14thAnnualCubeSatDeveloper’sWorkshop,CalPoly,SanLuisObispo,CAWednesday,26April2017,10:15-10:45

HarlanE.Spence(UNH),DavidKlumpar(MSU),SonyaSmith(UNH)

WithspecialthankstoJ.B.Blake,FIREBIRDandAC6Teams,“KISS”Team,andT.J.MoreHo

BackgroundandOverview•  Nextdecadeposesgreatchallengesbutalsopromisesgreat

opportuni5esforspacesciencemissions

•  2012SolarandSpacePhysicsDecadalSurveynoteslowcadenceofnewflagshiporevenlarge-andmedium-costmissionsincomingdecade(sameforEarthScience,PlanetaryScience,andAstrophysics)

•  Surveypointsoutcri5calvaluelowcostmissions(i.e.,CubeSat-based)playinprovidingtargetedscien5ficdiscoveryandtrainingnextgenera5onofspacescien5sts/engineers

•  FIREBIRDandAC6–firstongoingexamplesofsuchCubeSatmissions

•  Wereviewthesemissions,provideastatusupdate,andoutlineBIGsciencetheseli@lemissionsareaccomplishing

•  Finally,weendwithoneimportantlessonlearned(biggerstraw…)

MoBvaBngScience:RelaBvisBcElectronMicrobursts

ElectronMicroburstsareshort(<100ms)burstsofRela5vis5c(>100’skeV)Electron“Precipita5on”(REP)intoEarth’satmospherefromtheradia5onbelts

MoBvaBngScience:RelaBvisBcElectronMicrobursts

•  REPimportanttounderstandandquan5fyfortworeasons:–  Poten5almajorsourcefordrainingradia5onbelts–  Poten5almajormissingsourceofmiddleatmospherephysics

•  Ini5alstudiesin1960sfromindirectballoonx-raymeasurements

•  REPstudieddirectlyinLEOmostnotablybySAMPEXmission;longlas5ngmissionquan5fiedREPtoagreatextent(butatlimitedenergiesandwithasinglelargespacecra`)

•  DespitedecadesofstudywithsinglespacecraF,fundamentalspace-Bmeambiguitypersists–REPscien5ficunderstandingstalled

2-s/cCubeSatMissionConcepts•  FIREBIRD-Iand-II:Flytwo1.5uCubeSatsincloseproximityto

assessthespa5alscale,spa5altemporalambiguity,andenerge5csofrela5vis5celectronmicrobursts1)Whatisthespa5alscalesizeofanindividualburst?(excellent/verygood)2)Whatistheenergydependenceofanindividualburst?(excellent)

•  AeroCube-6(AC6):Flytwo0.5UCubeSatspacecra`incloseBme-variableproximitytoassessthespa5alscaleandspa5altemporalambiguityofmagnetosphericmicrobursts1)WhatisthespaBalscalesizeofanindividualburst?(excellent)2)Whatistheenergydependenceofanindividualburst?(good)

•  Low-cost,mul5-pointCubeSatmeasurementsatlowal5tudeshighlycomplementarytoflagshipNA$AVanAllenProbesmission–  Targetedsciencehighlyleveraged;accomplishesscienceflagshipcannot–  Enormoussciencereturnper$

SummaryofNSFFIREBIRD-Iand-IIMissionsPIs:HarlanSpence(UNH)andDavidKlumpar(MSU)

FIREBIRD-I:FlightUnits1and2Providedexcellentscienceresults;FU1:12/13-1/14,FU2:4/14–9/14

FIREBIRD-II:FlightUnits3and4ImprovedversionofFB-Imission;

LaunchedandbeauBfuldatasince1/2015

FB-ILAUNCHED:Dec6,2013VAFBAtlas-5NROL-39

FB-IILaunchedlate2015

VAFBDelta-II7320NASASMAP(ELaNA-10)

FIREBIRD-IOverview•  Ini5alFIREBIRD-Imissionlaunchedinlate2013fromVAFBonan

AtlasV,piggy-backingonanNROlaunch(“Nothingisbeyondourreach”)

AeroCube-6

•  Dneprlaunch:19June2014•  Orbit:620x700kmat98°incl.

