

6

POND

7

POND

8

POND

9

LENGTH(m) 38 54.7 55 109 43 40 29 26.5 120

WIDTH (m) 25 50 50 50 15.5 13 21.5 15 120

SLOPE (m) 1.3 3.5 1.5 4.6 1.9 2.7 3.6 1.7 2

FREE

BOARD (m) 0.8 2.5 0.8 1.4 0.6 1.5 1.4 0.5 3

WATER

LEVEL (m) 0.6 1.5 1 1.5 0.8 0.6 1 0.6 5

AREA (m2) 950 2735 2750 5450 666.5 520 623.5 397.5 14400

VOLUME

(m3)

570 4102.

5

2750 8175 533 312 623.5 238.5 28800

9

2.5. COMPONENTS OF ECO-HATCHERY:

Circular Eco-hatchery is the most common hatchery system adopted all over

the country. The configuration of the hatchery components vary according to need

and local conditions. The hatchery at Bodla was also circular Eco-hatchery and it was

having following components –

1. Over head tank

2. Breeding/Spawning tank

3. Egg collection chamber

4. Incubation/Hatching tank

5. Spawn collection tank

2.6. COLLECTION OF BROODERS

For breeding purpose healthy & mature brooders were collected from

brooder pond by 100×20 m. size drag net of mesh size of 80-100 mm. Collected 1-2

year old brooders with the help of drag net manually. After collection of brooder

male & female were selected for hormonal administration. (Fig. 2)

Fig. 2. Collection of brooder

2.6.1. SELECTION OF MALE & FEMALE BROODSTOCK

Male & female brooders were selected by visual examine. Selection of fish is

difficult when that fish is selected second time for breeding, sometime belly may be

bulgy due to fat deposition. Main criteria for selection of male & female were given

below in Table No. 6 and Fig. No. 3.

Table 6. Differentiation character of male and female brooder

S.no. Character Male Female

1. Pectoral fin Dorsal surface is rough Dorsal surface is smooth

2. Genital aperture It is not prominent. Further, on pressing milt oozes out

It is reddish & swollen. Further ,on pressing egg ooze out

10

3. Shape of belly Not bulgy & soft to touch Belly is soft & bulgy

Fig. 3. Selection of healthy brooder

After collection of brooders they were transferred to ante tank in a jute bag

carefully.

2.7. HORMONE ADMINISTRATION

Brooders were stimulated by injecting OVATIDE for induced breeding. Ovatide

contain following composition

1. Gonadorelin A (s Gn RH A) – 20mcg.

2. Domperidone BP – 10mg.

3. Benzyl Alcohol IP – 1.5% v/v.

Hormone was administrated by intra-peritoneal way in which hormone was

injected below the base of pectoral fin. (Fig. 4 & 5)

Fig. 4. Filling GnRHa in syringe from vial Fig. 5. Hormone administration

Table 7. Dose of hormone

S.no. Species Male Female

1. Catla (Catla catla) 0.2mg/kg 0.3mg/kg

2. Rohu (Labeo rohita) 0.2mg/kg 0.3mg/kg

11

3. Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala) 0.2mg/kg 0.3mg/kg

After injection of hormone, fishes were kept in hapa. Fishes kept in

breeding/spawning pool for 6-7hrs after injection.

2.8. INDUCED BREEDING

Natural induced spawning was practiced at Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana

kala, where the fishes after administration of hormone are released in spawning

pool. The fishes select their pair, chase and spawn on their own after 5-6 hrs of

inducing. Here after 3-4 hrs of injection we applied murum soil, tannin nearly 125-

150gm and kattha 30-40gm in spawning tank for hardening of water which will help

in making shell of egg thick which will prevent early egg rupture

Fig. 6. Crushed Tanin Fig. 7. kattha

2.8.1. STRIPPING

Stripping can be done by two methods i.e. Dry method and Wet method. Fish

seed production and rearing center, Bodla, stripping was done by wet method which

is mainly used for IMC breeding. Stripping was done after 6-8 hrs. after hormone

administration. In this method, egg & milt was stripped by pressing belly of fish &

then it was mixed thoroughly by feather & by rotating tray for proper fertilization.

After thorough mixing for few minutes water was poured into the tray which makes

the eggs swollen & water harden. Then fertilized eggs were transferred to incubation

tank. Next morning, spent brooders were removed from breeding tank. After

removing brooders from breeding tank, the tank was treated with lime & potassium

permanganate and washed properly with water. (Fig. 8 to 9)

12

Fig. 8. Stripping Fig. 9. Mixing of ova & milt

2.9. COLLECTION OF EGGS

Eggs were collected during morning hours in egg collection tank by using

hapa which is placed properly in inlet pipe which is connected with spawning tank.

Before opening valve egg collection tank was already filled with some water. Valve

was allowed to open gently with slow speed. Eggs parameters such as fertilization

rate and number of eggs were checked by volumetric analysis. Eggs collected in egg

collection tank were transferred to outer chamber of incubation pool with the help

of bucket in the direction of water flow gently. (Fig. 10)

Fig. 10 Collection of egg and Transfer in incubation pool

2.10. INCUBATION OF EGGS

After fertilization eggs were transferred immediately to incubation unit for

further development. Before stocking of fertilized eggs the unit was prepared i.e.

cleaning, checking of garfill net / nylon net of size 1/80 inch for proper condition and

also to prevent escaping of incubating egg with flowing water. The flow rate of water

is managed through a valve carefully. The aerator is used to increase the “Dissolved

13

Oxygen” content in incubation tank. A wooden stick / bamboo is used as surface

cleaner kept on the water surface across the outer chamber in between two wall. In

the optimum water condition i.e. temperature 28-30 degree Celsius, DO >5 ppm etc.

the larvae hatches out in 16-20 hr and it takes 72 hrs. more to absorb it’s yolk. (Fig.

11)

Fig. 11. Inoculating fertilized egg to incubation pool

Table 8. Calculation of spawning of eggs


INDIAN MAJOR CARP SEED PRODUCTION, FISH SEED PRODUCTION & REARING CENTER, Bodla, Kawardha

Sl.No. Date Weight of

Brooder(kg) Total no. of

Eggs

No. of Fertilized

eggs

No. of opaque Eggs

Fertilization rate

Male Female

1 10/7/2015 24.5 22.4 30,00,000 24,56,000 5,44,000 81.86%

2 24/7/2015 27.25 24.5 41,38,800 36,54,000 4,84,000 88%

3 25/7/2015 23.5 38.25 45,99,000 39,70,000 6,29,000 86.32%

4 3/8/2015 46.75 40.6 55,80,000 48,60,000 3,30,000 87%

INDIAN MAJOR CARP SEED PRODUCTION, FISH SEED REARING CENTER, Khairbanakala, Kawardha


Brooder(kg) Total no. of

Eggs

No. of Fertilized

Eggs

No. of Opaque

Eggs

Fertilization rate

Male Female

1. 18/7/2015 45 48 74,45,000 61,88,000 12,57,000 83%

2. 19/7/2015 30 40 80,57,000 76,89,000 3,68,000 95%

3. 23/7/2015 50 60 90,42,000 80,63,000 9,79,000 89%

4. 27/7/15 45 52.8 81,20,000 75,47,000 5,73,000 93%

14

2.10.1. CALCULATION OF FERTILIZATION RATE

Fertilization rate was calculated by taking the egg sample randomly from

incubation tank. Random samples were taken from upper surface, column and

bottom surface. Sample was taken in triplicate from the upper, column and bottom

surface. The number of fertilized and unfertilized egg was counted in a sample and

then percentage calculation of fertilization rate was done with reference to total

number of sample. (Fig. 12)

Fig. 12. Calculation of fertilization rate

FERTILIZATION RATE

Table 10. Calculation of fertilization rate

S.No. Particular Total no. of eggs No. of fertilized egg

No. of un-fertilized egg

Fertilization percentage

1.

Surface

38 32 6 84.21

37 29 8 78.37

40 35 5 87.50

Column

40 35 5 87.50

44 37 7 84.00

42 37 5 88.00

Bottom

46 40 6 86.95

42 38 4 90.47

47 41 6 87.23

2.

Surface

33 28 5 84.84

36 32 4 88.88

38 31 7 81.57

Column

42 37 5 88.09

49 39 10 97.59

42 37 6 88.09

Bottom

46 40 6 86.95

47 43 4 91.48

48 41 7 85.41

3. Surface

37 33 4 89.18

41 34 7 82.92

37 31 6 83.78

Column 40 37 3 92.50

15

47 39 8 82.97

44 37 7 84.09

Bottom

45 41 4 91.11

53 44 9 83.01

50 44 6 88.00

4.

Surface

34 29 5 85.29

40 32 8 80.00

39 33 6 84.61

Column

42 38 4 90.47

47 40 7 85.10

41 36 5 87.80

Bottom

50 43 7 86.00

46 40 6 86.95

54 47 7 87.03

5. Avg. fertilization rate 86.60

2.10.2. OBSERVATION OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES

Following fertilization the embryonic development process has started by

using compound microscope the various embryonic development stage such as

cleavage, marula, blastula gastrula were observed. (Table no. 11)

Table 11. Stages of embryonic development

S.no. Picture Time Character

1.1:00 hr after fertilization

Swollen fertilized egg


Cleavage (meroblasticstage)


Early morulastage


Late morula stage


Early blastula stage


Gastrula stage

STAGES OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

S.no. Picture Time Character


Closing of blastopore


Development of head bud


Development of tail


Prominent vertebral column

11.17 :00 hr after fertilization

Egg ready for hatching (Twitching movement)


Hatchling

16

2.10.3. MOTILITY TEST OF SPAWN

Motility test of spawn was done for observing the activeness of spawn. For

motility testing half water filled tub was taken and spawns were released in tub.

After releasing spawns in tub, circular movement of water is maintained by swirling

the water with hand. The active spawns move against the water current by jerking

movement and lethargic spawn moves with the mercy of water current and settle at

the center. (Fig. 13)

Fig. 13. Motility test of spawn

2.11. COLLECTION OF SPAWN

Three days old hatchlings having average size of 6mm are known as spawn.

Spawn were collected from spawn collection tank by suitably placing hapa in tank.

Spawns collected are either stocked in nursery ponds or directly selled to the fish

farmers. (Fig. 14)

Fig. 14. Collection of spawn

17

2.12. PACKING AND TRANSPORTATION OF SPAWN

Spawn collected were packed in polythene bag. The seed needs to be

transported as economically as possible and in a healthy condition without mortality.

The seed was packed in polythene bags filled with 1/3 water and 2/3 oxygen. The

polythene bags were kept in light plastic bags (0.8 meter length and 0.5 meter width)

and transported. (Fig. 15)

Fig. 15. Packaging and transportation of spawn

2.13. CLEANING AND DISINFECTION

Cleaning and disinfection of all the hatchery component was done after every

breeding operation. All the hatchery components such as Overhead tank, Spawning

pool, Incubation tank, Egg collection tank, Spawn collection tank was washed

properly and disinfected using KMnO4 and Lime. (Fig. 16)

Fig. 16. Cleaning and disinfection of hatchery component

18

2.14. ECONOMICS OF CARP SEED PRODUCTION

Table 12. Economics of carp seed production, Bodla, Kawardha

Sl. No. Particulars Amount Cost (Rs.)

1. Cost of brood fish Female - 201 kg

Male - 170 kg

56392.00

(@ Rs.152/kg)

2 Brooder transportation

cost

1 time 1000.00

3. Preparation of brood fish pond

Lime 70k.g. 350.00

Cow dung 40k.g. 80.00

Inorganic fertilizer 45k.g. 450.00

Feed 70k.g. 1800.00

4. Breeding maintenance

Synthetic hormone Female(Dose 0.3) - 60.3 ml

Male(Dose- 0.2) - 34 ml

2050.00

1156.00

Syringe 14 syringe 70.00

labour cost 6 labour 18000.00

Other monthly

maintenance

---------- 1000.00

5. Seed packaging cost

Oxygen cylinder 1 Cylinder 520.00

Polythene 4 kg 230.00

Jute rope 1.5 kg 45.00

Plastic bag 300 no. 900.00

6. Total cost 84043.00

7. Total production

Avg. total egg produce 32664000 no.

Un-fertilize 14% 4572960 no.

Avg. spawn produce 27229000 no.

