hardy nursery stock report 2009 - final · the discrepancy between the drop in areas ... hardy...

PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY REPORT 233

HARDY ORNAMENTAL NURSERY STOCK

IN GREAT BRITAIN

2009

D.G. Garthwaite, I. Barker, G. Parrish, L. Smith & C. Chippindale

Agricultural Survey Team

Food & Environment Research Agency

Sand Hutton

York

YO41 1LZ

Department for Food, Environment and Rural Affairs

i

A NATIONAL STATISTICS SURVEY

National Statistics are produced to high professional standards set out in the National Statistics Code of Practice. They

undergo regular quality assurance reviews to ensure that they meet customers’ needs. They are free from any political

interference.

For general enquiries about the Office for National Statistics, contact the National Statistics Public Enquiry Service email

[email protected], phone 0845 601 3034 or visit the website: www.statistics.gov.uk.

To download further copies of this report please visit:

http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/lus/pesticideUsage.cfm

1

CONTENTS Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Trends 4 Crops 5 Pesticide Usage 6

Pesticide Usage on Fruit Stock 7

Pesticide Usage on Roses 11

Pesticide Usage on Ornamental Trees 15

Pesticide Usage on Shrubs etc. 19

Pesticide Usage on Herbaceous Plants 23

Pesticide Usage on Mixed Cropping 27

Pesticide Usage on Christmas trees 31

Appendix 1 – Foliar Application Tables 35 Appendix 3 – Definitions 50 Appendix 4 – Methodology 51

Acknowledgements 52

References 52

2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report contains information concerning all aspects of pesticide usage on hardy ornamental nursery stock covering a full 12-month period from the beginning of autumn 2009 through to the end of summer 2010 growing season. The actual span of 12 months varied from holding to holding according to convenience for the grower and recording system. Garden centres were excluded from this survey. Information concerning seven types of hardy ornamental nursery stock crops and data on pesticide usage were collected from 625 examples grown on 272 holdings throughout Great Britain. The sample accounted for 12% of the total area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain during the 2009/10 season. Plants for sale to growers and gardeners accounted for 92% of the total area grown with stock plants comprising 8% of the total. One holding was registered organic. A comparison is made with previous surveys of hardy ornamental nursery stock conducted in 1997, 2001 and 2005.

The area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown had increased by 83% since 2005 and by 80% since 2001. However, the use of data obtained from the British Christmas Tree Growers Association (BCTGA) is responsible for the bulk of this change. Data on Christmas-tree areas from the June survey had been used in previous surveys but the BCTGA felt that this was not representing the true area of this crop grown by their members. This change in the Christmas-tree area dominates many of the overall changes, particularly herbicide usage, in pesticide usage on hardy ornamental nursery stock. Christmas trees accounted for 71% of the total area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown and the relatively large area grown in Scotland mean that Scotland is important in terms of both the total area of all crops grown (31% of the total) and the total pesticide treated area (29% of the total).

Despite the increases in the area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown, the area treated with registered pesticides decreased by 32% since 2005 and by 37% since 1997. Similarly, in terms of the weight of pesticides applied, there has been a 58% decrease since the last survey and a 61% decrease since 1997. The discrepancy between the drop in areas treated and weight applied is due to a significant reduction, 83%, in the area treated with soil sterilants, normally applied at a relatively high rate, in 2009. The decline in the pesticide treated area and weight applied was consistent across all of the major pesticide groups including herbicides, fungicides and insecticides.

In contrast to the decrease in the areas treated and weight applied of registered pesticides, the use of “other pesticides”, principally compost tea and carbonic acid diamide/urea, increased by 48% in terms of area treated, with a doubling in weight applied since the last survey in 2005.

Mixed cropping (see Definitions, page 50) accounted for 8% of the total area of crops grown in the survey. All other hardy ornamental nursery stock were predominantly field-grown and comprised Christmas trees, accounting for 71% of the total area of crops grown in the survey, ornamental trees 12%, shrubs etc. 3%, herbaceous plants 3%, roses 2% and fruit stock one percent. Approximately 71% of the area of hardy ornamental nursery stock was grown in four regions, Scotland, London & the South East, Eastern and the West Midlands, with less than 10% being grown in each of the remaining six areas.

Approximately 78% of all crops received some form of treatment, although the proportion left untreated varied from crop group to crop group. Almost all, (96%), roses received some form of treatment, as did 90% of ornamental trees. By contrast, 56% of herbaceous plants, 28% of shrubs etc., 23% of Christmas trees and 22% of fruit stock remained untreated. Overall, an average of seven sprays, eight products and 9 active substances were applied to hardy ornamental nursery stock crops.

Herbicides accounted for 56% of the total pesticide-treated area of hardy ornamental nursery stock crops grown in Great Britain in 2009, insecticides 17%, fungicides 17%, “other pesticides” 3%, sulphur 3%, acaricides 2%, growth regulators and molluscicides & repellents one percent each. In terms of weight of active substances applied, "other pesticides", principally compost tea, accounted for 45% of the total, herbicides 36%, sulphur 8%, fungicides 7%, insecticides 3% and acaricides, growth regulators and molluscicides & repellents less than one percent each.

3

INTRODUCTION

The independent Advisory Committee on Pesticides advises government on all aspects of pesticide use. The Committee

must regularly monitor the usage of all pesticides. It needs accurate data on the usage of individual pesticides.

As part of the ongoing process for obtaining data, the Pesticide Usage Survey Team of the Food & Environment Research

Agency, an executive agency of the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, conducted a survey of pesticide

usage in hardy ornamental nursery stock for crops grown in 2009. Holdings were visited throughout Great Britain during

the autumn of 2009 to spring 2010. Applications of pesticides considered to be appropriate to the 2009 survey included

those made from the time following harvest in 2008 through to the end of harvest in 2009.

This was the eighth survey of pesticide usage solely on hardy ornamental nursery stock carried out by the Pesticide Usage

Survey teams. Previous surveys of usage in Great Britain have been reported for 2005, 2001, 1997 and 1993 (Garthwaite

& Thomas, 2006; 2003; 1999; 1995).

All surveys of pesticide usage in agriculture and horticulture are fully co-ordinated by the survey teams of England &

Wales and Scotland and reports are produced of pesticide usage throughout Great Britain. Information on all aspects of

pesticide usage, additional agronomic and varietal information relating to Great Britain plus the regions of England &

Wales can be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand

Hutton. Further data related specifically to Scotland can be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at Science

and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA), Edinburgh.

Information on all aspects of pesticide usage in Great Britain as a whole, or for Wales or the Defra regions of England may be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Food & Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK YO41 1LZ (see also: http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/lus/pesticideUsage.cfm).

Further data relating specifically to Scotland may be obtained from the Pesticide Usage Survey Team at the Scottish Agricultural Science Agency, Edinburgh (http://www.sasa.gov.uk/pesticide_wildlife/pesticide_usage/index.cfm).

Copies of reports on pesticide usage in Northern Ireland may be obtained from Her Majesty's Stationery Offices (see also: http://www.afbini.gov.uk/index/services/specialist-advice/pesticide-usage-overview.htm).

Recently published reports for Great Britain, England & Wales and Northern Ireland can also be viewed and downloaded on the Internet at: http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/scienceResearch/science/lus/pesticideUsage.cfm

4

TRENDS

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1997 2001 2005 2009

Figure 1 - Changes in the area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain -1997 - 2009

Area grown (ha)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

Acaricides Insecticides Fungicides Sulphur Growth regulators

Herbicides Molluscicides & repellents

Soil sterilants

Tre

ate

d he

cta

res

Figure 2 - Changes in the pesticide treated area of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 1997 - 2009 (major pesticide groups only)

1997

2001

2005

2009

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

Acaricides Insecticides Fungicides Sulphur Growth regulators

Herbicides MolluscicidesSoil sterilants

Wei

ght

app

lied

(kg

)

Figure 3 - Changes in the weight of pesticides applied to hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain -1997 -2009 (major pesticide groups only)

1997

2001

2005

2009

5

CROPS

1% 2%

12% 3%3%

8%

71%

Figure 4 - Relative importance of hardy ornamental nursery stock crops grown in Great Britain - 2009

Fruit stock

Roses

Ornamental trees

Shrubs etc.