•  Payload:3dosimeterspers/c– 3variantsneverflownbefore•  Nominalsamplerate1Hz(i.e.,lower)andcrudeenergyspectra•  UsesdifferenBaldragtocontrolspacecraFin-trackseparaBon•  SBllinoperaBon–nearing3years–beauBfuldata!

S/C ID# Dosimeter Measures

A 1 ThinWindowLowLETVariant

>50keVelectrons&>600keVprotons

A 2 ThinWindowHighLETVariant

>600keVprotons

A 3 StandardTeledyne >1MeVelectrons&>10MeVprotons

B 1 ThinWindowLowLETVariant

>50keVelectrons&>600keVprotons

B 2 ThinWindowHighLETVariant

>600keVprotons

B 3 HighLETVariant >10MeVprotons

DosimeterPayload:

FIREBIRD-IIOverview•  Follow-onFIREBIRD-IImissionlaunched31January2015fromVAFB

onSMAPlaunch(ELaNA-X)–s5llgoingstrong–lessonslearned

FIREBIRD-II:FlightUnits3and4

ImprovedversionofFB-Imission(lessonslearned);AWESOMEDATASINCELAUNCH(2+years)!!!

FIREBIRD-IIOrbit/Data•  650x430kmorbit,99degreeinclina5on–groundsta5onatMSU

•  TypicallyoneMorning(~0600-0800)andoneevening(~1800-2000)passperorbit,butmorningpassesareheavilypriori5zed

•  “Context”data–low5me/energyresolu5on–minimalvolume

FU4ContextData(Campaigns1-9)~1MeVelectrons

11

FIREBIRD-IIOrbit/Data

•  Hi-Resdata–high5me/energyresolu5on-LARGEvolume–  VERYlimitedHiResdataavailability-ConOPSusescontextdatatohuntfor

proverbialscien5fic“needlesinhaystack”

•  ConOPSsuccessfulbutbiglessonlearned–wereturntothisattheendofthistalk-needaMUCHbiggerdatapipeforscience!!)

•  Examplesoftemporallypersis5ng(3minutes)spa5alREPbands

•  Asingles/cinterpretsREPastemporal

•  SimilarREPspa5alstructuresseenalsobyAC-6

FirstunambiguousevidenceofREPspaBalstructure

FIREBIRD-II/AC6ScienceSummary•  NewScienceandDiscoveries–Bigthingscomeinli@lepackages!

ü Firstspa5o-temporaldisambigua5onofmicroburstsdownto1.5seconds(~10km)ofdualspacecra`separa5on

ü Highestcombined5me(12ms)andenergyresolu5on(12-pointenergyspectrafrom200keVto~1.1MeV)ofREPmicrobursts

ü Firstobserva5onofenergy-dispersedREPmicrobursts

•  FIREBIRDscienceandmissionoverview–  Spence,H.E.,etal.,(2012),FocusingonSizeandEnergyDependenceofElectronMicroburstsFrom

theVanAllenRadia5onBelts,SpaceWeather,10,S11004,doi:10.1029/2012SW000869.

•  FIREBIRDmissiontechnicaldetails–  Klumpar,D.,etal.,(2015)Flightsystemtechnologiesenablingthetwin-CubeSatFIREBIRD-IIscien5fic

mission,Proceedingsofthe29thAnnualAIAA/USUConferenceonSmallSatellites,TechnicalSec5onV:YearinReview,SSC15-V-6.

•  FIREBIRDfirstscienceresults–  Crew,A.etal.,(2016)FirstMul5pointInSituObserva5onsofElectronMicrobursts:Ini5alResults

FromtheNSFFIREBIRD-IIMission,J.Geophys.Res.,DOI:10.1002/2016JA022485.–  Anderson,B.R.,etal.,(2017)Spa5alScaleandDura5onofMicroburstson13August2015,J.