Mortality 5% 1361450 no.spawn

Total no. of spawn

produce

25867550 no. spawn

Price of spawn 1 spawn Rs. 0.006

8. Total spawn 155205

9. Sailing of brooder after

breeding

343 kg brooder 41160.00

(@Rs 120/ kg fish)

10. Gross profit 155205 + 41160 196365.00

11. Net profit 196365 - 84043 112322.00

19

Table 13. Economics of carp seed production, Khairbana kala, Kawardha


1. Cost of brood fish Female – 125.75k.g.

Male – 122 k.g.

37658.00

(@ Rs.152/kg)

2. Brooder transportation

cost

2 times 1500.00


Lime 50k.g. 250.00



Feed 35k.g. 900.00


Synthetic hormone Female(dose- 0.3) 37 ml

Male(dose- 0.2) - 24 ml

1220.00

780.00


Tanin 2k.g. 160.00

Kattha 0.5k.g. 100.00

Disinfectant

(KmnO4&Lime)

250gm KmnO4 + 15kg

lime

300.00


Other monthly

maintenance

---------- 500.00




Jute rope 1 kg 30.00


6. Total cost 57,293.00

7. Total production



Avg. spawn produce 1,24,45000 no.

Mortality 5% 622250 no. spawn

Total no. of spawn

produce

11822750 no.spawn

Price of spawn 1 spawn Rs. 0.006

8 Total spawn 70936

9 Sailing of brooder after

breeding

215 kg brooder Rs. 25800.00

(@Rs 120/ kg fish)

10 Gross profit 70936 + 25800 Rs. 96736.00

11 Net profit Rs. 39443.00

20

3. NURSERY REARING OF INDIAN MAJOR CARP (IMC) SEED

21

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Early larvae stages are the most crucial and vulnerable stage in the life cycle

of a fish. During this period, the young ones are defenseless against predators,

susceptible to microbial attacks prone to disease and sensitive to fluctuation in the

environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen, temperature alkalinity etc. and to

handling stress. Hence the rate of survival of this stage depends on the maintenance

of optimum water quality parameter, availability of adequate choice food and a

predator free aquatic environment. By fourth day after hatching the spawn is to be

released in to a well prepared nursery tank for growing the post larvae to fry stage.

3.2. SITE OF WORK

Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala, Kawardha located 8 km away from

district head Kawardha. Here we learned carp nursery management. We also

measured pond morphometery and analysed water quality parameter.

3.3. LAYOUT OF FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBNA

KALA

SA

RO

DH

A R

ES

OR

VIO

R R

OA

D

PN5

PN6

PN14

PN13 PN8

PN07

PN17

PN18 PN9PN10PN11PN12

PN1 PN2

PN3

PN 4

HATCHERY COMPLEX

Store Room

PN15

PN 19

LAYOUT OF FISH SEED REARING CENTER, KHAIRBANA KALA

PN16

Brooder pond Rearing pond Nursery pond

22

3.4. MEASUREMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENTS AND

PONDS

Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala we measured different components

of hatchery with different dimensions by metallic cloth tap. The total length of tap

was 30 meter. (Fig. 17)

Table 14. Circular hatchery unit

S.No Component Outer

diameter

(m)

Inner

diameter

(m)

Height

(m)

Wall

thickness

(m)

Slope

(m)

No.

of

inlet

Distance

between

inlets(m)

Height of

outlet (m)

1. Spawning pool 8.80 7.87 1.09 0.46 0.23 13 1.7 0.86

2. Incubation

pool

Outer4.3

Inner 2.1

3.55 1.07 0.8 0.06

0.04

16 0.6 0.15

Table 15. Rectangular unit

S.No. Component Length(m) Width(m) Height (m) Area (m2) Volume

(m3)

1. Egg collection

tank

2.6 1.82 1.0 4.73 4.73

2. Spawn

collection tank

3.93 2. 41 1.25 9.47 11.83

3. Over head

tank

5.55 2.78 1.45 15.42 22.37

Table 16. Morphometry of pond

PONDS

S.No

.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Length(m) 57 83 32 36 47.5 34 41 52 29 27

2. Width(m) 27 60 27 31 33 15 40 18 26 24

3. Slope(m) 1.9 3.5 3 1.7 3.4 2.5 3.1 2.5 2.9 3

4. Free

board(m)

0.9 1.3 1.2 0.8 2 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.4 2.5

5. Water

level(m)

1 1.5 1 1 1.2 1.5 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.5

6. Area(m2) 1539

m2

4980

m²

864

m2

1116

m²

1567.

5m²

510

m²

1640

m²

936

m²

754

m²

648

m²

7. Volume

(m3)

1529

m3

7470

m3

864

m3

1116

m3

1881

m3

765

m3

1968

m3

468

m3

452.4

m3

324

m3

23

S.No. Pond

11

Pond

12

Pond

13

Pond

14

Pond

15

Pond

16

Pond

17

Pond

18

Pond

19

1. Length (m) 29 37 78 60 35 59.5 22.5 47 35

2. Width (m) 28 35 34 31 28.5 29 21.5 35.5 24

3. Slope (m) 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 2.7 1 3.5 2.5 2.5

4. Free board

(m)

1.3 1.5 2.5 2 0.9 3.5 1.5 1.1 1.3

5. Water level

(m)

0.8 1 1 1 1.6 1.5 1 1 1

6. Area (m2) 812

m²

1295

m²

2652

m²

1860

m²

997.5

m²

1725.

5m²

483.7

5m²

1668.

5m²

840

m²

7. Volume (m3) 649.6

m3

1295

m3

2652

m3

1860

m3

1596

m3

2588.

25m3

483.7

5m3

1668.

5m3

840

m3

At first, we had allotted with two pond for each group randomly on the

month of july and the, stocking was done on the date of 28/07/14 & 11/08/14 in that

pond & Stocking density was about 1495.72 spawn / m2and 602.63 spawn / m2. The

total seed stocked in pond was about 14 lakhs & 4 lakhs spawn respectively.

3.4.1. POND MEASUREMENT OF ALLOTTED POND

Table 17. Measurement of allotted pond

S.No. Length

(m)

Width

(m)

Depth

(m)

Water

level(m)

Slope

(m)

Free

board (m)

Area

(m2)

Volume

(m3)

1. 52.0 18.0 0.5 0.5 2.5 1.5 936.00 468.00

2. 29.5 22.5 0.9 1 2.5 1.0 663.75 597.37

Fig. 17. Measurement of allotted nursery pond

24

3.5. NURSERY MANAGEMENT CAN BE BROADLY

CLASSIFIED INTO

1. PRESTOCKING MANAGEMENT

2. STOCKING MANAGEMENT

3. POST STOCKING MANAGEMENT

3.6 . PRE-STOCKING MANAGEMENT

Seed of carps are delicate in nature and their growth and survival largely

depend on the environment in which they live. The biological characteristic like the

food preference and feeding habit of these carps almost similar during their initial

life stage, thus requiring almost similar management at any particular stage.

Aquatic weeds and insects were removed which harm the spawns of carps.

Manuring and fertilization was done to make the availability of natural feed for

feeding of spawns of carps

3.6.1. ERADICATION OF AQUATIC WEEDS

Aquatic weeds become menacing to fish cultivation when their growth is

excessive. In fish farm, Khairbana kala the aquatic weeds present were Hydrilla

(Hydrilla verticillata), Ipomea (Ipomoea aquatica), Ceratophyllum (Ceratophyllum

demersum), Duck Weed (Azoll apinnata), Eel grass (Vallisneria spiralis)Water

Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Nymphea, Typha, Lemna etc. there were some

marginal weeds like Gajar grass (Partheniumsps.), Paddy grass etc.Aquatic weeds

were removed by hand picking, up-rooting, by using spade, by netting and

disturbance of pond bottom with the help of buffalos. (Fig. 18 & 19)

Fig. 18. Eradication by hand picking Fig. 19.Eradication by triangle net

25

3.6.2. ERADICATION OF AQUATIC INSECTS

A large number of aquatic insects inhabit the nursery ponds especially during

and after the rains and prey on carp spawn and fry. In Khairbana aquatic insects

found were: Dragonfly nymph (Diplacodes haeatodes), Ranatra (Water stick),

Gerris(Water spider) Corixa, Cybister(Diving beetle), Notonecta (Back swimmer),

Belostoma (Giant bug), Nepa (Water scorpion)etc. Aquatic insects were removed by

netting (1/8th to 1/16th inch mesh) and application of Kerosene and Diesel. (Fig. 20 to

21)

Fig. 20. Eradication of aquatic insect

Fig. 21. Insect infestation

26

3.6.3. LIMING

Liming is done in the pond for three main purposes-

1. To increase the availability of nutrients.

2. To increase pH and to buffer against daily pH fluctuations and

3. To sterilize ponds prior to stocking.

In carp seed rearing pond we have been used calcium oxide (CaO) as a liming

agent, we are spread it manually over the nursery pond water. Its dose usually

depends on soil pH. We applied abut 150-200 kg lime/hectare. (Fig. 22)

Fig. 22. Liming in pond

3.6.4. MANURING

It was an application of organic and inorganic manures or chemical fertilizer

in pond which improve the plankton productivity. Rotifer is considered best for

growth of spawn due to its small size.

Manuring was done for the growth of natural food. For phase manuring we

used 7 kg of cow dung, 1.5 kg urea and 1 kg single super phosphate which we have

diluted in a tank with the help of water and made it into slurry form before the day

of stocking. At the day of manuring we mixed the slurry properly and then done

manuring by spreading it properly in ponds during morning hours. We did it one day

earlier before stocking. ( Fig 23 to 25)

Indian major carps and exotics carps in their early stages of development are

planktivorous, with zooplankton as the preferred natural food. Sustained

zooplankton population in a pond depends on a good phytoplankton population

base, which is further ensured through adequate availability of major nutrients like

nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon, besides certain micronutrient in water. The in-situ

availability of these nutrients in pond sediment and water is often at lower levels

and need to be added from external sources for sustaining good plankton growth.

27

Fig. 23. Making slurry Fig. 24. Filling in bucket Fig. 25 Application in pond

3.7. STOCKING MANAGEMENT

We have allotted pond no. 8 & 17 having area 936m2 &663m2. The seed

stocked in pond was about 14 lakhs & 4 lakhs spawn. Stocking density was about

1495.72 spawn / m2 and 602.63 spawn / m2. (Fig. 26)

Fig. 26. Stocking of spawn in nursery pond

3.8 POST STOCKING MANAGEMENT

It is done after the stocking of the spawn to the nursery pond.

1. Supplementary feeding

2. Manuring

3. Qualitative & quantitative analysis of plankton

4. Water and soil quality parameter analysis.

3.8.1. SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING

Feed was prepared by soaking mustard oil cake overnight then before

feeding instantly mixed with rice bran and these mixtures may be further processed

into a wet dough or pellet to minimize dispersion losses. Feeding will be done in the

pond by the Broadcasting or Hand feeding essentially involves dispersing of a known

quantity of food into the system. The ratio of rice bran & mustard oil cake were 1:1.

28

Fig. 27. Taking RB & MOC Fig. 28. Proper mixing Fig.29.Broadcasting in pond

3.8.2. PLANKTON ANALYSIS

Plankton analysis has been done for both quantitative & qualitative

estimation. The physical and chemical characteristics of water affect the

abundance, species composition, stability and productivity of the indigenous

populations of aquatic organisms.

Sampling Procedure: Plankton net number 25 of mesh size 60 µm was used

for collecting samples. 50 liters of water was measured in a graduated bucket and

filtered through the net and concentrated in a 25 ml test tube. Samples were

collected as close to the water surface as possible in the morning hours and

preserved for further analysis. The collected plankton sample is observed under light

microscope and the observed plankton is diaptomus, Cyclops, brancionus, moina,

volvox, spirogyra etc. (Fig. 30)

Fig. 30. Sampling and Microscopic observation of plankton

29

Table 18. Microscopic observation of plankton

S.No. NAME OF SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS FIGURE

common

name

Scientific

name

1 Volvox Volvox spp. The colony of volvox is

comprised of many single, bi-

Flagellated cell connected

together by protoplasmic

strands .It form a hollow, green

sphere. 2 Brachionu

s

Brachionus

plicatilis

Body of brachionus is

differentiated into three parts:

head, trunk and foot. Males

have reduced size and less

developed than female 3 Keratella Keratella

tropica

Body is dorsoventrally

compressed. There are six

spine at the anterior dorsal

margin in which the medians

are the longest.

