hardware fundamentals week 4 - lesson 1. learning outcomes define the term bus explain the different...
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HARDWARE FUNDAMENTALS
WEEK 4
- LE
SSON 1
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LEARNING OUTCOMESDefine the term bus
Explain the different bus characteristics
Calculate bus throughput in bps and MB/s
Explain BSB, and FSB
Explain Double Data Rate, Quad Data Rate, and HyperTransport
Define the term expansion bus
Explain the different expansion bus types
Compare VESA versus PCI
Compare PCI versus AGP
Describe different ports (Serial, Parallel, USB, FireWire, IDE, EIDE, SCSI and SATA)
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BUS
A collection of wires/tracks that transfer data or power between computer components, typically controlled by a device driver software
internalexternalcomputer to computer
Every component in a computer connects to a bus - even components such as the VDU or printer connect to a bus in some way
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BUS CHARACTERISTICS
• Clock speed
• Width
• Bus performance
• Control signals
• Logical and physical connection
• Internal and external
• Serial and parallel
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CLOCK SPEED
number of times a bit is sent along the bus
measures how quickly bits move along a bus
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WIDTH
number of data bits that can be sent along the bus at once (i.e. 8, 16, 32, 64bits)
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BUS PERFORMANCE
Bus throughput number of bytes of data that can be transferred via the bus in one
second
Bus throughput calculation bus clock speed * bus width = bus throughput
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CONTROL SIGNALS
• which component the data is for
• where blocks of data start and end
• any other information related to the data being transferred
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LOGICAL AND PHYSICAL CONNECTION
Logical connectionOne-to-many (several devices sharing the same set of wires) or point-to-point connection
Physical connectionEach bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables together
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INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
Internal bus connects all the internal components of a computer to the motherboard
also referred to as a local / Motherboard bus, because they are intended to connect to local devices
External bus connects external peripherals to the motherboard
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SERIAL AND PARALLEL
Serial buses carry data in bit-serial form
Parallel buses carry data words striped across multiple wires problem: crosstalk across multiple wires
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BSB AND FSB
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BSB
Back Side Bus
The bus that connects the processor to the different levels of cache
Found on the processor chip
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FSB
Front Side Bus
The bus that connects the processor to the different hardware components found on the motherboard
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IMAGES OF A SOCKET 939 MOTHERBOARD FOR AN AMD ATHLON 64 AND 64 FX PROCESSOR
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1/03/10
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EXPANSION BUS
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EXPANSION BUS
A collection of wires and protocols that allows the expansion of a computer by inserting printed circuit boards (expansion boards)
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EXPANSION BUS TYPES
PC BusISAMCAEISAVESAPCIAGPPCI Express
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PC BUS
• 1981• Developed for the original IBM PC• Used on 8088 and 8086
motherboards • width: 8b• speed: 4.77MHz• throughput: 38.16Mbps 4.77MB/s
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ISA
• Industry Standard Architecture• 1984• twice the width of PC bus• PC bus is backwards compatible with ISA• local bus for the Intel 386 CPU• Still today, some motherboards that support
Pentium 4 processors have an ISA expansion bus
• Used on 286, 386, 486, Pentium and some Pentium 4 motherboards
• width: 16b• speed: 8MHz• throughput: 128Mbps 16MB/s
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MCA
• Micro-Channel Architecture
• 1987
• IBM introduced MCA to replace ISA, but it never became popular and was soon discontinued
• Twice the width of ISA but not compatible with the ISA or PC bus
• Used on 386 and 486 motherboards
• width: 32b