Herbaceous plants

Mixed areas

Christmas trees

9%

12%

16%

0%3%

8%11%

5%

4%

32%

Figure 5 - Regional distribution of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 2009

East Midlands

Eastern

London & South East

North East

North West

South West

West Midlands

Yorkshire & the Humber

Wales

Scotland

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

East Midlands

Eastern London & South East

North East North West

South West West Midlands

Yorkshire & the

Humber

Wales Scotland

Figure 6 - Comparison of regional distribution and treated area of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 2009

Area grown (ha)

Area treated (ha)

6

PESTICIDE USAGE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Growth regulators

Acaricides Sulphur Molluscicides Other pesticides

Per

cent

ag

e o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 7 - Pesticide usage on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 2009 (area treated)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50



Per

cent

ag

e o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 8 - Pesticide usage on on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 (weight applied)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Acaricides Sulphur Other pesticides All pesticides

Num

ber o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 9 - Average number of applications made to hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain - 2009

Spray rounds

Products

Active substances

7

PESTICIDE USAGE ON HARDY ORNAMENTAL NURSERY STOCK FRUIT STOCK

• An estimated 120 hectares of fruit stock was grown in Great Britain in 2009

• 1,142 treated hectares

• 0.73 tonnes applied

• 22% of fruit stock remained untreated

• Fruit stock received on average 5 fungicides, 3 insecticides, 2 herbicides and one sulphur application

• Fruit stock included fruit trees and rootstocks; raspberry canes; bush fruit including blackcurrants; and strawberries for runner production

• Strawberries for runner production received an average of 20 applications, top fruit 11, bush fruit 8 and cane fruit 2 applications

• It included both field-grown and container-grown fruit stock for sale to other growers and gardeners

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Acaricides Sulphur

Per

cent

ag

e o

f tot

al

Figure 10 - Usage of pesticides on fruit stock in Great Britain - 2009

Area treated (ha)

Weight applied (kg)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Per

cent

ag

e o

f a

pplic

atio

ns

Figure 11 - Timing of pesticide applications made to fruit stock in Great Britain - 2009

Acaricide

Fungicide

Herbicide

Insecticide

8

Fruit stock – Herbicides

• Area treated: 294 hectares

• Weight of active substances applied: 0.4 tonnes

• The five most common active substances were:

Formulation area treated

(ha)

Weight of a.s. applied (kg)

Proportion of herbicide -

treated area

Proportion of census area

treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)

Average proportion of full label rate

Oxadiazon 40 102 0.13 0.33 1.00 0.91

Pendimethalin 36 48 0.12 0.24 1.28 0.75

Clopyralid 31 2 0.11 0.07 4.00 0.38

Diquat 31 10 0.10 0.16 1.57 0.42

Glyphosate 29 43 0.10 0.17 1.39 0.87

82%

14%

3% 1%

Figure 12 - Fruit stock- reasons for use of herbicides ( where given) - 2009

general weed control

broad-leaved weed control

willowherb/other weed species

grass weed control

9

Fruit stock – Fungicides





(ha)


Proportion of fungicide –treated area


treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Bupirimate 92 13 0.27 0.15 5.00 0.41

Myclobutanil 76 6 0.22 0.11 5.79 volumetric

Mancozeb 74 20 0.21 0.16 3.88 0.93

Kresoxim-methyl 37 2 0.11 0.15 2.00 0.63

Fenpropimorph 24 18 0.07 0.07 3.00 1.00

35%

21%

21%

11%

8% 4%

Figure 13 - Fruit stock - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009

mildew/scab

mildew

leaf spot

general disease control

bacterial canker/shot hole

scab

Fruit stock – Sulphur



Eighty-eight percent of sulphur applications were made for the control of unspecified mites, 6% for rust mites and 6% for

pear sucker.

10

Fruit stock – Insecticides





(ha)


Proportion of insecticide –treated area


treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Bifenthrin 110 1 0.33 0.15 6.00 volumetric

Chlorpyrifos 105 61 0.32 0.31 2.81 0.71

Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 66 7 0.20 0.11 5.00 1.00

Imidacloprid 19 65 0.06 0.16 1.00 granular

Cypermethrin 15 0 0.05 0.03 4.00 0.71

44%

26%

11%

11%

5%

3%

Figure 14 - Fruit stock - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009

pests

aphids

leaf curling midge/other pests

caterpillars

vine weevil

aphids/caterpillars

Fruit stock – Other pesticides Acaricides, with 91% of applications being used for gall mites and the remaining 9% for two-spotted spider mite, was the only other pesticide group recorded.

11

ROSES

• An estimated 324 hectares of roses were grown in Great Britain in 2009



• 4% of roses remained untreated

• Roses received on average 4 fungicides, 2 herbicides and 2 insecticide applications

• 43% of roses sampled were less than one year old, 50% were two years old and the remainder three years old or of mixed ages

• This group included field-grown roses only – container-grown roses are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Sulphur Molluscicides

Per

cent

ag

e o

f tot

al

Figure 15 - Usage of pesticides on roses in Great Britain - 2009

Area treated (ha)

Weight applied (kg)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Per

cent

ag

e o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 16 - Timing of pesticide applications made to roses in Great Britain - 2009

Fungicide

Herbicide

Insecticide

12

Roses – Herbicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Metazachlor 326 373 0.34 0.77 1.33 1.51

Isoxaben/terbuthylazine 152 75 0.16 0.33 1.44 1.00

Isoxaben 73 12 0.08 0.16 1.41 0.65

Oxadiazon 71 71 0.07 0.22 1.01 0.50

Clopyralid 67 6 0.07 0.14 1.45 0.46

Use of metazachlor appears to exceed the full label rate but although the average rate of application is at the upper end of the rate range for this product it is less than the maximum permitted rate of 2.5 litres of product/hectare.

73%

10%

10%6%

1%

Figure 17 - Roses - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009


grass weeds

broad-leaved weeds

thistles/other broad-leaved weeds

grass destruction

13

Roses – Fungicides

• Area treated: 1,496 hectares




(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)



Azoxystrobin 285 34 0.19 0.59 1.52 0.48

Carbendazim/flusilazole 216 20 0.14 0.33 2.06 0.31

Tebuconazole 184 22 0.12 0.31 1.84 0.47

Mancozeb 75 76 0.05 0.05 5.02 0.78

47%

29%

15%

9%

Figure 18 - Roses - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009


mildew/rust

black spot/mildew

mildew

Roses – Sulphur



Control of black spot and mildew was the only reason specified for the use of sulphur.

14

Roses – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Pirimicarb 224 32 0.31 0.40 1.76 volumetric

Cypermethrin 213 3 0.29 0.39 1.68 0.48

Dimethoate 105 40 0.14 0.15 2.23 0.93

Deltamethrin 66 1 0.09 0.16 1.24 volumetric


77%

23%

Figure 19 - Roses - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009

aphids

aphids/caterpillars

Roses – Other pesticides Molluscicides were the only other pesticide group recorded.