4 Monia Monia

micrura

Head large, thick, rounded in

front, no rostrum. Antennules

long, spindle shaped freely

movable.

5 Infusoria Paramaccium Infusoria are photostatic. Cilia

are present on the body of

infusoria.

6 Cyclops Cyclops

bicuspidatus

The head bears two pair of

antennules a pair of mandible

,two pair of maxillae and a pair

of maxillipeds. The body is

made up of head, thorax and

abdomen. 7 Spirogyra Spirogyra

porticalis

Ii is filamentous green algae. It

has the appearance of very fine

bright dark green filamentous

moving gently with the current

in the water and is slimy to the

touch when attempts are made

to collect it.

(Source: Reddy, A.K, et al. (1997). Culture of live food organisms for ornamental

fishes. Training manual, CIFE, Mumbai.)

30

3.8.3. PREPARATION OF PERMANENT PLANKTON SLIDE

Plankton sample were collected and plankton slides were made. Salt was

added to the collected sample to fix the plankton. Sample was taken by using a

dropper in a slide and observed under the microscope. After observation the slide is

dried by using tissue paper. A layer of DPX mounting agent is made over the cover

slip. Cover slip is fixed over the observed surface carefully. The prepared plankton

slide is kept for drying. (Fig. 31)

Fig. 31. Preparation of permanent plankton slide

3.8.4. WATER AND SOIL QUALITY PARAMETERS ESTIMATION

Water and soil quality parameter have been analyzed by both titration

method & by using multiparameter analyser kit (Fig. 32 to 35) for estimation of

water and soil quality parameters sample was taken weekly from our allotted ponds.

The collected sample was analyzed in Aquaculture Laboratory, College of Fisheries,

Kawardha. The different water quality parameters analyzed are Temperature,

Transparency, Dissolved Oxygen, Free CO2, Alkalinity, Hardness, pH, Conductivity.

The soil quality parameters analyzed are Organic Carbon, pH, Soil texture. (Fig. 32 to

35)

COLLECTION OF WATER AND SOIL SAMPLE

Water sample was taken using BOD bottle. For collection of water sample

BOD bottle was taken inside water surface and mouth of water was closed slowly.

Care was taken during sampling to avoid the air bubbles and water surface is not

disturbed during sampling. For Dissolved oxygen estimation collected sample was

kept in dark by covering the BOD bottle with cloth. Water quality parameter was

analyzed using Multi-parameter analyzer kit and Titration method. Soil sample was

taken from allotted pond by using a pipe. The samples were taken from five different

places. Collected soil sample is dried and crushed well before estimating the soil

quality parameters.

31

Fig. 32. By multiparameter analyser Fig. 33. By pH strips

Fig. 34. By titration method in laboratory

Fig. 35. Analysis of soil quality parameter

For analysis of biological parameters; both qualitative and quantitative

estimation of plankton was done. For collection of sample for biological parameter

nearly 50liter of water is filtered with the help of plankton net from different places

of allotted pond.

Table 19. Water quality parameter

WATER QUALITY PARAMETER OF Indian Major Carp (IMC) REARING POND

WEEKS

Parameter/week 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean SD CV

Temperature (oC) 30.6 30.8 31 31.9 30.1 31.5 30.98 0.58 1.87

32

Ph 7.8 7.17 8.2 7.2 7.1 5.7 7.2 0.78 10.83

D.O (ppm) 4.4 4.5 6.6 7.5 5 6 5.66 1.13 19.96

Alkalinity (ppm) 44 34 40 46 43 26 38.83 6.89 17.74

Free C02 (ppm) 15.6 11.0

6

18.

3

10 9.3 7.3 11.92 3.80 31.87

Hardness (ppm) 83 82 90 80 46 52 72.16 16.7

5

23.21

Conductivity

(mho)

0.12 0.21 0.2

3

0.16 0.12 0.11 0.16 0.03 23.49

Quantitative

plankton

estimation (ml/50

L water)

0.65 0.6 0.5

8

0.55 0.56 0.55 0.57 0.01 2.45

SD = Standerd deviation & CV = Co-efficient of variance.

29

30

31

32

33

WEEK1

WEEK2

WEEK3

WEEK4

WEEK5

WEEK6

MeanTem

pe

ratu

re r

ange

Week

Temperature(oC)

0

2

4

6

8

10

WEE

K 1

WEE

K 2

WEE

K 3

WEE

K 4

WEE

K 5

WEE

K 6

Me

an

pH

re

nge

Week

pH

0

2

4

6

8

WEE

K 1

WEE

K 2

WEE

K 3

WEE

K 4

WEE

K 5

WEE

K 6

Me

an

DO

ran

ge

Week

D.O (ppm)

0

10

20

30

40

50

WEE

K 1

WEE

K 2

WEE

K 3

WEE

K 4

WEE

K 5

WEE

K 6

Me

an

Alk

alin

ity

ran

ge

Week

Alkalinity(ppm)

0

5

10

15

20

WEE

K 1

WEE

K 2

WEE

K 3

WEE

K 4

WEE

K 5

WEE

K 6

Me

an

Fre

e C

O2

ran

ge

Week

FreeC02(ppm)

33

Graph:- Water quality parameter of IMC rearing pond

Table 20. Soil quality parameter

SOIL QUALITY PARAMETER OF IMC REARING POND

Parameter /Date 23/08/15 03/09/2015 19/09/2015 24/09/2015 MEAN

SOIL TEXTURE

Sand (%) 52.23 53.99 58.43 56.8 55.3625

Silt(%) 23.49 26.34 22.54 23.2 23.8925

Clay(%) 20.34 21.34 20.28 19 20.65333

ORGANIC CARBON(%) 1.23 0.81 0.92 0.89 0.9625

pH 7.4 7.8 7.8 8 7.75

Graph:- Soil quality parameter of IMC rearing pond

0

20

40

60

80

100

Har

dn

ess

ran

ge

Week

Hardness(ppm)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

mh

o r

ange

Week

Conductivity(mho)

55%24%

21%

1

2

3

SAND

SILT

CLAY

0

0.5

1

1.5

Org

anic

car

bo

n

DATE

77.27.47.67.8

88.2

pH

Ran

ge

DATE

34

3.9 . GROWTH ANALYSIS

Reared seed for about one month seven days. To analyze seed growth during

this period we had recorded initial and final length and weight of seed. (Fig. 36)

Fig. 36. Growth analysis of fish seed

3.9.1. LENGTH & WEIGHT MEASUREMENT

Table 21. Length and weight relationship

S.No. Week Avg. length (cm) Avg. weight (gm)

1. Week 1 3.84 0.6

2. Week 2 6.08 4.16

3. Week 3 6.52 7.12

4. Week 4 10.28 14.38

5. Week 5 11.5 17.74

Graph:- Show length weight relationship of IMC seed

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

1 2 3 4 5

Average length (cm)

Average weight (gm)

35

3.10. HARVESTING AND SEED PACKAGING

Before seed packaging it involves various processes. At first, hapa prepared

and then netting for collection of seed (fry, fingerling) which were transferred into

hapa for conditioning (splashing of water with hand or keeping the fry/fingerlings in

running water condition which helps in conditioning).Conditioning leads to the fish

for removing the excess excretory waste (empty stomach) and then seeds were

packed in polythene bag according to distance of journey as well as size of fry &

fingerling. Seed packing is inversely proportional to distance of transportation as well

as size of fry. The conditioned fry were introduced in bag. 1/3 of the bag is filled with

water and 2/3 of bag is filled with oxygen from a cylinder. The mouth of bag was

tightly tied with a twine. After filling seed and water in polythene packet, now it was

protected with a nylon bag to prevent the packet from puncture. Then seeds were

transported. To decrease the fry mortality and stress seed preferably transported in

morning or evening time because in sunny time elevated temperature increases

metabolic activity which increases fry motility. (Fig. 37 to 40)

Fig. 37. Harvesting of seed Fig. 38. Conditioning of seed

Fig. 39. Packaging of seed Fig. 40. Arranged inside

36

3.11. TRANSPORTATION OF SEED

3.11.1. OPEN SYSTEM FOR TRANSPORTATION OF FINGERLING

We have done transportation of fingerling using open system by small

tempos by spreading polythene sheet over the trolly of tempo and then filling it with

nearly 1/3 water after then we have placed fingerling in it. This method is suitable

for long distance transportation of fish seed. (Fig. 41)

Fig. 41. Open system transportation of seed

3.11.2. CLOSED SYSTEM

For transportation by using closed system we have used polythene bags filled

with 1/3 water and 2/3 oxygen. The polyethylene bags were kept in light plastic bags

(0.8 meter length and .0.5 meter width) and transported long distances by road.

Spawn from incubation tank did not require conditioning they are directly packed in

polythene bag. Approximately each bag contains about 50,000-55,000 spawns, 5000

fry, 150 fingerlings. (Fig. 42)

Fig. 42. Closed system of transportation of seed

37

4. COMMON CARP SEED PRODUCTION AND NURSERY

REARING

38

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Breeding of common carp was carried out in standing water body. Were

allowed common carps brooders to breed in a rectangular hapa under the influence

of synthetic hormone Ovatide. In common carp breeding, one female and two male

brooders are required to form a set. The weight of the two male brooders and one

female brooder should be equal for ensuring total breeding and fertilization. Since

common carp eggs are adhesive, the breeding hapa/tank should be provided with

sufficient water plants, preferably water hyacinth.

4.2 SITE OF WORK

Fish seed rearing center, Khairbana kala, located 8 km away from district

head Kawardha, it is established in the year 1995-96.

4.3 MAINTENANCE OF BROODER

Maintained the brood stock of common carp up to one week before

breeding. They were fed two times daily with rice bran and mustered oil cake in 1:1.

4.4 COLLECTION OF BROODER

For the breeding operation well maintained and matured brooders were

collected from brood stock pond. They were about 1 to 3 year old. The male and

female brooders were segregated and released in separate pond. (Fig. 43)

Fig. 43. Collection of brooder

4.4.1 IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF BROODERS

Table 22. Identification and selection of brooder

S.No. Character Male Female

1. Abdomen The abdomen is not bulging.

When the abdomen near the

The abdomen is soft and

bulging. Belly on both the sides

39

vent region is pressed

slightly, milt oozes out

easily.

are swollen due to ripe ovary.

Eggs ooze out when slightly

pressed.

2. Pectoral fin They are also characterized

by the inside of pectoral fin

are rough to touch it.

The insides of pectoral fins are

smooth to touch.

3. Vent The vent is not pinkish and

with pointed papillae.

The vent is pinkish and with

almost rounded papillae.

Fig. 44. Selection of healthy brooder Fig. 45. Selected brooder for breeding

4.5. COLLECTION OF Eichhornia

Collected fresh Eichhornia plant from the Lalpur village pond nearby

Kawardha. They were put into breeding hapa for attachment of adhesive eggs.

Complete hapa was filled with Eichhornia to prevent sticking of eggs to the wall of

hapa. (Fig. 46 & 47)

Fig. 46. Collection of Eichhornia Fig. 47. Segregate newly rooted Ehhicornia

40

4.6 PREPARATION OF HAPA FOR COMMON CARP BREEDING

A rectangular hapa were erected in a pond with the help of 4 iron rods. The size

of the hapa is 2×1.25×1m. (Fig. 48)

Fig. 48. Preparation of breeding hapa

4.7 HORMONAL ADMINISTRATION

Brooders were stimulated by injecting synthetic hormone i.e. Ovatide.

Hormone was injected intramuscularly of fish. (Fig. 49 & 50)

Fig. 49. Filling GnRHa in syringe from vial Fig. 50. Hormone administration

4.7.1 DOSE OF HORMONE

For female:- 0.2 ml/ kg of body weight and male 0.1ml/kg body weight. After

hormonal administration brooder are transferred into hapa for breeding and then

hapa was covered with mosquito net.