• speed: 10MHz or 16MHz
• throughput: 320Mbps - 512Mbps 40MB/s - 64MB/s
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EISA
• Extended Industry Standard Architecture
• 1988• Used on 486 motherboards• width: 32b• speed: 8.33MHz• throughput: ____266.56Mb/s______ ________33.32__ MB/s
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VESA
Video Electronics Standards Associationaka VESA Local Bus (VLB)1992Twice the width of ISAISA and PC bus are backwards compatible
with VESAUsed on 486 motherboardswidth: 32bspeed: 66MHz (maximum)throughput: ___2112_______ Mbps ___264_______ MB/s
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PCI 1.0
• Peripheral Components Interconnect• 1992 (1995 with Windows 95)• Supports Plug and Play (PnP)• Used on Pentium motherboards• Transfers data only on one edge of
the clock signal• width: 32b• speed: 33MHz (maximum)• throughput:___1056_______ Mbps___132____ MB/s
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PCI 2.0
• PCI 1.0 is backwards compatible• faster and wider than PCI 1.0• width: 64b• speed: 66MHz (maximum)• throughput:_____4224_____ Mbps_____528_____ MB/s
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VESA VERSUS PCI
VESA PCI
Maximum of 3 slots Maximum of 8 to 10 slots
Long, ISA and PC bus backwards compatible
Shorter, more compact connector
Developed before PnP Supports PnP
Used only on 486 processors
Used on Pentium class processors
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AGP (1 OF 2)
Accelerated Graphics Port1997Intel bus specification providing faster memory
access than PCIGreatly speeds Virtual Reality (VR) and 3D
(Dimensional) rendering and texture mapping than PCI
Developed only for video cardsUsed on Pentium II motherboardsIn its lowest speed mode the throughput is
twice as fast as PCI, plus the benefits of not having to share the bandwidth
Transfers data on two edges of the clock signal
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AGP (2 OF 2)
width: 32b
speed: 66MHz
throughput:2,112Mbps264MB/s
Available in four speeds (four specifications), the clock is doubled each time:
x1 264MB/sx2 528MB/sx4 _1,056____ MB/sx8 __2,112___ MB/s
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PCI VERSUS AGPPCI AGP
Non-pipelined requests Pipelined requests
Address/data multiplexed Address/data de-multiplexed
Peak throughput in 32b is 132MB/s
Peak throughput in 32b is 264MB/s
Multi-target, multi-master Single-target, single-master
Link to entire system Memory read/write only, no other input/output operations
No priority queues High/low priority queues
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PCI EXPRESS (1 OF 2)
• Peripheral Components Interconnect Express (PCIe)
• 2004• Initially named 3GIO (Third Generation
Input/Output)• high speed connection• Used on Pentium 4 motherboards• Uses a packetised protocol (8bit/10bit encoding)• Starting freqency 2.5GHZ, go up to 10 GHZ• Hot plug and hot swappable capability• Power management capabilities
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PCI EXPRESS (2 OF 2)
Uses point-to-point connections known as lanes
Each lane on the bus is capable of transferring data in full duplex over two pair of differentially signaled wires called a .
Each lane allows 250 MBps throughput in each direction. Design allows for scalling from 1 to 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 lane (x16 bus totals 32 lanes)
Four bus types: x1, x4, x8, x16 x1 bus throughput is 250MB/s * 2 = 500MB/s x4 bus throughput is 1GB/s * 2 = 2GB/s x8 bus throughput is 2GB/s * 2 = 4GB/s x16 bus throughput is 4GB/s * 2 = 8GB/s
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PCI EXPRESS 2.0
Released 15 January 2007Doubles the bus standard bandwidth of previous version i.e. x16 bus throughput at 8GB/s * 2 = 16GB/s is backwards compatible
Features improvements to the point-to-point data transfer protocol and its software architecture
Intel is expected to release its first chipsets supporting PCIe 2.0 in the second quarter of 2007 with its ‘Bearlake’ family
AMD starts supporting PCIe 2.0 from its RD700 chipset series
NVIDIA has revealed that the MCP72 will be their first PCIe 2.0 equipped chipset
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express
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PCI Express link performance
PCI Expressversion
Line code
Per lane In a ×16 slot (16-lane)
Raw bit
rate[a]
Bandwidth[a] Raw bit rate[a] Bandwidth[a]
1.0 8b/10b2.5 GT/s
2 Gbit/s250 MB/s
40 GT/s 4 GB/s
2.0 8b/10b 5 GT/s 4 Gbit/s500 MB/s
80 GT/s 8 GB/s
3.0128b/130b
8 GT/s7.877 Gbit/s
984.6 MB/s
128 GT/s
15.754 GB/s
4.0128b/130b
16 GT/s
15.754 Gbit/s
1969.2 MB/s
256 GT/s
31.508 GB/s
a. In each direction.