15

ORNAMENTAL TREES

• An estimated 1,745 hectares of ornamental trees were grown in Great Britain in 2009



• 9% of ornamental trees remained untreated

• Ornamental trees received on average 4 fungicides, 3 herbicides and 3 insecticide applications

• Ornamental trees in their establishment year received an average of 13 applications whilst established trees received an average of 8 applications each year

• Field-grown ornamental trees only – containerised trees are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90


Acaricides Sulphur Other pesticides

Per

cent

ag

e o

f tot

al

Figure 20 - Usage of pesticides on ornamental trees in Great Britain - 2009

Area treated (ha)

Weight applied (kg)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Per

cent

ag

e o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 21 - Timing of pesticide applications made to ornamental trees in Great Britain - 2009

Fungicide

Growth regulator

Herbicide

Insecticide

16

Ornamental trees – Herbicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Glyphosate 1,525 1,671 0.45 0.45 1.94 0.60

Metazachlor 494 473 0.15 0.24 1.19 0.89

Pendimethalin 361 437 0.11 0.18 1.15 0.64

Isoxaben 243 50 0.07 0.11 1.32 0.82

Propyzamide 211 253 0.06 0.09 1.34 0.74

93%

3%4%

Figure 22 - Ornamental trees - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009


grass weeds

broad-leaved weeds

17

Ornamental trees – Fungicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Potassium hydrogen carbonate 906 2,055 0.35 0.11 4.71 0.26

Azoxystrobin 824 206 0.32 0.13 3.59 1.00


Bupirimate 183 60 0.07 0.06 1.86 0.47

Penconazole 45 2 0.02 0.01 2.44 1.00

79%

15%

3% 1% 1%1%

Figure 23 - Ornamental trees - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009


mildew

mildew/scab

leaf spot

bacterial canker/shothole

other diseases

.

18

Ornamental trees – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Deltamethrin 634 5 0.43 0.10 3.67 0.99


Lambda-cyhalothrin 179 2 0.12 0.03 2.94 1.83


Chlorpyrifos 85 44 0.06 0.02 3.09 0.97

The high rate of application reported for lambda-cyhalothrin is possibly due to confusion over the correct categorisation of the individual crop being treated. The approved rates for the main lambda-cyhalothrin product vary between 50 ml/ha for forestry trees and 90 ml/ha for outdoor ornamental plant production. The maximum rate for the same product in some outdoor vegetable crops is 150 ml/ha. In the current survey most of the “higher rates” encountered on ornamental trees fall below the 90 ml/ha (source - LIAISON).

53%42%

4%

1%

Figure 24 - Ornamental trees - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009

unspecified pests

aphids

caterpillars

aphids/whitefly

Ornamental trees – Other pesticides Other pesticides, in particular carbonic acid diamide/urea and compost tea, were particularly important on this crop in terms of area treated, accounting for 10% and 3% of the total treated area respectively. In terms of weight applied, compost tea accounted for 73% of the total. The soil sterilant dazomet accounted for less than one percent of the total area treated but for 4% of the weight applied.

19

SHRUBS ETC.

• An estimated 395 hectares of shrubs etc. were grown in Great Britain in 2009



• 28% of shrubs etc. remained untreated

• Shrubs etc. received on average 4 herbicides, 3 fungicides and 2 insecticide applications

• Conifers were less intensively treated receiving a total of 5 applications

• This group included field-grown shrubs; conifers; and hedging plants – container-grown shrubs are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Acaricides Sulphur Molluscicides Other pesticides

Per

cent

ag

e o

f tot

al

Figure 25 - Usage of pesticides on shrubs etc. in Great Britain - 2009

Area treated (ha)

Weight applied (kg)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Per

cent

ag

e o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 26 -Timing of pesticide applications made to shrubs etc. in Great Britain - 2009

Fungicide

Herbicide

Insecticide

20

Shrubs etc. – Herbicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Glyphosate 292 308 0.38 0.43 1.72 0.61

Propyzamide 123 104 0.16 0.29 1.07 0.50

Isoxaben 105 20 0.14 0.23 1.16 0.77

Metazachlor 95 103 0.12 0.19 1.27 1.27

Tepraloxydim 35 2 0.05 0.08 1.04 0.83

Use of metazachlor appears to exceed the full label rate but although the average rate of application is at the upper end of the rate range for this product it is still less than the maximum rate of 2.5 litres of product/hectare.

78%

8%

6%4% 4%

Figure 27 - Shrubs - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009


grass weeds

mares tail

willowherb/other broad-leaved weeds

broad-leaved weeds

21

Shrubs etc. – Fungicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Bupirimate 138 39 0.20 0.17 2.02 0.41


Cyflufenamid 80 2 0.12 0.10 2.00 1.00

Carbendazim 48 19 0.07 0.03 3.80 0.64

Azoxystrobin 41 10 0.06 0.06 1.82 1.00

49%

47%

3% 1%

Figure 28 - Shrubs - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009


mildew

root rots

other disease control

22

Shrubs etc. – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)




Imidacloprid 18 1 0.08 0.03 1.50 1.00


Chlorpyrifos 9 7 0.04 0.01 2.07 volumetric

As with ornamental trees the high rate of application reported for lambda-cyhalothrin is possibly due to confusion over the correct categorisation of the individual crop in being treated. The approved rates for the main lambda-cyhalothrin product vary between 50 ml/ha for forestry trees and 90 ml/ha for outdoor ornamental plant production. The maximum rate for the same product in some outdoor vegetable crops is 150 ml/ha. In the current survey most of the “higher rates” encountered on shrubs etc. fall below the 90 ml/ha (source - LIAISON).

50%

41%

4% 3% 2%

Figure 29 - Shrubs - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009

aphids

pests

caterpillars

red spider mite

aphids/caterpillars

The control of red spider mite may seem an inappropriate reason for using an insecticide. However, some insecticides have both acaricidal and insecticidal properties. Where growers had specified red spider mite as a reason for use this could have included the control of either the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) or the fruit-tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi). Shrubs etc. – Other pesticides The soil sterilant dazomet was the principal other pesticide recorded, accounting for one percent of the total treated area but, because of the relatively high rates of this active substance, 82% of the weight applied.

23

HERBACEOUS PLANTS

• An estimated 367 hectares of herbaceous plants were grown in Great Britain in 2009



• 56% of herbaceous plants remained untreated

• Herbaceous plants received on average 3 herbicides, 1 fungicide and 1 insecticide application

• This group included field-grown herbaceous plants only – container-grown herbaceous plants are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section

• Wallflowers accounted for 62% of the total area of herbaceous plants grown

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Other pesticides

Per

cent

ag

e o

f tot

al

Figure 30 - Usage of pesticides on herbaceous plants in Great Britain - 2009

Area treated (ha)

Weight applied (kg)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Per

cent

ag

e o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 31 - Timing of pesticide applications made to herbaceous plants in Great Britain - 2009

Fungicide

Herbicide

Insecticide

24

Herbaceous plants – Herbicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Glyphosate 203 212 0.48 0.18 3.05 0.62

Chlorthal-dimethyl 90 116 0.21 0.21 1.17 0.10

Trifluralin 63 55 0.15 0.17 1.00 0.78

Carfentrazone-ethyl 26 1 0.06 0.04 2.00 0.80

Metazachlor 23 17 0.05 0.06 1.01 0.61

88%

9% 3%

Figure 32 - Herbaceous plants - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009


broad-leaved weeds

nettles

25

Herbaceous plants – Fungicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Iprodione 200 69 0.22 0.21 2.57 volumetric

Mancozeb 163 146 0.18 0.11 4.00 0.66

Prochloraz/propiconazole 163 39 0.18 0.11 4.00 0.49

Unspecified fungicides 163 0 0.18 0.11 4.00 -

Azoxystrobin 75 19 0.08 0.10 2.00 1.00

73%

12%

11%4%

Figure 33 - Herbaceous plants - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009


mildew

rust

root rots

26

Herbaceous plants – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Cypermethrin 200 5 0.48 0.21 2.57 0.91