4.8 BREEDING IN HAPA

The common carp breeding was done and Eichhornia was used as eggs

collectors. Injected fish were kept in breeding hapa for spawning in the ratio of 2:1

(female:male) during evening hour. Aquatic plant such as Eichhornia was thoroughly

41

washed and then released into the breeding hapa. Within 6-10 hours after being

released into the hapa, common carp spawned in installments and the fertilized eggs

got attached to Eichhornia. On the next morning, the Eichhornia was removed from

breeding hapa and release into hatching hapa. (Fig. 51 & 52)

Fig. 51. Inoculation of fish in hapa Fig. 52. Hapa after inoculation of fish

4.9 EGGS COLLECTION

The egg of common carp is sticky in nature and they were attached to roots

of Eichhornia plants and they are transferred to another hapa where incubation

takes place. (Fig. 53 & 54)

Fig. 53. Sticky eggs Fig. 54. Transfer of fertilized eggs


COMMON CARP SEED PRODUCTION, FISH SEED PRODUCTION & REARING CENTER, Kostabandha, Kawardha


brooder(kg) Total no. of

Eggs

No. of Fertilized

Eggs

No. of Opaque

Eggs

Fertilization rate

Male Female

1. 6/8/2015 13 8 7,40,000 6,57,000 83,000 88%

2. 10/8/2015 5 4.5 3,43,000 2,58,000 85,000 75%

42

4.10 INCUBATION OF EGGS

The rate of development and duration of incubation depends on the

temperature of water. Lower temperature increases the incubation periods, whereas

increase in temperature, to a certain extent, reduces the incubation period. After

spawning all brooders were taken out from breeding hapa and released again into

culture pond and after some time released eggs attached with Eichhornia root,

which were transferred into incubation hapa in another pond. The incubation period

for common carp is about 2 days. The newly hatched larvae remain attached to

Eichhornia for 3-4 days till the yolk sac is fully absorbed. In these days the hatchlings

were provided vigorous aeration. After 3-4 days they were stocked in nursery pond.

(Fig. 55)

Fig. 55. Incubation of fertilized eggs

4.11 NURSERY REARING OF COMMON CARP SEED

Pre-stocking management and post stocking management was same as

nursery rearing of carp seed except water & soil quality parameter.

4.12 STOCKING OF SPAWN IN NURSERY POND

After incubation of eggs, approximately 4 lakhs of spawn were transferred

into nursery pond for further growth or rearing. After stocking of spawn we did

feeding on every day with overnight soaked mustard oil cake and rice bran in 1:1.

(Fig. 56 & 57)

Fig. 56. Observation of spawn Fig. 57. Stocking of spawn in nursery pond

43

4.13. WATER QUALITY PARAMETER OF COMMON CARP

POND

Table 24. Water quality parameter

WEEK

Parameters/WEEK 1 2 3 4 Mean SD CV

Temperature (oC) 29.1 31 31.9 30.1 30.52 1.040132 3.4

Ph 7.3 8.23 6.7 6.9 7.28 0.588149 7.96

D.O (ppm) 6.5 6.6 7.4 5.2 6.42 0.788591 12.14

Alkalinity (ppm) 70 40 58 60.6 57.15 10.86128 19

Free C02 (ppm) 17.6 18.3 8.6 2.3 11.7 6.639654 56.66

Hardness (ppm) 65 90 82 94 82.75 11.12149 13.43

Conductivity (mho) 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.09 0.19 0.061033 31.28

Quantitative

plankton

estimation (ml/50

L water)

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.65 0.15 23.07

27.528

28.529

29.530

30.531

31.532

32.5

Tem

pe

ratu

re r

ange

Week

Temperature(oC)

0

2

4

6

8

10W

EEK

1

WEE

K 2

WEE

K 3

WEE

K 4

Me

an

pH

ran

ge

Week

PH

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

DO

ran

ge

Week

D.O (ppm)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

WEE

K 1

WEE

K 2

WEE

K 3

WEE

K 4

Me

an

Alk

alin

ity

Week

Alkalinity(ppm)

44

Graph:- Water quality parameter of nursery pond

4.14 SOIL QUALITY PARAMETER OF COMMON CARP POND

Table 25. Soil quality parameter

PARAMETER /DATE 24/08/2015 04/09/2015 19/09/2015 24/09/15 MEAN

SOIL

TEXTURE

Sand

(%) 55.23 53.9 56.4 58.8

56.082

5

Silt (%) 24.77 26 23.3 21.2

23.817

5

Clay

(%) 20

20.1 20.3 20

20.133

33

ORGANIC CARBON(%) 0.9 0.85 0.93 0.89 0.8925

pH 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.8 7.65

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 Mean

mh

o

parameter

Conductivity (mho)

0

5

10

15

20

Fre

e C

O2

Week

Free C02(ppm) 0

20

40

60

80

100

WEE

K 1

WEE

K 2

WEE

K 3

WEE

K 4

Me

an

Har

dn

ess

Week

Hardness(ppm)

56%24%

20% 1

2

3

SAND

SILT

CLAY

45

Graph:- Soil quality parameter of nursery pond

4.15 LENGTH & WEIGHT MEASUREMENT

Table 26. Length & weight measurement

S.No. Date Avg. length (cm) Avg. weight ( gm )

1. 22-08-15 1.9 0.07

2. 04-09-15 4.6 1.55

3. 11-09-15 5.66 2.92

4. 18-09-15 6.44 5.55

5. 24-09-15 6.77 5.63

Graph:- Show length & weight measurement of common carp seed

4.16 HARVESTING & TRANSPORTATION

Harvesting and transportation was same as harvesting and transportation of

carp seed.

0.80.820.840.860.88

0.90.920.94

Org

anic

Car

bo

n

DATE

77.27.47.67.8

88.2

pH

Ran

ge

DATE

02468

101214161820

22

/08

/20

15

02

/09

/20

15

11

/09

/20

15

18

/09

/20

15

24

/09

/20

15

1 2 3 4 5

AVERAGE LENGTH (cm )

AVERAGE WEIGHT (gm )

46

4.17. ECONOMICS OF COMMON CARP SEED PRODUCTION

AND REARING

Table 27. Economics of common carp seed production and rearing


1. Cost of brood fish Female - 12.5 kg Male - 17 kg

4484.00

(@ Rs.152/kg)

2 Brooder transportation

cost

1 time 2500.00


Lime 100k.g. 1000.00



Feed 35k.g. 900.00


Synthetic hormone Female(dose- 0.2) - 2.5 ml Male(dose- 0.1) - 1.7 ml

85.00

55.00



Other monthly

maintenance

---------- 10000.00

Rearing of spawn and fry in nursery pond

Feeding 1500k.g. 55000.00

Manuring 250 k.g. 29500.00

Other maintenance 30000.00




Jute rope 1.5kg 45.00


6. Total cost 151844.00

7. Total production



Avg. hatchling produce 844740

Mortality of spawn 39% 329448

Total no. of fry produce 515291

Mortality of fry 21% 108211

8. Total fry 407079

Mortality of fingerling 2% 8141

Total no. of fingerling 398938

Price of fingerling 398938.00

(@Rs. 1/fingerling )

9. Sailing of brooder after

breeding

29.5 kg brooder 3540.00

(@Rs 120/ kg fish)

10. Gross profit 398938 + 3540 402478.00

11. Net profit 402478 - 151844 250634.00

47

5. MAGUR BREEDING AND SEED PRODICTION

48

5.1. INTRODUCTION

Clarias batrachus is a species of freshwater air breathing catfish native to

Southeast Asia. The body is mainly coloured a gray or grayish brown. This catfish has

long-based dorsal and anal fins as well as several pairs of sensory barbells. This fish

normally lives in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds, rivers, swamps,

pools, rice paddies, canals and ditches. It is migratory during the wet season, moving

into flooded areas from the main water bodies.

Clarias batrachus, known as magur is the most preferred indigenous catfish in

India. Magur breeds once in a year in stagnant waters especially in derelict and

swampy water. Magur is an annual breeder which spawns during monsoon months

(August-September). Fishes in the age group 1+ year weighing 150g attain sexual

maturity. In nature, it shows parental care. Secondary sexual characters are more

prominent during the breeding season.

5.2. SITE OF WORK

Site selected for magur breeding is the Demonstration Cum Training Center, Raipur,

located 120km away from Kawardha. Here we learnt induced breeding technique of

Magur. It is a Govt. hatchery established 1482m2area.

5.3. LAYOUT OF MAGUR HATCHERY

POND 2

POND 1

POND3

ORNAMENTAL TANK

Fingerling rearing tank

Outdoor larval rearing tank

Indoor larval rearing tank

Rectangular tank

Ornamental fishes tank

49

5.4. MEASUREMENT OF HATCHERY COMPONENTS & PONDS

In magur hatchery, Raipur we measured different components of hatchery

with different dimensions by metallic cloth tap. The total length of tap was 30 meter.

(Fig. 58)

Fig. 58. Measurement of hatchery component

5.4.1. CONDITIONING TANK 5.4.2. LARVAL REARING TANK

Tab. 28. Conditioning tank Tab. 29. larval rearing tank

5.4

.3.

PO

ND

ME

AS

UR

EMENT

Table 30. Pond measurement

S.no. Length

(m)

Width

(m)

Slope

(m)

Depth

(m)

Free

board(m)

Dyke

(m)

Water

level(m)

1. 16.16 9.95 2.0 2.2 1.0 0.6 1.2

2. 17.80 7.37 1.80 1.8 0.8 0.6 1.0

5.5. IDENTIFICATION AND SEGREGATION OF MALE AND

FEMALE BROODERS

Property Measurement(m)

Length 2.67

Width 1.15

Height 0.43

Width of wall 0.27

Width of drainage 0.025

Height of drainage 0.175

Property Measurement (m)

Outer diameter 1.20

Inner diameter 0.95

Thickness of wall 0.125

Height 0.40

Diameter of outlet 0.025

50

Male and female identified and segregate based on their Secondary sexual

characters (external features). (Fig. 59)

Table 31. Identification of male & female

S.No. Characters Male Female

1. Genital papilla Long and pointed. Round or oval button

shaped.

2. Vent Slender and whitish. Reddish and round.

4. Belly is pressed No milt oozes out. Ova is oozes out.

Fig. 59. Identification and segregation of male & female

After segregating male and female brooders were transferred to brood-stock

tank and leave them for some time for conditioning to be ready for hormone

administration.

5.6 HORMONAL ADMINISTRATION

51

Injected the magur with ovatide, which contain Gonadorelin A, Domperidone

BP and Benzyl Alcohol IP. The hormone was administered intramuscularly with the

help of insulin needle. Doses of hormone was about female 0.15 ml/100gm of body

weight and in male hormone is not administrated because of they are sacrificed and

testis is taken out.

The hormone was administrated as follows

➢ Draw the hormone extract into a syringe with a fine needle.

➢ Remove air bubbles, if any, in the syringe.

➢ Keep the female fish on a soft cloth.

➢ Inject the hormone at the posterior region of the body (Intramuscularly),

below dorsal fin and above lateral line at 45° angle help of insulin.

➢ Draw out the needle and rub the injected region gently.

➢ Release the fish separately in separate tanks.

After administration of hormone fishes were kept for next 15-17 hours

(Latency period). After this time period the brooders will be ready for stripping.

5.7 SACRIFYCING MALE FOR REMOVAL OF TESTIS

The process of sacrificing male was started before the stripping of female.

Male has to be sacrificed and cut open the male fish from vent to thoracic region

with the help of a fine scissors without damaging internal organs. Cut the testis into

in small pieces by a fine scissor and crush it with physiological salt solution (0.9%

Sodium chloride) with the help of mortar and pester and make it milt suspension.

(Fig. 60 & 61)

Fig. 60. Dissection of male Fig. 61. Making milt suspension

5.8 STITCHING OF DISSECTED MALE BROODER

52

During collection of testis we cut the abdomen of the male brooder. This

leads to significant loss of male brooders and ultimately leads to loss of production

level. To overcome this problem stitching of dissected brooders was done then

treated with chloramphenical. (Fig. 62)

Fig. 62. Stitching of dissected male brooder

5.9 STRIPPING OF FEMALE

Female brooder were checked after 15-17 hour of hormonal administration

for egg oozing, once the egg oozes out and then the process of stripping of female

brooder was started. In stripping of magur dry stripping process was done in which

water is added after mixing of eggs and milt suspension within 45 second to fertilize

eggs. If water is added before mixing of egg and milt suspension it is not going to be

fertilized .The fully mature ova is brown greenish in colour. (Fig. 63)

Fig. 63. stripping of female brooder

5.10 FERTILIZATION

53

In fertilization physiological salt solution (0.9%) was used to receive the milt first

and later the eggs are stripped. This solution act as isotonic medium for sperms

which does not allow them to active early until the water was added. The addition of

water will activate the sperms during fertilization (Fig. 64).The eggs should be

fertilized in following manner-

➢ We have done dry stripping, in which milt is mixed with eggs for fertilization.