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PCI
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BUS TIMELINE
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DIFFERENT INPUT / OUTPUT / STORAGE PORTS
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SERIAL
• 1 copper wire
• slower
• 1 bit at a time
• Serial protocol
• faster, fewer electrical connections and inherently has no timing skew or crosstalk
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PARALLEL
8 copper wires
faster
8 bits at a time
Slower in comparison to Serial packetized protocol
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USB• Universal Serial Bus• 127 devices, daisy chained bus designed to eliminate cable
clutter• hub is very important unit, each device can hold another hub for
other devices (PC to PC)• 4 wire cable: 2 wires supply power for devices, other 2 wires
used to send data and commands• PnP and hot swappable• internal and external• In expensive cable which can reach up to 5 meters long (USB
hubs can be daisy chained up to 25m)• USB 1.0 = 1.5Mbps (keyboard mouse), 12Mbps (printer,
monitors , etc)• USB 2.0 = 480Mbps• USB 1.0 is backwards compatible with USB 2.0• USB 3.0 = 5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s)
• A successor standard named USB 3.1 was released in July 2013, providing transfer rates up to 10 Gbit/s (1.25 GB/s, called "SuperSpeed+"
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HOT SWAPPING AND HOT PLUGGING
are terms used to separately describe the functions of replacing system components without shutting down the system. Hot swapping describes replacing components without significant interruption to the system, while hot plugging describes the addition of components that would expand the system without significant interruption to the operation of the system.[1]
For hot swapping once the appropriate software is installed on the computer, a user can plug and unplug the component without rebooting. A well-known example of this functionality is the Universal Serial Bus (USB) that allows users to add or remove peripheral components
such as a mouse, keyboard, or printer.
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FIREWIRE
• i.Link or IEEE 1394• Different versions of firewire (firewire 400,
firewire 800)• Up to 800mbps• 4.5m cable length• 16 cables can be daisy chained up to 72
meters long• Serial• 63 devices• Hot plug• Internal and external• 4-pin (digital camera) and 6-pin firewire (PC)• Power provided
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IDE
• Intelligent / Integrated Device Electronics
• Parallel ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment)
• cheap devices and controllers
• maximum of 2 drives
• only supports hard drives maximum of 528MB capacity
• easy to install and setup
• slow
• internal drives only
• no power provided
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EIDE
• Enhanced IDE• Parallel ATA• Used on pentiums• Cheap drives and controllers• Maximum of 2 drives for each of the 2 controllers (4 drives)• 300GB storage capacities• HDD, CD, DVD, zip drives• Easy to install and setup• 40 cable pins (40- 80 wires)• Internal drives only• Ultra/ATA 133 (133MB/s)• Cable 40cm long• Bulky, inflexible, fragile and too short
• Not hot swappable• 4 pin power connector• No power provided
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SATA
• Serial ATA (internal) up to 1 meter cable length• Esata (external) up to 2 meter cable length• 7 cable pins (4-7 wires)• One serial drive per port• Point-to-point connection• Connectors are 8mm wide• Cable thinner and more flexible, provides better
airflow• Connectors are more compact• Hot-plug capability• 1.5gbps (150MB/s *8 = 1200 = 1.2gbps + overheads
= 1.5gbps), 3gbps (300MB/s), 6gbps (600MB/s)• 15-pin power connector• Supports 8B/10B encoding• No power provided
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SATA- IDE
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SCSISmall Computer Systems Interfaceuse on servers and non-Intel PCexpensive drives and controllerssupports 7-15 devicesall types of drives (i.e. hard disks, scanners)hard to install and setupfast for serversexternal drivesup to 12 meter cable length (Ultra-320 SCSI
= 320MB/s)must use terminatorno power provided
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SCSI
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A SCSI CHAIN
The advantage of SCSI is that several peripherals can be daisy chained to one host adapter, using only one slot in the bus.
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RAID
Redundant Array of Independent / Inexpensive Disks
Multiple disks accessed in parallel will give greater throughput than a single disk
Redundant data on multiple disks provides fault tolerance
used in servers or main frames (although can be commonly setup on desktop PCs)
provides higher reliability and/or faster access/performance depending on RAID type
drives in a RAID system are hot swappable for servers and mainframes
RAID appears to the OS as one single logical hard disk
6 standards (RAID 0 to RAID 5) (RAID 1 = mirroring)
although can get different combinations of RAID (RAID 10, RAID 53)
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RAID