Deltamethrin 90 1 0.22 0.14 1.79 0.81

Lambda-cyhalothrin 74 <1 0.18 0.10 2.00 1.00


Imidacloprid 22 37 0.05 0.06 1.00 1.00

36%

32%

12%

11%

5% 4%

Figure 34 - Herbaceous plants - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009

caterpillars

aphids/caterpillars

aphids

leaf miners

vine weevil

unspecified pests

27

MIXED CROPPING

• There was an estimated 1,136 hectares of mixed cropping in Great Britain in 2009



• 14% of mixed cropping remained untreated

• Mixed cropping received on average 3 fungicides, 2 herbicides, 2 insecticides and 1 “other pesticide” application

• Mixed cropping less than one year old received an average of 10 applications whilst those over a year old received an average of 4 applications each year

• This group included a wide range of container-grown stock, including herbaceous perennials; native and ornamental trees; shrubs; and specimen trees.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40



Per

cent

ag

e o

f tot

al

Figure 35 - Usage of pesticides on mixed cropping in Great Britain - 2009

Area treated (ha)

Weight applied (kg)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


Per

cent

ag

e o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 36 -Timing of pesticide applications made to mixed cropping in Great Britain -2009

Acaricide

Fungicide

Growth regulator

Herbicide

Insecticide

28

Mixed cropping – Herbicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Oxadiazon 499 1,314 0.31 0.28 1.57 0.78

Glyphosate 450 668 0.28 0.25 1.60 0.86

Isoxaben 310 71 0.20 0.17 1.62 0.91

Glufosinate-ammonium 107 53 0.07 0.06 1.68 0.84

Metazachlor 60 66 0.04 0.05 1.11 0.87

88%

7%

2% 1%1%

1%

Figure 37 - Mixed cropping - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009


willowherb/ other broad-leaved weeds

bittercress/other broad-leaved weeds

liverworts/mosses

grass weeds

other weed species

29

Mixed cropping – Fungicides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Azoxystrobin 314 58 0.25 0.07 4.10 0.74


Prochloraz 113 49 0.09 0.03 3.36 0.79

Chlorothalonil 85 67 0.07 0.04 2.00 0.36

Kresoxim-methyl 66 10 0.05 0.01 5.04 1.01

33%

12%

9%8%

7%

7%

6%

18%

Figure 38 - Mixed cropping - Reasons for use of fungicides (where given) - 2009

unspecified mildews


bacterial canker/shothole

botrytis

powdery mildew

mildew/scab

downy mildew

other diseases

30

Mixed cropping – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)



Chlorpyrifos 169 883 0.17 0.14 1.04 0.40

Fipronil 107 16 0.11 0.10 1.01 granular

Thiacloprid 103 434 0.10 0.09 1.03 0.51

Imidacloprid 50 150 0.05 0.04 1.04 granular

53%

23%

12%

8%

2% 2%

Figure 39 - Mixed cropping - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009

aphids

caterpillars

vine weevil

unspecified pests

red spider mite

other pests

The control of red spider mite may seem an inappropriate reason for using an insecticide. However, some insecticides have both acaricidal and insecticidal properties. Where growers had specified red spider mite as a reason for use this could have included the control of either the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) or the fruit-tree red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi).

Mixed cropping – Other pesticides Other pesticides, including surface cleaners, biological control agents and physical control agents, accounted for 6% of the total area treated. Molluscicides comprised a further 6%, growth regulators 2%, acaricides one percent and sulphur less than one percent. In terms of weight applied, the physical control agent, compost tea, accounted for 27% of the total. The main biological control agent, Steinernema feltiae, used principally for sciarid fly control, accounted for 64% of the area treated with biological control agents.

31

CHRISTMAS TREES

• An estimated 10,000 hectares of Christmas trees were grown in Great Britain in 2009 (BCTGA figures)



• 23% of Christmas trees remained untreated

• Christmas trees received on average 2 herbicides and 1 insecticide application

• There was no recorded usage of fungicides

• This group included field-grown Christmas trees only – container-grown Christmas trees are reported in the ‘mixed cropping’ section

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Insecticides Herbicides Growth regulators

Acaricides Sulphur Other pesticides

Per

cent

ag

e o

f tot

al

Figure 40 - Usage of pesticides on Christmas trees in Great Britain - 2009

Area treated (ha)

Weight applied (kg)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Per

cent

ag

e o

f app

lica

tions

Figure 41 - Timing of pesticide applications made to Christmas trees in Great Britain - 2009

Acaricide

Herbicide

Insecticide

32

Christmas trees – Herbicides





(ha)



treated area


treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Glyphosate 10,246 10,922 0.60 0.63 1.62 0.32

Propyzamide 2,627 1,699 0.15 0.26 1.00 0.43

Pendimethalin 2,436 3,473 0.14 0.24 1.00 0.71

Cycloxydim 610 275 0.04 0.06 1.00 1.00

Metazachlor 367 416 0.02 0.04 1.00 1.38

Use of metazachlor appears to exceed the full label rate but although the average rate of application is at the upper end of the rate range for this product it is still less than the maximum rate of 2.5 litres of product/hectare.

82%

7%

4% 3% 2%1% 1%

Figure 42 - Christmas trees - Reasons for use of herbicides (where given) - 2009


broad-leaved weeds

thistles/other broad-leaved weeds

nettles

grass weeds

brambles

other weed species

33

Christmas trees – Insecticides





(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Pirimicarb 1,372 200 0.43 0.10 1.34 volumetric


Flonicamid 266 9 0.08 0.01 2.62 0.47

Cypermethrin 257 8 0.08 0.03 1.00 0.98


As with ornamental trees and shrubs etc. the high rate of application reported for lambda-cyhalothrin is possibly due to confusion over the correct categorisation of the individual crop being treated. The approved rates for the main lambda-cyhalothrin product vary between 50 ml/ha for forestry trees and 90 ml/ha for outdoor ornamental plant production. The maximum rate for the same product in some outdoor vegetable crops is 150 ml/ha. In the current survey one of the “higher rates” encountered on Christmas trees is 150 ml/ha (source - LIAISON).

84%

10%

3% 2% 1%

Figure 43 - Christmas trees - Reasons for use of insecticides (where given) - 2009

aphids

spruce aphid

giant fir aphid

red spider mite

spinning mite

The control of mites may seem an inappropriate reason for using an insecticide. However, some insecticides have both

acaricidal and insecticidal properties. Although red spider mite was one the reasons specified by growers it is likely that

the mite species targeted was the conifer spinning mite (Oligonychus ununguis).

34

Christmas trees – Acaricides



• The three active substances recorded were:


(ha)




treated

Average number of

applications (where

applied)


Clofentezine 724 158 0.87 0.07 1.00 1.09

Fenpyroximate 81 4 0.10 0.01 1.23 0.43

Tebufenpyrad 29 <1 0.03 0.00 1.00 0.10

53%39%

7%

1%

Figure 44 - Christmas trees - Reasons for use of acaricides (where given) - 2009

unspecified mites

rsm

rust mites

spinning mite

Although red spider mite was one the reasons specified by growers it is likely that the mite species targeted was the

conifer spinning mite (Oligonychus ununguis). Christmas trees – Sulphur The use of sulphur accounted for 5% of the total area treated and 23% of the weight applied. Sixty-seven percent of applications were made for the control of rust mite, the remainder for conifer spinning mite. Although not an acaricide, sulphur is used on a number of crops, including Christmas trees, where under certain environmental conditions it does have an acaricidal effect.

Christmas trees – Other pesticides

1-napthylacetic acid was the only growth regulator recorded. The use of Chrysoperla carnea, for aphid control, was the

only biological control agent recorded.