➢ Mixed thoroughly with the help of feather.

➢ Added little amount of freshwater to activate the sperms and well shaken.

➢ Foaming was the sign of activating of sperm.

➢ Then spread the fertilized eggs in incubation tub and a flow through system

was managed.

➢ Then –laid few leaves on the tub to provide substrate for the adhesion of

eggs (Sticky).

Fig. 64. Fertilization of stripped egg

5.11 INCUBATION OF EGGS

The fertilized eggs were transferred into incubation tubs (35 cm diameter and

9.5 cm height) was arranged in flow through system in which each tub was kept

under a tap with running water. It facilitates high dissolve oxygen required for

embryonic development of Magur eggs. Each plastic tub can accommodate 1000-

1500 fertilized eggs. Each tub was having provision of an outlet at a height of about

6.5 cm from bottom. All the fertilized eggs were light brown/ green while the

unfertilized ones became white & opaque. The eggs of Magur were demarsal and

adhesive in nature. Some eggs adhered to surface & rest settled down at bottom. It

was hatches out in the incubation period of 24-26 hours at the temperature of 27-30

degree Celsius. (Fig. 65)

54

Fig. 65. Incubation of eggs

5.12 INDOOR LARVAL REARING

The larvae (5-5.5mm) were reared in indoor rearing tanks. The indoor rearing

tanks were provided with continuous aeration and exchange facilities. A water level

of 10-15 cm was managed throughout the indoor rearing period. In bottom 8-10cm

thickness of soil was placed for providing a soil bed. A stocking density of 2000-

3000no./square meter, was considered being optimum for better growth and

survival in indoor condition. The larvae grown to 10-20 mm (30-50 mg) fry during 12-

14 days of rearing. (Fig. 66)

Fig. 66. Indoor larval rearing unit

5.13 FEEDING

There was no necessity to provide feed during first 3 days as yolk sac in larvae

serve as the stored feed. After yolk sac absorption, we fed the fish two times in a day

first at morning and then in evening with egg custard and live food collected from

brooder pond. The quantity of feed depends upon the density of the larvae reared in

tank. Identification of acceptable feed and particle size matters a lot during the

55

rearing. Organism /particle ranging between 20-30 micron for good acceptability.

Size can be increased gradually to 50-60 micron for one week old fry. The Magur was

develop gregarious habit within a week and being nocturnal and photo-negative in

nature, they normally congregate in the corners of the rearing container to avoid

light during day time. However they get fully dispersed all over the container during

night and as soon as they are exposed light, they move to corners in groups. Since it

was important to provide a congenial environment to larvae, the tank was provided

with some shade inside the tank.

56

6. ORNAMENTAL FISH BREEDING & CULTURE

57

6.1 OVERVIEW ON ORNAMENTAL FISH PRODUCTION

Ornamental fish production globally is a multibillion dollar industry.

Ornamental fish keeping was initially considered as one of the attractive hobbies

practiced in the developed countries but recently it is gaining impetus in developing

countries too. It is to be noted that most of ornamental fishes have much higher

value than food fishes, and may provide a good alternative livelihood for fishermen

and fish farmers. About 600 ornamental fish species have been reported worldwide

from various aquatic environments.

Indian waters possess a rich diversity of ornamental fishes, with over 100

indigenous species, in addition to a similar number of exotic species that are bred in

captivity. Close to 98% of ornamental fish are captured in the wild by locals, for

whom this is often the main livelihood. In India’s Western Ghats, as well as the

Amazon region in South America, there are many species that are highly priced in

the global market. In spite of having two hotspots of biodiversity, India is way long

back in the ornamental fish trade with an export worth US$ 1.17 million during 2009-

2010(MPEDA, 2010). Out of 274 freshwater fish species from north eastern states

only 32% of native fish are exported and among 287freshwater species from

Western Ghats, only 114 species are exported. Currently, global trade in ornamental

fish is estimated at about $22 billion (Rs1.08 trillion) of this, India accounts for a

mere Rs10 crore. MPEDA is targeting annual production of 500 million such fish

(since these are typically small in size, they are not measured by tonnage) from the

more than 300 freshwater indigenous species to help it achieve a 10% market share

of sales by 2015.The biggest exporter of ornamental fishes in the world is Singapore

followed by Malaysia, Indonesia and Czech Republic. The largest import markets for

tropical fish are U.S.A, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Singapore and others. 60.3% of

the suppliers to these countries are Asian countries.

Table 32. Global exports of ornamental fishes

(SOURCE: MPEDA 2014)

0

20

40

60

80

US

$ M

ILLI

ON

COUNTRY

Global exports of ornamental fishes 2014

58

6.2 ORNAMENTAL FISH PRODUCTION IN INDIA

Although, India is still in a marginal position, its trade is developing rapidly.

An estimate carried out by Marine Products Export Development Authority of India

shows that there are one million fish hobbyists in India. The internal trade is

estimated to be about Rs. 15 crores and the export trade is in the vicinity of US$ 1.0

million. The annual growth rate of this trade is 14 per cent. About 9 per cent of

Indian export goes from Kolkata followed by 8 per cent from Mumbai and 2 per cent

from Chennai.

A wide range of availability of species and favorable climate, cheap labour

and easy distribution make India, and Tamil Nadu in particular, suitable for

ornamental fish culture. This is despite the country’s good tropical climate, varied

freshwater sources, a long coastline and varied freshwater ornamental fishes.

However, the growing demand for ornamental fishes and the growing awareness for

farming would change this scenario in India.

6.3 ORNAMENTAL FISH PRODUCTION IN CHHATTISGARH

More than 2.50 lakh fishermen in the Chhattisgarh depend on fisheries and

aquaculture for their livelihood. Fisheries sector occupies an important place in the

socio-economic development of the state ornamental fishery is yet to develop as a

commercial activity in the state.

Chhattisgarh Govt. provides some subsidies for ornamental fish culture and is

given in the following table no. 27.

Table 33. Subsidy provide in ornamental fisheries

(SOURCE - Department of fisheries, C.G.)

S. No. Item Subsidy Maximum limit

(Rs.) 1st year 2nd year 3rd year

1. Brooder purchase 2500 - - 2500

2. Supplementary

feed

3000 2000 1000 6000

3. Net, medicine etc 1750 1170 580 3500

Total 7250 3170 1580 12000

59

6.4 SITE OF WORK

College of Fisheries, Kawardha has got a well-developed “LIVE FISH

LABORATORY”. It was established on 24thMarch 2015.The lab comprises of 24 glass

aquariums and 12 FRP tanks. The laboratory has stocks of commercially important

and indigenous ornamental fishes.

6.5 MEASUREMENT OF WET LAB

Table 34. Measurement of wet lab

S.No. Properties Measurement

1. Total length of wet lab 12.7m

2. Total width of wet lab 6.4m

3. Total area of wet lab 81.28m2

Table 35. Measurement of aquarium tank


1. Total number of aquarium tank 24 No.

2. Total area of aquarium tank 4.32m2

3. Total volume of aquarium tank 1.96m3

Single aquarium tank

1. Length 0.6m

2. Width 0.3m

3. Depth 0.46m

4. Area 0.18m2

5. Volume 0.082m3

60

Table 36. Measurement of FRP tank


1. Total number of FRP tank 12

2. Total area of FRP tank 11.28m2

3. Total volume of FRP tank 11.28m3

Single FRP tank

1. Area 0.94m2

2. Volume 0.94m3

Table 37. Measurement of Aquarium stand


1. Length 8.46m

2. Width 0.47m

3. Area 3.97m2

6.6 LAYOUT OF LIVE FISH LABORATORY

61

6.7 ORNAMENTAL FISHES IN LIVE FISH LABORATARY

Table 38. Ornamental fishes in live fish laboratory

S.

No. Name

Scientific

name Characters Image

1.

RAINBOW SHARK

(Red fin shark)

Epalzeorhync

hos frenatum

1.They feed on algae &

plankton

2.They are egg layers

3. There reproduction is difficult in

Aquarium.

2.

TIN FOIL BARB

(River barb)

Barbonymus

schwanenfeldi

i

1. It has orange caudal fin

2. It is a egg scatterer

3. It feed on crustaceans, small

fish, worms, filamentous algae

3.

TIGER BARB

(Sumatra barb)

Puntigrus

tetrazona

1.They are egg layer

2.They feed on live feed &

flake crisp

3. It is a shallow water fish

4.

BLACK MOLLY

(Atlantic molly)

Poecilia

sphenops

1. They are live bearers.

2. Fertilization is internal.

3. Male counterpart transfers milt

by an organ known as

“gonopodium” , which is a modified

anal fin.

5.

CONVICT

CICHLIDS

(zebra cichilid)

Archocentrus

nigrofasciatus

1. They are egg layerer.

2.They have omnivorous in nature.

3. Both male and female provide

parental care.

62

6.

ANGEL FISH

Pterophyllum-

scalare

1. Angel fish body is laterally

compressed

2. It has a flat upright disc like

body with long dorsal and anal

fin, long pectoral fin and

widely spread

3. feed on earth worm and

plankton

7.

GLASS FISH

(Indian glass

perch)

Chanda ranga

1. The Indian glass has a

striking, transparent body .

2. It breed prolifically during

the rainy season.

3. Glass fish has two separate

dorsal fin in addition long anal

fin.

8.

GOLD FISH

Carrasius

auretus

1. They has a egg layer and

they can breed in group

2. The male has a rush on the

gill cover during spawning

period

3. feed on plant detritus ,small

crustacean ,insect, plankton

9 .

KOI CARP

Cyprinus

carpio

1. They are very peaceful and

hardy fish

2. The food of koi include

submerged plants and other

benthic organism

3. Hand spawning technique

are also use to breed these

fishes

10.

SWORD TAIL

Xiphophorus

helleri

1. It is a live bearers.

2.it is very active

swimmers

3.In male caudal fin is

extended points out from

body line swords

63

11.

SHUBUNKIN

GOLD FISH

Carassius

auratus

1. Shubunkin gold fish are

some of the hardier species of

gold fish

2. They are eggs adhesive in

nature

3. Males develop spawning

tubercles , white bumps on

their pectoral fin , head and

gills covers

12.

MANGO PLATY

Xiphophorus

maculatus

1.They are livebearer,

2. platy will accept most fish

foods including flakes, frozen,

live and free dried foods .

13.

MANILA CARP

Cyprinus

carpio ‘ koi’

1. Egg layers, substratum egg

scatters, non –guarders,

reproduce without any

problem.

2. Feed on submerged plants

and animal enjoy all types of

live food .

3. The adult will eat the eggs

and fry so it should be

separated after spawning.

14.

ZEBRA FISH

Branchydanio

rerio

1. Zebra fish is narrow

elongated body.

2. Eggs are sticky and they

exhibits cannibalism on the

eggs

3. They are omnivorous and

prefer live or frozen brine

shrimp, small insect and

worms.

15.

PEARL

GOURAMI

Trichogaster

leeri

1. The male builds a small

bubble nest under the leaf of

an aquatic plant.

2. First 4-5 days paramecium,

Cyclops, and finest newly

hatched brine shrimp nauplii

may be given.

64

6.8 ACTIVITIES AT LIVE FISH LAB., COLLEGE OF

FISHERIES, KAWARDHA

I. ROUTINE MAINTAINANCE OF AQUARIUM TANKS

a. Observation

b. Siphoning and water exchange

c. Feeding the Ornamental Fishes

d. Water Quality Management

e. Fish Health Management

II.BREEDING OF ORNAMENTAL FISHES

III. CULTURE OF LIVE FOOD ORGANISMS

6.9 ROUTINE MAINTEINANCE OF AQUARIUM TANKS

Ornamental fishes are highly susceptible and sensitive species. Hence it

required to regular maintenance of water quality. So, for better management, we

had started aquarium management under the guidance of our assistant professor Dr.