Geophys.Res-Space,inpress.

FIREBIRD-IICampaignsakaSqueezingWatermelonsThroughaSodaStraw

30

•  Month-longCampaigns:Campaign#11startsthisweek•  Campaigndura5onsetbyquality/quan5tyofsciencedata

storedonboardsatellites•  Datastorageallowsdatacollec5onfor~4weeks•  High-valuesciencedatadownloadedbetweencampaigns•  Only~1%HiResdatadownloaded!Missedopportunity!!

Campaign# Dates(Approx) PrimaryScienceGoal

1 2/1->2/21 Spa5alScaleofIndividualMicrobursts

2 3/20->4/16 St.Patrick’sDayStorm

3 5/15->6/15 VanAllenProbesConjunc5ons

4 7/1->8/1 July4thStorm

5 8/7->9/3 BARRELCampaignConjunc5ons

6 11/17->12/15 Conjunc5ons,Lightninginducedprecipita5on

7 1/14->2/4 12.5ms5meresolu5on,EFWandGRIPSconjunc5ons

8 5/14->throughsummer 50msres.,contextandCOSIconjunc5ons(AlternateFU3andFU4)

9 August2016 FinalBARRELCampaign

10 12/21/16 Conjunc5onswithARASEandVanAllenProbes

NoNSFfundswereusedinthemakingofthismug

FIREBIRD-IICommunicaBonSystem:CurrentDataVolume/RateLimits

•  Commtransceiver–AstroDevHe-100radiowithVHFuplinkandUHFdownlinkinHAMbands

•  Telemetrybeaconsandsciencedatadownlinksat19.2kbps

•  1WpoweroutputusingGMSKmodula5onandAX.25packets

•  Twomonopoleantennas;Singlegroundsta5onatMSU

•  2GBmemoryfilledin~1month(onlypar5aldataeachorbit)

•  Wehaveobtainedonly~1%ofallpossiblestoreddata

•  Weleaveahugevolumeofinvaluablesciencedatainspace!

OpBcalCommunicaBon:AnEnablingTechnologyforCubeSatMissions

•  Lowresolu5on“context”data(6-secondresolu5on)–4kB/orbit•  Highresolu5on“microburst”datacollectedat~12msresolu5onx

2instrumentsx2s/c–~11kB/second–dominatesdatevolume•  Operateinsciencemodeforen5reorbit(ratherthanasmall

frac5on)–50MB/orbit(or~800MB/dayor~24GB/month)•  Ifbevercommop5onwhenproposed,thendesignwouldhave

drivenatleastanotherfactorof4intermsofdata(x2in5meresolu5on,x2inenergyresolu5on)à44kB/secà1.6GB/day

•  KeckInsBtuteforSpaceScience(KISS)workshopcurrentlyfinalizingreportonopBcalcommunicaBonascriBcalenablingtechnologyforCubeSatmissions;TRLisimprovingandwillachievethissortofrequirement– pleaseseemeorDavidKlumparthisweekformoreinformaBon!

OpBcalCommunicaBononSmallSats–EnablingtheNextErainSpaceScience

h@p://kiss.caltech.edu/new_website/workshops/optcomm/optcomm.html

SummaryandConclusions•  WhileCubeSatsciencemissionssuchasdescribedtodaywillnot

likelyeverreplacethelargerstrategicmissions,inthecomingdecadetheywillprovidefresh,vibrantopportuni5esforinnova5veapproachesonPI-ledmissions

•  Thesemissionswouldstandalonescien5ficallyaswellascomplement,augment,andprovidecon5nuityandcommunityengagementandopportunitybetweenthelargerstrategicmissionsthatdemandmoreresources.

•  Thecommunityshouldcon5nuetodeveloptheseinnova5veapproaches,andthefundingagenciesshouldconBnuetogrowafundingwedgetosupportthem,includingfurtherdevelopmentofenablingtechnologiessuchasopBcallasercommunicaBon!

Thosewhoassert…

“Itcannotbedone”

…shouldneverinterruptthosewhoarealready

doingit.