35

APPENDIX 1 – DETAILED APPLICATION TABLES

Table 1 Area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain (2009)

Crop group East Midlands

Eastern London & South East

North East North West South West West Midlands

Yorkshire & the Humber

Wales Scotland Great Britain

Fruit stock . 47 13 . . 18 25 . . 17 120

Roses 116 122 1 . 31 . 30 9 . 12 321

Ornamental trees 135 84 732 . 28 89 46 325 12 294 1,745

Shrubs etc. 6 26 78 . 5 114 103 11 5 47 395

Herbaceous plants 45 84 98 5 32 51 26 25 . 1 367

Mixed cropping 91 427 221 12 96 96 72 34 11 60 1,120

Christmas trees 860 922 1,052 15 243 789 1,261 359 500 4,001 10,000

All crops 1,253 1,712 2,195 32 435 1,157 1,563 763 528 4,432 14,068

36

Table 2 Treated area of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 by crop group (spray hectares)

Chemical group Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops

Insecticides & nematicides 332 733 1,487 225 414 1,018 3,208 7,418

Fungicides 344 1,496 2,605 680 910 1,254 . 7,289

Herbicides 294 970 3,388 771 367 1,588 17,176 24,555

Growth regulators . . 3 . . 97 175 274

Acaricides 98 . 3 3 . 43 833 980

Sulphur 74 81 2 7 . 7 1,044 1,214

Molluscicides & repellents . 1 . 1 . 251 . 253

Other pesticides . . 1,086 12 1 283 127 1,508

All pesticides 1,143 3,281 8,574 1,698 1,692 4,540 22,563 43,492

Table 2a Weight of pesticides applied to hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 by crop group (kg of active substance)

Chemical group Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops

Insecticides & nematicides 138 88 125 13 47 1,538 331 2,280

Fungicides 92 309 2,453 230 329 1,349 . 4,762

Herbicides 399 837 3,375 671 375 2,569 17,736 25,961

Growth regulators . . 2 . . 118 47 167

Acaricides 5 . <1 <1 . 1 162 169

Sulphur 97 390 4 26 . 43 5,355 5,917

Molluscicides & repellents . <1 . 1 . 83 . 84

Other pesticides . . 24,991 4,335 <1 2,688 <1 32,014

All pesticides 731 1,624 30,950 5,276 752 8,389 23,631 71,354

37

Table 3 Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 - percentage area of crops treated with pesticides

Crop group Insecticides Acaricides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides Molluscicides Other Not

& repellents pesticides treated

Fruit stock 54.4 27 41 25.6 77.8 . . 22

Roses 81.1 . 88.6 18.9 94.9 0.2 . 3.8

Ornamental trees 14.6 0.3 16 0.1 74.6 < 0.1 1.9 9.2

Shrubs etc. 10 1 25 0.6 57.5 0.2 3 28

Herbaceous plants 12.4 . 5.1 . 32.3 . 0.1 56

Mixed cropping 43.1 1.4 14 1 53.1 10 17.6 14

Christmas trees 20 7 . 4.2 73.2 . 1.2 23.1

All crops (weighted mean) 22 5 6 4 71 1 1 22

Table 4a Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 - number of spray rounds1 applied to treated crops (excluding seed treatments)

Insecticides Acaricides Fungicides Sulphur Herbicides Molluscicides Other All

& repellents pesticides pesticides

Fruit stock 3.4 1 5 0.6 2.1 . . 9

Roses 2.3 . 3.7 0.2 2.4 < 0.1 . 6.6

Ornamental trees 2.5 0.1 3.9 0.1 2.7 < 0.1 0.4 8.7

Shrubs etc. 1.5 < 0.1 3.2 0.1 3.8 < 0.1 < 0.1 8

Herbaceous plants 1.2 . 1.2 . 3.2 . 0.2 5.1

Mixed cropping 2 0.1 3 < 0.1 2.4 < 0.1 0.6 8

Christmas trees 0.8 0.1 . 0.4 1.6 . 0.1 2.9

All crops (weighted mean) 1.8 0.1 2.3 0.2 2.4 0.1 0.3 6.6

1indicates number of pesticide application occasions and may include applications of molluscicide granules or incorporation of insecticide granules in compost, as well as sprays

38

Table 4b Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 - number of products (other than seed treatments) applied to treated crops, including repeat applications of the same product



Fruit stock 3.7 1 5 0.6 3.1 . . 13

Roses 2.3 . 4.5 0.2 3.4 < 0.1 . 10.4

Ornamental trees 2.8 0.1 4 0.1 3.8 < 0.1 0.4 11.3

Shrubs etc. 1.5 < 0.1 3.3 0.1 5.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 10

Herbaceous plants 1.4 . 1.8 . 3.6 . 0.2 7

Mixed cropping 2 0.1 3 < 0.1 2.7 < 0.1 0.6 9

Christmas trees 0.8 0.1 . 0.4 1.8 . 0.1 3.2

All crops (weighted mean) 1.9 0.1 2.5 0.2 3 0.1 0.3 8.2

Table 4c Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain 2009 - number of active substances (other than seed treatments) applied to treated crops, including repeat applications of the same active substance



Fruit stock 4.2 1 5 0.6 3.2 . . 13

Roses 2.4 . 5.1 0.2 3.9 < 0.1 . 11.6

Ornamental trees 3.2 0.1 4.2 0.1 4 < 0.1 0.4 12

Shrubs etc. 1.7 < 0.1 3.6 0.1 5.2 < 0.1 < 0.1 11

Herbaceous plants 1.4 . 2.7 . 3.6 . 0.2 7.9

Mixed cropping 2 0.1 3 < 0.1 2.8 < 0.1 0.6 9

Christmas trees 0.8 0.1 . 0.4 1.9 . 0.1 3.3

All crops (weighted mean) 1.9 0.1 2.7 0.2 3.1 0.1 0.3 8.6

39

Table 5 Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (spray hectares) 1

Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Fungicides Azoxystrobin 8 285 824 41 75 314 . 1,547 Boscalid/pyraclostrobin . . 20 33 26 2 . 81 Bupirimate 92 74 183 138 . 33 . 519 Carbendazim . 4 11 48 . 42 . 105 Carbendazim/flusilazole . 216 21 19 . 3 . 258 Chlorothalonil . . 20 35 1 85 . 140 Copper oxychloride 9 . 31 15 . 34 . 89 Cyflufenamid . . . 80 . 6 . 86 Fenpropimorph 24 17 5 14 . . . 59 Flusilazole . 52 . . . 1 . 53 Iprodione . . 1 7 200 64 . 272 Kresoxim-methyl 37 . 1 7 . 66 . 110 Mancozeb 74 75 1 . 163 . . 314 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M . 22 1 1 54 34 . 112 Myclobutanil 76 446 505 126 . 207 . 1,360 Penconazole . 4 45 37 . 5 . 90 Potassium hydrogen carbonate 16 25 906 5 . 39 . 991 Prochloraz . . 5 20 . 113 . 139 Prochloraz/propiconazole . . . . 163 1 . 165 Propiconazole . 39 . 8 . 32 . 78 Tebuconazole . 184 5 . 26 3 . 218 Unspecified fungicides . . 0 . 163 . . 163 Other fungicides2 11 51 21 49 37 169 . 338 All fungicides 344 1,496 2,605 680 910 1,254 . 7,289

Sulphur 74 81 2 7 . 7 1,044 1,214

1Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides 2Other fungicides include azoxystrobin/fenpropimorph, Bacillus subtilis, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl/mancozeb, captan, cupric ammonium carbonate, cymoxanil/mancozeb, cyprodinil/fludioxonil, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, dithianon, fenarimol, fenpropidin, fenpropidin/fenpropimorph, fosetyl-aluminium, mandipropamid, mepanipyrim, metalaxyl-M, oxycarboxin, propamocarb hydrochloride, proquinazid, pyrimethanil, quinoxyfen, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, tolclofos-methyl and trifloxystrobin.