Honnananda B.R. Assistant Professor and In charge of Live Fish Lab. The

management practices followed are as below-

6.9.1 OBSERVATION

In Live Fish Lab, our group was allotted with six aquarium tanks having no. 09

to 12 and 21-22. First of all we observe ornamental fishes in the allotted aquarium

tanks twice daily, morning and evening time such as checking of water quality and

health of the fishes proper working of aerator, speed of aerator etc. If any problem

in aeration, we make necessary changes. Sometimes flies and insects enter inside

aquarium tanks that removed with the help of hand-net. (Fig. 67)

65

Fig. 67. Observation of aquarium tank

6.9.2 SIPHONING, CLEANING & WATER EXCHANGE

At first, we had siphoning the tank to remove the excreta of ornamental

fishes and decrease the ammonia load with the help of siphoning pipe and then we

exchange about 25-50% of water daily of each as tank to maintain the water quality.

After that we were filling the water as required according to the size of fishes. (Fig.

68)

Fig. 68. Siphoning and water exchange

6.9.3 FEEDING OF ORNAMENTAL FISHES

Ornamental fishes fed with live feed & artificial feed twice daily in morning

and evening. The live feed given was infusoria and earthworm which were cultured

in the live fish laboratory. Zooplankton was collected from nearby college areas and

also from Rewabandh & Sudhavatika pond. The collected live feed was treated with

KMnO4 solution and after treatment they were fed to the fishes. During feeding

aerator were switched off to facilitate proper feeding. In general, infusoria and

66

plankton were fed to young ones and earthworm was fed to adult and brood stock

ornamental fishes. (Fig. 69)

Fig. 69. Feeding of ornamental fishes

6.9.4. WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Water quality parameters such as were analysed with the help of multi-

parameter analyzer kit and titration and found to be having ideal ranges for

culture such as Dissolved oxygen 6.7 ppm, Free CO2 5.0 ppm, temperature 31.5 oC, Ph 6.4, conductivity 0.13mho. (Fig. 70)

Fig. 70. Water quality parameter analysis

6.9.5. Fish Health Management

Any changes occur in the environment disturbs fish physiology and brings

stress to the fish. The stress makes fishes more susceptible to diseases. Hence

regular health checks up and disinfected with KMnO4& NaCl solution was carried

out. (Fig. 71 to 74)

Fig. 71. Bath treatment

67

Fig. 72. Dropsy infected fish Fig.73. observation Fig. 74. Prepared egg

custard for treatment

6.10. BREEDING OF ORNAMENTAL FISHES

College of Fisheries, Kawardha has got a well-developed “LIVE FISH

LABORATORY”. It was established on 24thMarch 2015.The lab comprises of 24 glass

aquariums and 12 FRP tanks. The laboratory has stocks of commercially important

and indigenous ornamental fishes namely: gold fish, black molly, sword tail, platy,

oranda gold, manila carp, shubkin gold, fintail barb, glass fish, Danio rerio, Danio

rasbora, puntius ticto, channa sp., sarangi, Gambusia affinis etc.. The loboratory has

also got stocks of commercially important food fishes such as: Catla, Rohu, Mrigal,

Common carp, Grass carp, Tilapia, Climbing perch, Magur, Pangasius sps.

Fig. 75. Preparation for breeding of ornamental fishes

Out of these fishes we have breed some of them successfully:

Table 39. Ornamental fishes breed in live fish laboratory

Type Fishes

Live bearer:- Black molly, Red swordtail, Neon platy, Mango platy.

Egg layers:- Gold fish

68

6.10.1 BREEDING OF LIVE BEARERS

6.10.1A. BREEDING OF BLACK MOLLY

Molly is live bearer and is a ovo-viviparous. We have breed Black molly

(Poecilia sphenops). Before breeding we have fed molly with natural food (such as

infusoria and earth worm) and artificial food. For feeding we have mainly focused on

live food because of its easy digestion, nutrition and also it helps in imparting good

coloration to broods. For breeding of molly we have prepared hapa using nylon

mesh cloth. Before placing the brooders in hapa we have differentiated male and

female brood by observing their secondary sexual characters such as male have

gonopodium for fertilization and females have bulged abdomen. As the molly is

known to have cannibalistic nature that’s why we have we used small meshed hapa,

which we have fixed inside the aquarium tank. This hapa helped in escape of young

ones from parents and prevent them becoming prey.

We introduced male and female brood of molly at 2:1 in hapa and added

little amount of salt in tank When the young ones came out we taken out the hapa

along with brood fish and reduced the water level of breeding tank to half.. After

breeding we have counted the number of young ones and reared the young ones by

feeding with infusoria and plankton. (Fig. 76 & 77)

Fig. 76. Breeding set of molly Fig. 77. Young ones of molly

6.10.1B. BREEDING OF PLATY

Platy ( Xiphophorus maculatus) is a Ovo-Viviparous fish and is grouped under

live bearer. We have successfully breed Mango platy and Neon platy. Before

breeding of platy we have first fed them with highly nutritious feed such as natural

(Worms, zoo and phytoplankton) and artificial feed mainly focused on natural feed.

For breeding of platy we have used small meshed hapa similar to the one what we

used in black molly breeding and placed them in aquarium tank. We selected brood

69

based on observation of secondary sexual characters such as gonopodium in case of

male and bulged belly in case of female.

After selection of brood fishes we introduced the male and female brood in

2:1 in hapa and observed periodically for the release of young ones. When the young

ones comes out than, we have taken out the hapa along with the parents. Counted

the number of young ones and reduced the water level and reared the fry in the

same tank with live food. (Fig. 78 & &79)

Fig. 78. Breeding set of orange platy Fig. 79. Young ones of orange platy

6.10.1C. BREEDING OF SWORD TAIL

Sword tail is (Xiphophorus helleri) which is also a ovo-viviparous species which

gives birth to young ones directly. Before breeding we feed them with nutritious

feed. The male and female broods can be distinguished by observing the belly of

female which is protruding in case of female and round caudal fin while the male

have gonopodium and sword like lower lobe of caudal fin. We have breed sword tail

by placing them in small meshed hapa in breeding tank we placed male and female

in 2:1 and observed for their young ones. When the fry comes out we separated

parents and reduced the water level, counted the number of young ones and reared

them carefully. (Fig. 80 & 81)

Fig. 80. Breeding set of sword tail Fig.81. Young ones sword tail

70

6.10.2. BREEDING EGG LAYERS

6.10.2A. BREEDING OF SHUBUNKINS GOLD FISH

Shubunkin is a variety of gold fish having body shape similar to common gold

fish but rather slimmer. The fins are larger in shubunkin and lobes of fins are

rounded. The body is having full of black and orange color patches. We have only

one pair of shubunkin and before breeding we have checked the possibility of female

fish for its readiness to breeding program. The bulge belly portion of female fish

shows it readiness for breeding.

As the shubunkin is egg layers having adhesive type of eggs which attach on

the free floating substrate like hydrilla plant. For this purpose we collected hydrilla

from nearby pond i.e. Revabandh and treated it with KMno4. The brooder kept in

one aquarium tank with the hydrilla covering the upper surface of tank .After that

we have checked regularly for the eggs on the leaves of hydrilla. We observed eggs

on leaves after 2 days.

We separated the brooders from the tank because the female shubunkin fish

shows the larvaecidal behavior and left the egg in same tanks for 3 days for

incubation. After 3 days the hatched out young once are reared on the same tanks.

We started to give the phytoplanktons, infusoria and egg custard as starter feeds.

(Fig. 82 & 83)

Fig. 82. Breeding set of shubunkin Fig. 83. Young ones of shubunkin

6.10.2B. BREEDING OF GOLD FISH

Gold fishes are the most beautiful fish of the aquariums and are widely

accepted ornamental fishes. Males are identified by the presence of tubercles on the

pectoral fins and operculum region. The vent of male is protruded and female have

oval vent. The males have streamlined body whereas females are identified by their

broad bulge belly portion.

We put the brooders in 1:1 ratio in tanks along with the treated hydrilla for

the attachment of adhesive eggs. Gold fishes are highly larvaecidal fishes and they

eat their own eggs after spawning. So to prevent loss we have to remove the

71

brooders after spawning of gold fishes. As the eggs have to incubate for at least 3

days we left the eggs in same tanks after removal of brooders and after that the

young once are fed with infusorians, planktons and egg custard. During all these

operation the aeration of the tanks were taken care with a little high level of

aeration. (Fig. 84 & 85)

Fig. 84. Breeding set of gold fish Fig. 85. Young ones of gold fish

6.11. CULTURE OF LIVE FOOD ORGANISUM

Live food organisms serve as "Living Capsules of Nutrition". Providing

appropriate live food organisms at appropriate time play a major role in achieving

optimum growth and survival of the young ones of ornamental fishes. Selection of

suitable live food organisms depends on mouth size, age and size of larvae of finfish

and shellfish and ornamental fishes.

6.11.1 CULTURE OF INFUSORIA

Infusoria are most primitive of all organisms in the animal kingdom.

Besides being small in size, they are soft bodied and nutritionally rich. Owing to

these qualities, they serve ideal as starter feed for early stages of ornamental

fishes. Infusoria microorganisms inhabit ponds and tanks of freshwater, brackish

water and marine habitats having decaying weeds, organic matter and foul

smelling debris. Infusoria feed upon the microorganisms such as bacteria, algae,

and flagellates and also on debris. Cilia present on the body act as chief

locomotory and food catching organelles in most of the infusoria. Two types of

reproduction occur in infusoria i.e. asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction

occurs by binary fission and sexual reproduction by conjugation. The most

commonly cultured freshwater species are Paramaecium and Stylonychia.

There are several methods adopted for culture of infusoria such as by using

banana peelings, hay infusion, lettuce leaves, milk and apple snail. We cultured

infusoria by using banana peelings.

72

BY USING BANANA PEALING

First we cleaned the plastic container where infusoria culture will be

carried out. Fresh banana pealings were spread in the container and then filled

it with freshwater for about 15cm. After this, we covered the container with

muslin cloth. Cloth will prevent the entry of mosquito and flies and allow entry

of air. The container was kept in a cool place where natural light was available.

In a day or two, the water turned milky and also emited foul smell. This was due

to the multiplication of a large number of bacteria causing decay of banana

pealings. A film of slim was formed on the water surface. In about 4-5 days, the

water turned clear, becoming transparent with light yellowish colour. This was

because of the floating spores of infusoria in the air which have settled on the

water and are feeding upon the bacteria and multiply in large numbers.

Subsequently, the film of the slime on the water surface breaks up and

disintegrate. The culture was ready for feeding the early stages of ornamental

fishes. On observation under the microscope using Sedgwick rafter cell we found

136 nos. of infusoria per ml of sample on an average. We maintained continuous

supply of infusoria to ornamental fishes by culturing it alternatively in two tanks.

(Fig. 86 to 89)

Table 40. Quantitative analysis of infusoria

S.No. Date Day of culture Avg. quantity of infusoria in 1ml

1. 19/11/2015 2nd day 250 no.

2. 20/11/2015 3rd day 210 no.

3. 21/11/2015 4th day 240 no.

4. 22/11/2015 5th day 256 no.

Fig. 86. Inoculation of banana pealing Fig. 87. Cover the container with

cloth

73

Fig. 88. Microscopic observation Fig. 89. Observed infusoria

6.11.2 CULTURE OF EARTHWORMS

Earthworm has been found to be good source of protein. Earthworm

accelerates growth, improves sexual performance, stimulates the appetite and

makes feeds more attractive. They inhibit in organic manure where moisture is

present. The worms are reddish in color and they jerk in mud under moisture

condition.

CULTURE METHOD

Earthworms can be easily cultured in both cemented & earthen tanks. In Live

Fish Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Kawardha. We cultured earthworm in earthen

tank. First we constructed earthen tank by digging a rectangular pit of size

1.25×0.5×0.5m. The polythene sheet was spread across the inner surface of the tank.

