hardware (1)
TRANSCRIPT
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Network Hardware
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Network Topologies
• Bus– Devices connected to each other via bus– Passive topology– Requires terminators to prevent signal bounce– Advantages / Disadvantages-refer to previous lecture
notes
• Star– All devices connected to central “hub”– Advantages / Disadvantages-refer to previous lecture
notes
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Star-Bus Topology
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Ring Topology
• Nodes connected to each other in a circle
• One or more tokens
• Active topology
• Advantages / Disadvantages-refer to previous lecture notes
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Mesh Topology
• Each node connected to all other nodes (or most other nodes)
• Redundancy provides reliability
• Used in WANs not LANs
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Logical Topologies
• Regardless of how nodes connected, logical topologies describe how they communicate
• Ethernet– Most common logical topology– CSMA/CD-refer previous notes– Collisions and collision domains
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Logical Topologies
• Token Ring– Nodes take turns controlling the token– No collisions– Active monitor– FDDI-refer previous notes
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Networking Hardware
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Network Interface Card
• Is called NIC• Responsible for serial-parallel conversion• Unique MAC address
– Media Access Control – Hardware address, assigned at factory
• Identified by:– Network type (100baseT, Wireless, etc.)– Slot type:
• PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect, a local bus standard developed by Intel Corporation.
• ISA: Industry Standard Architecture bus – Type of media connection
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NIC
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NIC
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Signal Repeater
• Clean up and regenerate signal• Devices: Repeater, hub• Counter attenuation• Unintelligent – retransmit signal to all devices
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Signal repeaters: Hub and repeater
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HUB:Multi-port repeater
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Hub
• Simple way to connect multiple nodes
• Can enlarge network by connecting hubs (uplink)
• Might contain management tools
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Bridge
• Has 2 ports – each attached to a different segment of the network
• Segments network by learning MAC address• Makes decisions to allow/disallow packets to
pass• Networks are segmented to:
– Reduce collision domain– Improve security
• More intelligent than repeaters & hubs
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Collision Domain
• A group of connected devices that compete for network access.
• Only one can transmit at a time
• When more than one tries to transmit, a collision occurs
• Too many collisions affect network performance.
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Switch• Multiport bridge• Uses MAC address• Can connect multiple devices• Creates multiple collision domains• Have basically replaced hubs
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Switch
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Switch
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Switches
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Switch
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Switch
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Switch
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Wireless Access Point
• Wireless Access Point– Provide access
wired wireless– Wireless switch– 802.11 a – 54 Mbps– 802.11 b – 11 Mbps
(WiFi)– 802.11 g – 54 Mbps– 802.11 n – 108 Mbps– Bluetooth – ~ 1 Mbps
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Router
• Segments network based on IP address• Makes intelligent decisions on how to “route”
packet based on IP network address
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Router
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Router
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Router
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Router
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Network Address Translation
• NAT (sometimes called “NATting”)
• Used to allow internal, private addresses to communicate with the Internet
• Addresses translated private public
• Requires a device (such as a router) to support
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Gateways
• Connect dissimilar network types
• Wireless access point or router(wireless to wired)
• Internet gateways(internal to external networks)
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Assignment
• List out networking hardware.
• Give a brief description about gateways.
• Give a brief description about routers.
• Give a brief description about bridges.
• Give a brief description about hubs.
• Give a brief description about NICs.
• Give a brief description about switches.