40

Table 5 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (spray hectares)

Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants

Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops

Herbicides

2,4-D . . 107 . . 4 51 162

Chlorthal-dimethyl . . . . 90 . . 90

Clopyralid 31 67 42 8 13 . 67 229

Cycloxydim . . . . . . 610 610

Diquat 31 10 17 10 . 40 . 108

Glufosinate-ammonium 1 29 112 30 . 107 . 279

Glyphosate 29 46 1,525 292 177 450 10,246 12,764

Isoxaben 24 73 243 105 . 310 98 854

Isoxaben/terbuthylazine . 152 105 . . . . 257

MCPA . . 3 12 . . 124 139

Mecoprop-P . . . . . . 305 305

Metazachlor 9 326 494 95 23 60 367 1,375

Napropamide 2 . 8 7 . 26 51 94

Oxadiazon 40 71 74 31 . 499 87 802

Pendimethalin 36 30 361 1 . 18 2,436 2,882

Phenmedipham 24 27 . . . . 2 53

Propyzamide 18 54 211 123 1 . 2,627 3,033

Tepraloxydim . 4 13 35 . 3 . 54

Trifluralin . . . . 63 . . 63

Other herbicides1 50 81 74 22 1 69 104 401

All herbicides 294 970 3,388 771 367 1,588 17,176 24,555

1Other herbicides include 2,4-D/dicamba/triclopyr, amitrole, amitrole/2,4-D/diuron, atrazine, carbetamide/diflufenican/oxadiazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, clopyralid/triclopyr, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop-P, dicamba/mecoprop-P, dichlobenil, diflufenican/trifluralin, diquat/paraquat, diuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop-P-butyl, flufenacet/metribuzin, isoxaben/trifluralin, lenacil, linuron, MCPB, metamitron, paraquat, propachlor, propaquizafop, tebutam and triclopyr.

41


Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Chri stmas trees All crops

Insecticides Acetamiprid . . . . . 26 86 112 Bifenthrin 110 . 24 . 1 45 88 268 Chlorpyrifos 105 . 85 9 . 169 55 423 Cypermethrin 15 213 31 8 200 39 257 763 Deltamethrin 1 66 634 94 90 49 816 1,749 Dimethoate . 105 23 . . 10 90 227 Fipronil . . . . . 107 . 107 Flonicamid . 42 21 3 . . 266 333 Imidacloprid 19 . 4 18 22 50 . 112 Lambda-cyhalothrin . 2 179 69 74 46 139 509 Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 66 48 134 5 . . . 252 Pirimicarb 8 224 273 16 27 298 1,372 2,217 Pymetrozine . . 30 . . 39 . 70 Thiacloprid 8 34 48 5 . 103 8 206 Other insecticides1 . . . . . 37 31 69 All insecticides 332 733 1,487 225 414 1,018 3,208 7,418 Acaricides Abamectin 24 . . 1 . 35 . 59 Clofentezine . . . . . . 724 724 Fenpyroximate 8 . . . . . 81 89 Tebufenpyrad 67 . 3 2 . 3 29 104 Other acaricides2 . . . . . 4 . 4 All acaricides 98 . 3 3 . 43 833 980

1Other insecticides & nematicides include alpha-cypermethrin, diflubenzuron, fatty acids, malathion, nicotine, oxamyl, permethrin, pyrethrins, spinosad, spiromesifen, teflubenzuron and triazamate. 2Other acaricides include bifenazate and fenbutatin oxide.

42


Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Molluscicides & repellents Ferric phosphate . . . . . 75 . 75 Metaldehyde . . . . . 175 . 175 Other molluscicides & repellents1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 All molluscicides & repellents . 1 . 1 . 251 . 253 Growth regulators 1-naphthylacetic acid . . . . . . 175 175 Daminozide . . . . . 47 . 47 Paclobutrazol . . . . . 48 . 48 Other growth regulators2 . . 3 . . 1 . 4 All growth regulators . . 3 . . 97 175 274 Soil sterilants Other soil sterilants3 . . 3 12 . 1 . 15 All soil sterilants . . 3 12 . 1 . 15 Tar oils/acids Other tar oils/acids4 . . . . . <1 . <1 All tar oils/acids . . . . . <1 . <1

1Other molluscicides & repellents include aluminium ammonium sulphate/di-1-p-menthene, calcium chloride, methiocarb and unspecified molluscicides.

2Other growth regulators included chlormequat.

3Other soil sterilants included dazomet 4Other tar oils/acids included tar acids

43


Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Surface cleaners Quinoclamin . . . . . 86 . 86 All surface cleaners . . . . . 86 . 86 Disinfectants Other disinfectants1 . . . . . 19 . 19 All disinfectants . . . . . 19 . 19 Algicides Other algicides2 . . . . . 11 . 11 All algicides . . . . . 11 . 11 Growth stimulants Compost tea . . 225 . . 28 . 253 Other growth stimulants3 . . . . 1 1 . 1 All growth stimulants . . 225 . 1 29 . 254 Physical control agents Carbonic acid diamide/urea . . 858 . . 46 . 904 Other physical control agents4 . . . . . 19 . 19 All physical control agents . . 858 . . 64 . 923 Biological control agents Chrysoperla carnea . . . . . . 127 127 Steinernema feltiae . . . . . 46 . 46 Other biological control agents5 . . . . . 25 . 25 All biological control agents . . . . . 72 127 199 Anti transpirants Other anti transpirants6 . . . . . 1 . 1 All anti transpirants . . . . . 1 . 1 1Other disinfectants included dichlorophen and peroxyacetic acid

2Other algicides included benzalkonium chloride

3Other growth stimulants included plant extracts

4Other physical control agents include dodecylphenol ethoxylate, garlic and maltodextrin.

5Other biological control agents include Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, Heterorhabditis megidis, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Steinernema kraussei.

6Other anti-transpirants included di-1-P-menthene

44

Table 6 Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (kg of active substance used) 1

Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Fungicides Azoxystrobin 2 34 206 10 19 58 . 329 Boscalid/pyraclostrobin . . 12 16 9 1 . 38 Bupirimate 13 16 60 39 . 6 . 134 Carbendazim . 2 4 19 . 10 . 35 Carbendazim/flusilazole . 20 4 4 . <0.1 . 28 Chlorothalonil . . 35 58 1 67 . 160 Copper oxychloride 8 . 24 23 . 24 . 78 Cyflufenamid . . . 2 . <0.1 . 2 Fenpropimorph 18 11 2 5 . . . 36 Flusilazole . 7 . . . <0.1 . 7 Iprodione . . <0.1 1 69 17 . 87 Kresoxim-methyl 2 . <0.1 1 . 10 . 13 Mancozeb 20 76 2 . 146 1 . 246 Mancozeb/metalaxyl-M . 26 1 2 37 20 . 85 Myclobutanil 6 20 38 12 . 27 . 102 Penconazole . <0.1 2 2 . <0.1 . 5 Potassium hydrogen carbonate 9 38 2,055 16 . 269 . 2,388 Prochloraz . . 3 10 . 49 . 61 Prochloraz/propiconazole . . . . 39 <0.1 . 40 Propiconazole . 5 <0.1 1 . 4 . 10 Tebuconazole . 22 1 . 3 1 . 26 Unspecified fungicides . . . . <0.1 . . <0.1 Other fungicides2 15 31 7 10 6 783 . 851 All fungicides 92 309 2,453 230 329 1,349 . 4,762

Sulphur 97 390 4 26 . 43 5,355 5,917

1Throughout all tables, “Other” refers to chemicals grouped together because they were applied to less than 0.1% of the total area treated with pesticides 2Other fungicides include azoxystrobin/fenpropimorph, Bacillus subtilis, benthiavalicarb-isopropyl/mancozeb, captan, cupric ammonium carbonate, cymoxanil/mancozeb, cyprodinil/fludioxonil, difenoconazole, dimethomorph, dithianon, fenarimol, fenpropidin, fenpropidin/fenpropimorph, fosetyl-aluminium, mandipropamid, mepanipyrim, metalaxyl-M, oxycarboxin, propamocarb hydrochloride, proquinazid, pyrimethanil, quinoxyfen, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, tolclofos-methyl and trifloxystrobin.