Cow dung and paddy straw were mixed and put in the tank. Water was added to

create moisture condition. After this tank was inoculated with earthworm which

were collected from areas surrounding college and Revabandh pond. Moisture

condition of the tank was maintained by regular addition of water. The multiplication

of earthworm took place in this tank and we collected and fed them to ornamental

fishes. (Fig. 90 & 93)

Fig. 90. Preparation of pits Fig. 91. Bed of paddy straw & cow dung

74

6.12. BREEDING OPERATION IN LIVE FISH LABORATORY

Table 41. Breeding operation in live fish laboratory

Ornamental Fish

Date Young ones

Black molly 18/09/2015 38

Sword tail 03/10/2015 35

Mango platy 5/10/15 & 8/10/15 14

Neon platy 5/10/15 24

Shubunkin gold fish 25/09/15 20

gold fish 22/09/15 18

Fig. 92. Sprinkling water Fig.93. Collected earthworm

75

FIELD VISIT UNDER EXPERIENCIAL LEARNING

PROGRAMME

76

FIELD VISIT UNDER EXPERIENCIAL LEARNING

7.1 FIELD VISIT IN M.M.HATCHERIES & FARM

Under the experience learning programme a visit to M.M. Hatcheries was

done on date 17-08-2015. It is 150km away from district head quarter

Kawardha near Mana Airport Raipur. The farm comprises of Pangasius

hatchery unit and Mono sex tilapia hatchery unit and farm. Here, Mr. Deepu

mandal (I/c M. M. Hatcheries and Farm) guided us. (Fig. 94 to 97)

Fig. 94. Pangasius hatchery Fig. 95. Tilapia hatchery Fig. 96 M.M. Hatcheries

Fig. 97 M.M. fish farm Bendri

7.2 FIELD VISIT IN BHARAT FEKAR FISH FARM, SAGUNIDIH RAIPUR

A field visit was also made to Bharat Fekar Fish Farm on date

21/09/15. This farm was 120km away from district head quarter Kawardha

and is located at Sagunidih, Raipur. The farm comprises grow out culture of

Pangasius, Mono sex Tilapia & Carps. (Fig. 98)

Fig.98. Bharat Fekar Fish Farm

77

BANKABLE PROJECT ON SEED REARING OF CARP

78

TITLE:- SEED REARING OF CARP

8.1. INTRODUCTION

Fish is the cheapest and most easily digestible animal source of protein and

was obtained from natural sources from time immemorial for consumption by

human beings. However, due to over exploitation and pollution, the availability of

fish in natural waters have declined considerably forcing scientists to adopt various

methods to increase its production. In early sixties, most of the aquaculture

production systems were extensive of modified extensive systems. Rice bran, ground

nut cake (GNC) and cow dung was available at cheaper cost. The cost of GNC in 1983

was Rs. 3.80 and it is Rs. 40/kg in 2014. The cost of rice bran was Rs. 1.60 and it is Rs.

18-20/kg now. Whereas the cost of fish seed was 28 paisa or Rs. 280/1000 seeds and

even now it remained around the same price. Since supply and demand remained

constant, the cost of seed never went up. On the other hand, farmers and

entrepreneurs tend to go under great loss by investing in aqua cultural activities

without understanding the economics of seed production and fish farming in ideal

condition. Fish seed production includes egg to spawn production for 3 days, spawn

to fry nursing for 15-20 days, fry to fingerling rearing for 60-90 days and fingerling to

yearling rearing for 8-9 months. Thus the carp seed may be categorized at its final

size into spawn (6-8 mm size), fry (20-25 mm size), fingerlings (100-150 mm size) and

yearlings (1-2 Kg weight) (Radheshyam, 2010)

Construction of fish ponds vary with place to place depending on the soil type,

topography, capital and culture activity. There are different methods of construction

viz. step-up ponds, dug out ponds, plastic lining tanks, trench method etc. The cost

of construction is highly variable.

8.2. PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

1. The survey was carried out from Fish Farmers of the district are actively involved

in the fish culture practices and aqua-ecological, soil and climatic conditions and

others are homogeneous throughout the district.

2. A baseline survey was conducted to collect the information about carp culture

scenario in the study area. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools were

employed to identify and priorities the field problems.

3. Survey was conducted for 50 days for carp seed production.

4. During the survey, detailed information about fixed cost, variable cost,

production level and other parameters were collected.

5. Subsidy is available for various items like renovation/ repair of ponds,

construction of new ponds, first year inputs etc. under a centrally sponsored

subsidy scheme implemented by majority of the State Governments through

FFDA's for different categories of farmers and also from National Fisheries

Development Board (NFDB).

79

8.3. PROJECT FORMULATION

1. Ponds were prepared according to standard management practices. Stocking

was done at 500/m2 of fish spawn (Catla/Rohu/Mrigal) and reared for about

50 days.

2. We have collected the data of fixed cost and operational cost for the seed

rearing. The study revealed that, fixed cost is about for Rs. 1,40,000/ha and

operational cost is about Rs. 1,94,250/ha required for the 50 days seed

rearing period.

8.4. FISH SPECIES INVOLVED IN REARING

Depending on the compatibility and type of feeding habits of the fishes, the

following types of fishes of Indian as well as Exotic varieties have been identified and

recommended for culture in the seed production technology:

8.5. SPECIES FEEDING HABIT AND FEEDING ZONE

Table 42. Species feeding habit and feeding zone

Catla Zoo plankton feeder Surface feeder

Rohu Algae Column feeder

Mrigal Detritivorous Bottom feeder

8.6. TECHNICAL PARAMETER

8.6.1. SELECTION OF POND

The main criteria to be kept in mind while selecting the pond is that the soil

should be water retentive, adequate supply of water is assured and that the pond is

not in a flood prone area. Derelict, semi derelict or swampy ponds can be renovated

for fish seed rearing by dewatering, desilting, repair of the embankments and

provision of inlet and outlet. The pond may be owned by the individual or taken on

lease in which case the lease period should be more or coterminous with the

repayment period. The eligible items of pond development are as follows:

1. Desilting of existing ponds.

2. Deepening of shallow ponds.

3. Excavation of new ponds.

4. Impoundment of marginal area of bodies.

5. Construction / repairs of embankments.

6. Construction of inlets / outlets.

80

7. Any other item like civil structure, watchmen sheds, pump sets water supply

arrangements / electricity supply arrangements etc. depending on requirements

of the project based on its size etc.

8.6.2. POND MANAGEMENT

Pond Management plays a very important role in fish farming before and

after the stocking of fish seed. Various measures that are required to be undertaken

in pre and post stocking practices are tabulated below:

8.7. PRE-STOCKING MANAGEMENT

In case of new ponds, pre stocking operations starts with liming and filling of

the pond with water. However, the first step for existing pond requiring development

deals with clearing the pond of unwanted weeds and fishes either by manual,

mechanical or chemical means. Different methods are employed for this.

i) Removal of weeds by Manual/Mechanical or through Chemical means.

ii) Removal of unwanted and predatory fishes and other animals by repeated netting

or using mahua oil cake @ 2500 kg/ha meter or by sun drying the pond bed.

iii) Liming - The soils/ tanks which are acidic in nature are less productive than

alkaline ponds. Lime is used to bring the pH to the desired level. In addition lime also

has the following effects - a) Increases the pH.

b) Acts as buffer and avoids fluctuations of pH.

c) It increases the resistance of soil to parasites.

d) Its toxic effect kills the parasites; and

e) It hastens organic decomposition.

The normal doses of the lime desired ranges from 200 to 250 Kg/ha.

However, the actual dose has to be calculated based on pH of the soil and water as

follows:

Table 43. Doses of lime

S.No. Soil pH Lime (kg/ha)

1. 4.5-5.0 2,000

2. 5.1-6.5 1,000

3. 6.6-7.5 500

4. 7.6-8.5 200

5. 8.6-9.5 Nil

81

iv). Fertilization/ Manuring

Fertilization of the pond is an important means for intensifying fish culture by

increasing the natural productivity of the pond. The fertilization schedule has to be

prepared after studying the quality of the pond soil. A combination of both Organic

and Inorganic fertilizers may be used for best results. The fertilizer programme has

to be suitably modified depending on the growth of the fish, available food reserve

in the pond, physico chemical conditions of the pond and climatic conditions.

Table 44. Application of organic and inorganic manure

a) Organic

b) Inorganic

Organic manure to be applied after a gap of 3 days from the date of

liming. Cow dung @ 5000 kg/ha or any other organic manure in

equivalent manurial value Inorganic fertilization to be undertaken

after 15 days of organic manuring. Requirement of nitrogenous and

phosphate fertilizers would vary as per the nature of the soil fertility

indicated below. However any one of the nitrogen and phosphate

fertilizers could be used as per given rate.

Inorganic Fertilizer Application (kg/ha/month)

Table 45. Inorganic fertilizer application (kg/ha/month)

Soil fertility status

Ammonium sulphate Urea

1. Nitrogen (mg/100 g soil)

i) High (51-75)

ii) Medium (26-50)

iii) Low (upto 25)

70

90

140

30

40

60

2. Phosphorus (mg/100 gm soil) Single super phosphate Triple super Phosphate

a. High (7-12)

b. Medium (4-6)

c. Low (upto 3)

40

50

70

15

20

30

8.8. STOCKING MANAGEMENT

The pond will be ready for stocking after 15 days of application of fertilizers.

Fish spawn of 3-5 mg size (approx) should be used for stocking @ 500000-1000000

nos. per hectare.

82

8.9. SPECIES COMBINATION (RATIO)

Table 46. Species combination

S.No. Species No.

1. Catla 4.0

2. Rohu 3.0

3. Mrigal 3.0

8.10. POST STOCKING

8.10.1. Supplementary feeding

Fishes need much more food than what is available naturally in the pond.

Fishes can be fed with a mixture of rice bran and oilcakes in the ratio 1:1. Due to the

high cost of Ground nut Oil Cake (GOC) we have tried using alternate sources like

Cotton seed oil cake which is comparatively cheaper than GOC. GOC and cotton seed

oil cake can be mixed in equal proportions and fed to the fish and is reported to give

almost the same growth rate as that of GOC. The feed should be placed on a feeding

tray or in feeding bags and lowered to the pond bottom or it can be dispersed at the

corners of the pond. After some time the fishes will get used to this type of feeding

and aggregate at the same place at particular time for regular feeding thereby

reducing the feed losses. The feeding is supplementary in nature.

8.10.2. Manuring

i) Organic manuring may be done in alternate days. Manuring rate depends

on pond productivity.

ii) Inorganic fertilization may be done at weekly intervals alternating with

organic manuring. However, the weekly rate of fertilization will depend on pond

productivity and the growth of the fishes. It should be ensured that excess

fertilization does not take place which may result in eutrophication.

8.10.3. Harvesting

Harvesting is generally done at the end of 50 – 60 days, when the fishes

attain fingerling size. Harvesting is done by with the help of repeated netting. Some

farmers resort to partial harvesting also depending on the season and demand for

fish.

83

8.11. ECONOMICS OF FISH SEED REARING FOR 50 DAY

Table 47. Economics of fish seed rearing for 50 day

S.No. Particulars Qty. required

for 1 ha Unit cost

(Rs.) Total cost (Rs.)

A. Fixed cost

1. Pond construction 10000m2 12/m2 80,000 -1,20,000

2. Pipelines & sluice gates - 2/m2 20,000.00

3. Total 1,40,000.00

B. Operation cost

1. De-weeding, bund compaction

25 man days 200/ person 5,000.00

2. Lime 200kg/ ha 5/kg 1,000.00

3. Fish spawn Stocking @500/m2=50

Lakhs

800/ lakh 40,000.00

4. Feed(Rice bran & GOC in 1:1 ratio)

1875kg GOC & 1500kg Rice

bran

42/kg GOC & 20/kg RB

1,08,750.00

5. Labour for feeding and other maintenance

50 man days 150/ person 7500.00

6. Raw cow dung 4t/ha in 4 split doses

1/kg 4,000.00

7. Harvesting expanses 12 man days 250/ person 3,000.00

8. Transportation of inputs 15,000.00

9. Watch and ward, Miscellaneous

10,000.00

10. Total 1,94,250.00

C. Total cost - - 3,34,250.00

D. Production

Production/ha ( In 50 days)

Production Unit cost(Rs.) Gross revenue(Rs.)

1. Catla @ 30% survival 6,00,000 0.40 2,40,000.00

2. Rohu @ 40% survival 6,00,000 0.40 2,40,000.00

3. Mrigal @ 40 % survival 6,00,000 0.35 2,10,000.00

4. Total 18,00,000 6,90,000.00

E. Profit

Profit Gross profit expenditure Net profit

Fingerling for sale 6,90,000.00 3,34,250.00 3,55,750.00

84

8.12. MARGIN

The margin money may be considered @ 5, 10 & 15% for small, medium and

large farmer respectively and 25% for companies and partnership firms.

8.13. SUBSIDY

Subsidy is available for various items like renovation/ repair of ponds,

construction of new ponds, first year inputs etc. under a centrally sponsored subsidy

scheme implemented by majority of the State Governments through FFDA's for

different categories of farmers and also from National Fisheries Development Board

(NFDB).

8.14. DISCUSSION

The Indian economy, inflation rate has been increased gradually and cost of

ingredients and fertilizer are also increased. This intern affected the cost of

production or profit in fish culture practices Therefore; we have conducted the

survey of economics of seed rearing of carps with reference to basic input. This was

done for economic efficiency with combination of technical and allocative

efficiencies. Considering its significance constant efforts has been made to produce

large quantity of carp seed every year in increasing trends.

8.15. CONCLUSION

Based on the results of carp seed rearing, it can be concluded that though the

fish seed rearing and farming is profitable, the margins are very narrow. Since the

input costs and labor costs are increasing significantly, one must know the

availability resources, capital and the projected profit before starting of the fish

farming activity. The gap between demand and supply of quantity seed, by and large,

remain a daunting task in rural aquaculture development. This can be mitigated, if

village farmers produce quality carp seed in their pond to not only make the access

of locally produced and nursed quality seed to fish farmers but also stimulate and

support neighboring farmers to adopt fish culture within their situation.

85

ANNEXURE 1

WATER QUALITY PARAMETER ANALYSIS BY USING

MULTIPARAMETER ANALYSER

1. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

Impinging solar radiation and the atmospheric temperature brings about

interesting spatial and temporal thermal changes in natural water which

manifest in setting up to convection currents and thermal stratificant. Discharge

off heated effluents also brings about thermal change in natural waters (thermal

pollution). Temperature is an important factor as it effects on chemical and

biological reaction in water. A rise in temperature in water accelerates chemical

reaction activates metabolic activity of organisms.

Procedure:

1. Connect the temperature probe at input socket for temperature.

2. Keep the function switch TEMP. Passion.

3. Display will indicate the temperature of solution in ̊C in which temperature

probe is dipped.

2. ESTIMATION OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN (D.O.)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is probably the most widely analyzed chemical

parameter in fish pond water quality assessment. Apart from its direct effect on

respiration of different biotic organisms, it controls directly or indirectly many other

immunological properties of pond and thus governs the productivity of the

ecosystem to a great extent.

Precautions of KCL solution

➢ 7.5% KCL solution acts as good electrolyte in do probe; presence of any

other salt in electrolyte solution may dames the electrode.

➢ The electrolyte tube should not content any air bubbles. If it is present, it

will cause fluctuations in the readings.

Procedure:

1. Put the function switch to DO mode and adjust the display to 00.0 with zero

knob. Insert the DO probe in DO socket; please keep color code in

consideration.

2. Set zero knobs to the extreme left position and CAL knob to extreme right

position.

86

3. Place the DO probe in prepared 2% sodium sulphite solution, keeping the

temperature knob to actual temperature of the solution. Allow the display

to attain equilibrium, if the display dos not read 00.0 adjust zero knob to b

ring the display to read 00.0 calibrate knob should be at the extreme right

positions.

4. Now calibrate the instrument with known value of DO solution.

A. Take to 50 ml flask and fill 2/3 of it with distilled water.

B. Stopper the flask and shake it for 30 second remove the stopper and

swish the water back and repeat the procedure 4 times.

C. Measure the temperature of the water and set the temperature knob

at that temperature.

D. Hold DO probe in the flask and the agitate the water. Note the DO

reading given in the table -1st below for given temperature. If

necessary, adjust the display reading with CAL knob to that reading.

5. Now the instrument is ready to take measurement off DO vale of any other

solution.

3. pH MEASURMENTS

pH of natural water varies around 7, generally over 7 pH (alkaline) due to

presence of sufficient quantities of carbohydrates. It increases during the day time

manually due to photosynthetic activity (consumption of carbon-di-oxide) and

decreases at night due to respiratory activity. Factor like exposure to air,

temperature and disposal of industrial water etc. Also bring about the change in pH.

PREPARATION OF PH BUFFER SOLUTION

7pH buffer:

Dissolve one buffer tablet of 7 pH in 100 ml distilled water. The pH of this

solution is 7 pH (preferably glaxo make).

4pH buffer:

Dissolve one buffer tablet of 4 pH in 100 ml distilled water. The ph of this

solution is 4 pH. (preferably glaxo make).

87

Measurement Procedure

1. Put the function switch to pH mode.

2. Rinse the electrode with distilled water and dry it with tissue paper.

3. Connect the electrode BNC plug at the input socket.

4. Put the combination pH electrode in 7.00 pH buffer solution.

5. Set the temperature compensation knob to the temperature of the buffer

solution.

6. Read the display value adjust it with CAL control to7.00pH.

7. Take out the electrode from 7.00pH buffer, rinse it with distilled water and

dry it with tissue paper.

8. Put the electrode I n 4.00 pH buffer solution.

9. Set the display vale to 4.00pH by adjusting the SLOPE control.

10. Take out the electrode from 4.00pH buffer, rinse it with distilled water and

dry it.

11. Repeat step 4 to 10 once more. You are simply to wash electrode with

distilled water and rinse with tissue paper. Take reading at display after

immersing the electrode in any unknown solution under test.

The instrument is now ready to measure pH of any unknown solution.

4. CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT

Some amount of salt always present in water and soil. Salt up to

certain limit is essential for soil fertility. On the other hand excess of salts in soil

hinder the growth, it is termed as slime soil, the main source of soluble salt

present in all soil is the primary minerals’, but slime soil usually accumulate the

excess salts by drainage and slipcase from other areas.

Measurement procedure

1. Clean the cond/TDS cell with distilled water, dry it and connect at COND/TDS

input.

2. Put the function switch at COND. position

3. Dip the Cond. Cell in solution under test and determine its value mS/cm

(mMhos/cm).

88

ANNEXURE 2

WATER QUALITY PARAMETER ANALYSIS BY USING

TITRATION METHOD

1. FREE CARBON DIOXIDE

PROCEDURE:

➢ Take 100 ml water sample

➢ Add 3-4 drop phenolphthalein indicator in sample

➢ If pink color appear then PH of water is above 8.3 and free co2 absent

➢ If solution remain colorless then titrate it with N/44NaOH

2. TOTAL ALKALINITY

Alkalinity or acid combining capacity of natural fresh water pond is generally

caused by carbonate and bicarbonate or hydroxide of Calcium, Magnesium,

Sodium, Potassium and Iron, Calcium being form the major constituent.

Procedure:

1. Take 100ml water sample.

2. Add 3-4 drop phenolphthalein indicator.

3. If pink color appears then carbonate present.

4. Then titrate it with H2SO4, till pink color disappear.

5. If pink color not appears then add methyl orange indicator.

6. Yellow orange color appears, bicarbonate is present.

7. Then titrate it with H2 SO4, till orange red color appear.

FREE CO2 mg/l = (ml x N) of NaOH X 1000 x 44/ML sample

Total alkalinity mg/I = (B x N) of HCL x 1000 x 50 ml/sample

Where; B = blank reading, N = reading with sample

89

3. TOTAL HARDNESS

Hardness is defined as the total of Calcium and Magnesium salts present in the

water medium, which is expressed as its CaCO3 equivalent.

Procedure:

1. Take 100 ml water sample

2. Add 1 ml of buffer solution

3. Add 1 gm of ERICHROME BLACK T indicator

4. Then wine red color appear

5. Then titrate it with EDTA solution

6. At the end point blue color appear

3.1. MAGNESIUM

1. Magnesium is determined as the difference between the Ca + Mg titration & the

titration alone for Ca.

2. Perform the

Titration for Ca as given previously & find out the volume of EDTA used.

3. Also find out the volume of EDTA used for Ca + Mg titration following the method

given for hardness using the same volume of sample as used in Ca determination

alone

Mg level = X – Y x 400.8/ml of sample x 1.645

Where; X=EDTA used for Ca determination Y=EDTA used for hardness (Ca+Mg)

3.2. CALCIUM

1. Take 50 ml water sample

2. Add 2ml NaOH solution and 1gm murexide.

Hardness mg/l = ml EDTA used x 1000/ml sample

90

3. Pink color appear

4. Titrate it with EDTA solution

5. Pink color will change to dark purple color

Ca level =(x)ml EDTA used x 400.8/ml sample

91

ANNEXURE 3

1. ORGANIC CARBON OF SOIL

Procedure:

1. Take 1g soil sample & moist it with few drop of distill water.

2. Keep for 10 mint.

3. Add 10ml of 1N K2 Cr2 O7 & then 200ml conc.H2 So4

4. Mix content & keep in dark place for 30 mint.

5. Add 100ml distill water & 10ml of H3 Po4..

6. Add 1ml of Diphenylamine indicator then it turns into deep blue color

7. Then titrate the solution with standard Fe(NH4 )2 (So4)2..

8. At end point blue color changes to bright green color.

2. SOIL TEXTURES:

1. Take 25g of dry soil sample ( ¼ part of soil)

2. Make up with 100 ml distil water in measuring cylinder

3. Shake it properly for proper mixing.

4. Left it for 24 hr

5. Observation

6. Relative percentage of Sand, Silt and Clay is calculated.

ORGANIC CARBON (%) = ( B-A) × 0.3

Where,

B = titration value ( ml) Fe(NH4 )2 (So4 )2 in blank set A = Titration value ( ml ) Fe(NH4 )2 (So4 )2 with soil

92

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Alikunhi, K.H., Sukumaran, K.K., Parameswaran, S. and Banerjee, S.C.

1964. Preliminary observations on commercial breeding of carps under

controlled temperatures in laboratory, CIFRI, Barrackpore (3). PP- 19.

• Chaudhuri, H. 1957. Experiments on induced spawning of Indian carps

with pituitary injections, Indian J. Fish 7(1). PP- 20–49.

• Thomus, P. C., Rath, S.C., Mohapatra, K.D. 2014. Breeding and seed

production of finfish and shellfish, Daya publishing house New Delhi

110002. PP- 1-39, 41-77, 81-89, 98-105, 113-118, 177-192.

• Rath, R.K. 2011. Freshwater aquaculture, scientific publisher India,

Jodhpur. PP 23-39, 89-95, 101-103,105-120.

• Ayyappan, S., Moza, U., Gopalakrishna, A., Meenakumari, B., Jena, J.K.,

Pandey, A.K., 2011- 2013. Handbook of fisheries and aquaculture.

Directorate of knowledge management in agriculture, Indian Cuncil of

Agriculture Research New Delhi 110012. PP 358-379, 380-400, 401-412.

• Ragothaman, G., Trivedy, K.R., AQUATIC ECOLOGY- a text book, Agrobios

( INDIA), PP-195-199

• Chattopadhyay, G.N. 1998. Chemical analysis of fish pond soil and water,

Daya publishing house Delhi- 110035. PP 23 - 59, 81 – 93.

• Dholakia, A.D. 2009. Ornamental fish culture and aquarium

management, Daya publication house, Delhi 110 035. PP 73-179.

• Reddy, A.K, et al. (1997). Culture of live food organisms for ornamental

fishes. Training manual, CIFE, Mumbai.

• Shivakumar, M. Seema Bala, C Rajanna, Naveenkumar, B.T. (2014).

Economics of seed rearing and farming of carps, International Journal of

Fisheries and Aquatic Studie. 2(1): 42-45.

• agridr.in/fishery/model%20bankable%20project.pdf.24/11/15.10:30AM.

• ftp://ftp.fao.org/fi/stat/Overviews/AquacultureStatistics2012.pdf.24/11/201

5.02:30AM.

• http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/400276/handbook-

on-fisheries-statistics-2014.25/11/2015.10:10AM.

• http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/WriteReadData/Chattisgarh.pdf.27/11/20

15. 12:15PM

http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/WriteReadData/Chattisgarh.pdf.27/11/2015

http://www.dahd.nic.in/dahd/WriteReadData/Chattisgarh.pdf.27/11/2015

93

• http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/handbook-on-fisheries-statistics-

2014.aspx.30/11/2015.03:30PM

http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/handbook-on-fisheries-statistics-2014.aspx.30/11/2015

http://dahd.nic.in/dahd/handbook-on-fisheries-statistics-2014.aspx.30/11/2015

hands on training in fisheries report 2015 16 by cof, kawardha students

Education