45

Table 6 (cont.) Usage of pesticides on hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in Great Britain, 2009 (kg of active substance used)

Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants

Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops

Herbicides

2,4-D . . 150 . . 5 61 216

Chlorthal-dimethyl . . . . 116 2 . 118

Clopyralid 2 6 8 1 1 . 9 26

Cycloxydim . . . . . . 275 275

Diquat 10 4 10 4 . 19 . 48

Glufosinate-ammonium 1 21 58 18 . 53 . 151

Glyphosate 43 60 1,671 308 184 668 10,922 13,855

Isoxaben 5 12 50 20 . 71 16 173

Isoxaben/terbuthylazine . 75 52 . . . . 127

MCPA . . 5 15 . . 160 180

Mecoprop-P . . . . . . 379 379

Metazachlor 11 373 473 103 17 66 416 1,458

Napropamide 4 . 21 23 . 75 156 279

Oxadiazon 102 71 94 51 . 1,314 103 1,735

Pendimethalin 48 46 437 2 . 26 3,473 4,032

Phenmedipham 11 3 . . . . 2 16

Propyzamide 31 66 253 104 1 . 1,699 2,154

Tepraloxydim . <0.1 1 2 . <0.1 . 3

Trifluralin . . . . 55 . . 55

Other herbicides1 131 98 92 21 2 269 68 680

All herbicides 399 837 3,375 671 375 2,569 17,736 25,961

1Other herbicides include 2,4-D/dicamba/triclopyr, amitrole, amitrole/2,4-D/diuron, atrazine, carbetamide/diflufenican/oxadiazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, clopyralid/triclopyr, dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop-P, dicamba/mecoprop-P, dichlobenil, diflufenican/trifluralin, diquat/paraquat, diuron, flazasulfuron, florasulam, fluazifop-P-butyl, flufenacet/metribuzin, isoxaben/trifluralin, lenacil, linuron, MCPB, metamitron, paraquat, propachlor, propaquizafop, tebutam and triclopyr.

46


Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops

Insecticides Acetamiprid . . . . . 2 5 7 Bifenthrin 1 . <0.1 . <0.1 4 1 7 Chlorpyrifos 61 . 44 7 . 883 19 1,014 Cypermethrin <0.1 3 1 <0.1 5 1 8 18 Deltamethrin <0.1 1 5 1 1 1 5 12 Dimethoate . 40 9 . . 1 22 72 Fipronil . . . . . 16 . 16 Flonicamid . 3 2 <0.1 . . 9 14 Imidacloprid 65 . <0.1 1 37 150 . 254 Lambda-cyhalothrin . <0.1 2 1 <0.1 1 1 4 Lambda-cyhalothrin/pirimicarb 7 5 14 1 . . . 26 Pirimicarb 2 32 39 2 4 37 200 317 Pymetrozine . . 6 . . 6 . 12 Thiacloprid 1 5 3 1 . 434 1 444 Other insecticides1 . . . . . 4 59 63 All insecticides 138 88 125 13 47 1,538 331 2,280 Acaricides Abamectin <0.1 . . <0.1 . <0.1 . <0.1 Clofentezine . . . . . . 158 158 Fenpyroximate 1 . . . . . 4 4 Tebufenpyrad 4 . <0.1 <0.1 . <0.1 <0.1 5 Other acaricides2 . . . . . <0.1 . <0.1 All acaricides 5 . <0.1 <0.1 . 1 162 169

1Other insecticides & nematicides include alpha-cypermethrin, diflubenzuron, fatty acids, malathion, nicotine, oxamyl, permethrin, pyrethrins, spinosad, spiromesifen, teflubenzuron and triazamate. 2Other acaricides include bifenazate and fenbutatin oxide.

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Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Molluscicides & repellents Ferric phosphate . . . . . 3 . 3 Metaldehyde . . . . . 80 . 80 Other molluscicides & repellents1 . <0.1 . 1 . <0.1 . 1 All molluscicides & repellents . <0.1 . 1 . 83 . 84 Growth regulators 1-naphthylacetic acid . . . . . . 47 47 Daminozide . . . . . 113 . 113 Paclobutrazol . . . . . <0.1 . <0.1 Other growth regulators2 . . 2 . . 5 . 7 All growth regulators . . 2 . . 118 47 167 Soil sterilants Other soil sterilants3 . . 1,151 4,335 . 11 . 5,498 All soil sterilants . . 1,151 4,335 . 11 . 5,498 Tar oils/acids Other tar oils/acids4 . . . . . <1 . <1 All tar oils/acids . . . . . <1 . <1

1Other molluscicides & repellents include aluminium ammonium sulphate/di-1-p-menthene, calcium chloride, methiocarb and unspecified molluscicides.

2Other growth regulators included chlormequat.

3Other soil sterilants included dazomet 4Other tar oils/acids included tar acids

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Fruit stock Roses Ornamental trees Shrubs etc. Herbaceous plants Mixed cropping Christmas trees All crops Surface cleaners Quinoclamin . . . . . 184 . 184 All surface cleaners . . . . . 184 . 184 Disinfectants Other disinfectants1 . . . . . 21 . 21 All disinfectants . . . . . 21 . 21 Algicides Other algicides2 . . . . . 54 . 54 All algicides . . . . . 54 . 54 Growth stimulants Compost tea . . 22,495 . . 2,282 . 24,777 Other growth stimulants3 . . . . <0.1 <0.1 . 1 All growth stimulants . . 22,495 . <0.1 2,283 . 24,778 Physical control agents Carbonic acid diamide/urea . . 1,344 . . 96 . 1,440 Other physical control agents4 . . . . . 36 . 36 All physical control agents . . 1,344 . . 132 . 1,476 Biological control agents Other biological control agents5 . . . . . <1 <0.1 <1 All biological control agents . . . . . <1 <0.1 <1 Anti transpirants Other anti transpirants6 . . . . . 2 . 2 All anti transpirants . . . . . 2 . 2

1Other disinfectants included dichlorophen and peroxyacetic acid

2Other algicides included benzalkonium chloride

3Other growth stimulants included plant extracts

4Other physical control agents include dodecylphenol ethoxylate, garlic and maltodextrin.

5Other biological control agents included Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki

6Other anti-transpirants included di-1-P-menthene

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Table 7 Comparison of pesticide usage on hardy ornamental nursery stock 1997 - 2009, area treated (ha) and amount used (kg)

1997 2001 2005 2009

ha kg ha kg ha kg ha kg

Acaricides 5,432 1,476 1,948 294 1,158 171 980 169

Insecticides

Benzoylureas 20 1 56 157 158 17 19 1

Carbamates 3,652 1,022 3,125 770 2,994 512 2,217 318

Organochlorines 625 426 44 21 . . . .

Organophosphates 5,283 6,901 3,289 7,019 3,142 4,176 682 1,145

Pyrethroids 3,514 66 2,522 44 4,400 73 3,292 42

Other insecticides 292 78 1,422 380 1,791 735 1,208 774

Total – all insecticides 13,387 8,493 10,460 8,391 12,484 5,513 7,418 2,280

Registered biological control agents 47 12 < 1 < 1 62 1 9 <1

Fungicides 22,303 20,322 17,948 13,403 17,049 24,225 7,289 4,762

Sulphur 69 526 804 2,257 2,577 6,394 1,214 5,917

Growth regulators 128 535 9 10 336 222 274 167

Herbicides 25,062 28,126 21,032 21,995 28,003 27,643 24,555 25,961

Molluscicides & repellents 236 700 400 169 183 97 251 83

Nematicides 8 1,995 2 576 . . . .

Soil sterilants 95 52,164 43 20,482 88 41,471 15 5,498

Tar oils/acids 39 1,868 41 2,994 1 12 <1 <1

Fungicide/insecticides 7 2 . . 25 1 . .

Urea 7 4 18 36 78 98 . .

Disinfectants 31 360 69 755 57 691 19 21

Algicides . . . . 7 25 11 54

Other registered pesticides 51 1 62 11 . . 4 16

Total - all registered pesticides 66,870 116,223 52,768 70,616 62,118 106,616 42,125 45,113

Non-registered biological control agents 32 . 101 . 764 . 190 .

Other non-registered pesticides 124 357 200 412 851 13,147 1,263 26,605

Area grown 8,706 7,806 7,697 14,087

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APPENDIX 3 – DEFINITIONS a) 'Pesticide' is used throughout this report to include commercial formulations containing active substances of insecticides, acaricides, molluscicides, fungicides, herbicides, desiccants, soil sterilants, nematicides, growth regulators, sulphur, urea or tar oils/acids, registered under the Control of Pesticides Regulations (as amended) 1986, or under further regulations implementing the EC Council Directive 91/414/EEC.

b) 'Treated area' is the gross area treated with a pesticide, including all repeated applications, some of which may have been applied to the land in preparation for drilling and thus may appear as an inappropriate use on that crop.

c) 'Reason for application' indicated is the grower's stated reason for use of that particular pesticide on that crop and may not always seem entirely appropriate.

d) Where individual pesticides are mentioned in the text, they are listed in descending order of use by hectares treated.

e) ‘Mixed cropping’ includes all container-grown plants as recorded on the June 2009 Agricultural Census. With the exception of fruit stock, all other crops were grown in field situations.

f) Common and Latin names for pests, weeds and diseases are usually taken as those used by Scopes & Stables (1989).

g) Pesticides classed as insecticides may have some acaricidal activity, but are mainly used against insect pests. Similarly, pesticides classed as acaricides may be active against some insect pests, but are principally used against mites.

h) The term “formulation(s)” used within the text is used here to describe either single active substances or mixtures of active substances contained within an individual product. It does not refer to any of the solvents, pH modifiers or adjuvants also contained within a product that contribute to its efficacy.

i) ‘Other pesticides’ includes surface cleaners, disinfectants, growth stimulants, anti-transpirants and other chemicals, not registered as pesticides, but which were seen as important in the production of hardy ornamental nursery stock, and in some cases, were employed as physical control agents, defoliants or to control mosses and liverworts. j) Active substances used on less than 0.1% of the treated area and associated with higher standard errors can be found within the footnotes of tables 5 & 6. They are grouped as “Other fungicides”, Other herbicides”, “Other insecticides” etc.

k) For the purposes of this survey, hardy ornamental nursery stock includes all plants grown for re-sale to growers and gardeners. In most cases this is for re-planting in garden, forestry and amenity situations, the most notable exception being the sale of Christmas trees.

l) The term “volumetric” contained within the principal active substance tables refers to the use of a product whose rate/hectare varies depending upon the volume of water in which it is applied. As such it is not possible to compare the actual rate of application with a fixed recommended rate and this rate has not been displayed. m) The term “granular” contained within the principal active substance tables refers to the use of an incorporated product for container-grown plants. The rate/hectare varies depending upon the capacity and dimensions of the containers used. As such it is not possible to compare the actual rate of application with a fixed recommended rate and this rate has not been displayed.

ROUNDING Due to rounding of figures, the sum of constituent items in the tables may not agree exactly with the totals given.

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APPENDIX 4 - METHODS

The samples of holdings to be surveyed were selected using data from the Agricultural Census Returns for England & Wales, June 2008 and for Scotland, June 2008 (Anon., 2009a) based on the distribution of hardy ornamental nursery stock in Great Britain.

The samples were drawn so as to represent the area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown throughout England, Scotland and Wales. For England & Wales, the sample was selected within each of the six former DEFRA regions (Fig. 1) and in Scotland the country was divided into 11 land use regions (Wood, 1931). The samples were stratified according to the total area of all hardy ornamental nursery stock grown in each region and by holding size group based on the total area of hardy ornamental nursery stock grown on each holding.

For the purposes of this survey, the total area of hardy ornamental nursery stock was taken as the sum of the areas of the following crops: fruit stock, roses, ornamental trees, shrubs etc., herbaceous plants, mixed cropping (primarily container-grown stock) and Christmas trees.

An introductory letter was sent to the occupiers of the selected holdings explaining the purpose of the survey. A total of 272 holdings was visited during the winter of 2009/2010 and data collected during a personal interview with the grower, conducted by an experienced pesticide usage surveyor. Where a holding listed in the original sample was unable to provide data, it was replaced with another from the same size group and region, held on a reserve list.

This survey includes usage of pesticides on outdoor hardy ornamental nursery stock only. Treatments made under glass or polythene during the propagation or early stages of the crop are covered fully in surveys of protected ornamental crops, the most recent one being Pesticide Usage Survey Report 220, Protected Crops (Edible and Ornamental) 2007.

Propagation of hardy ornamental nursery stock conducted in field situations is included in this survey. Usage at garden centres or other retail outlets not recognised as agricultural/horticultural holdings was excluded from this survey. However, retail outlets and wholesale operations submitting June Census returns are included.

Raising factors

The pesticide usage data collected from each holding were raised by two factors to give an estimate of regional usage; the first factor being dependent on farm size group and region and the second dependent on crop area and region. The data were further adjusted by a third factor to give estimates of total pesticide usage related to the national cropping areas in Great Britain (Thomas, 2001).

The raising factors were based on the areas of all hardy ornamental nursery stock crops grown in 2009 as recorded in the June Agricultural Census Returns both for England & Wales and Scotland (Anon., 2010).

Data detailing the frequency distributions of hardy ornamental nursery stock crops in 2009 and 2010 were provided by Defra Food & Farming Group in York or by the Welsh Assembly, Cathays Park, Cardiff.

Estimated areas relating solely to the regional distribution of Christmas trees were provided by the British Christmas Tree Growers Association (BCTGA). These figures have been used when making estimates of pesticide usage on Christmas trees.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks are due to all of the farmers who willingly participated in this survey, providing invaluable information upon which this report is based. Many thanks are also due to Gillian Reay, Louis Thomas and Andrew Walker for their collection of data in Scotland and to Yvonne Powell-Wainwright and Jo Roberts for their unstinting work in maintaining the pesticide product database. Special thanks go to Colin Palmer of the British Christmas Tree Growers Association (BCTGA) for his help in estimating the area of this crop grown in Great Britain. Thanks also go to the members of the ACP Working Party on Pesticide Usage Surveys for their invaluable comments.

REFERENCES

Anon. (2009) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2008 Edinburgh: HMSO

Anon. (2010) Agricultural Statistics in Scotland 2009 Edinburgh: HMSO

Garthwaite, D. G. & Thomas, M. R. (1995) Pesticide Usage Survey Report 120 - Hardy Nursery Stock in Great Britain

1993. London: MAFF


1997. London: MAFF


2005. Internet

Scopes, N. & Stables, L. (1989) eds. Pest and Disease Control Handbook 3rd Edition. Bracknell: BCPC Publications.

Thomas, M. R. (2001) Pesticide usage monitoring in the United Kingdom. Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 45 (supplement 1): S87-S93.

hardy nursery stock report 2009 - final · the discrepancy between the drop in areas ... hardy...

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