harmful algae and phycotoxins in san francisco bay ... · – large phytoplankton blooms and low do...
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Harmful Algae and Phycotoxins in San Francisco Bay:Assessing condition and exploring controlling factors
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Contributors to this Work:
SFEI: Z Sylvester, M McKibben, T Winchell, E King, A Malkassian, P Trowbridge, D Senn
USGS: J Cloern, T Schraga, C Martin, E Nejad
UCSC: R Kudela, M Peacock, K Hayashi
Funding:
- SFB Nutrient Management Strategy
- SFB Regional Monitoring Program
- USGS in-kind support
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NOAA Climate/NOAA View
Summer 2015Domoic Acid
(Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning)
Pseudo-nitzchia
• Domoic Acid in mussels
harvested from Central Bay
• Apr-Sep 2015
• Modest increase, but well-
below concerning levels for
human health
Peacock et al 2018
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Bay-wide Loads
N: 50,000 kg d-1
P: 5,000kg d-1
65% WWTP
20% Delta/Ag
15% Stormwater
Delta/Ag
• N and P loads place SFB in upper ~90%ile
of estuaries worldwide (g m-2 d-1)Cloern et al., in prep
• N Concentrations throughout SFB exceed
those in recently upwelled coastal water.
• What nutrient loads can SFB (subembayments) assimilate without adverse impacts?
• What management actions would be effective at achieving protective nutrient loads or concentrations?
NMS Overarching Management Questions
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1. Water Quality / Habitat Quality: Substantial HABs // phycotoxin threat ?
a. Sensitive population(s): Biota? Humans?
b. Current vs. Future Conditions? 𝚫 Physical forcings → 𝚫 HA+phycotoxin severity?
HABs and PhycoToxins in SFB: Science/Management Questions
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HABs and PhycoToxins in SFB: Science/Management Questions
1. Water Quality / Habitat Quality: Substantial HABs // phycotoxin threat ?
a. Sensitive population(s): Biota? Humans?
b. Current vs. Future Conditions? 𝚫 Physical forcings → 𝚫 HA+phycotoxin severity?
2. What factors regulate HA abundance and toxicity in SFB? transport, in situ production
3. Role of SFB nutrients: N,P → frequency or severity of HA events?
4. Protective nutrient loads, with respect to HAs and phycotoxins?
San Francisco Bay
?
Delta
Marine
Lakes, Creeks,
Urban runoff
Restored Salt
Ponds
- Light availability
- Temperature
- Salinity
- Mixing
- Nutrients
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Alexandrium spp.
Saxitoxin(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning)
Microcystis spp.
Microcystin toxins(hepatotoxin)When are toxins produced?
When they are stressed…e.g.,
• Salinity, Temperature
• Nutrients (e.g., ± P, - Si, ±N)
• Light conditions
Pseudo-nitzschia spp.
Domoic Acid (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning)
Example Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) forming species and toxins
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NMS Observation and Forecasting Program
What data and tools do we need to inform management decisions?
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NMS Observation and Forecasting ProgramShip-based monitoring, with USGS
R/V Peterson
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NMS Observation and Forecasting ProgramShip-based monitoring, with USGS
Mussels
Phytoplankton: Microscopy, Sequencing (qPCR)
Algal toxin measurements
- Naturally occurring mussels
- Floating docks, readily-accessible
- Bi-weekly sampling (Sep 2015-present)
- Domoic Acid, Saxitoxin, MicrocystinCollaborators: J Cloern (USGS),
R Kudela (UCSC), T Otten (Bend Genetics)
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Mussel Toxin concentrations, 9/2015-3/2018 Lighter color, [tox] < LOQ
Grey = [tox] < LOD
Saxitoxin (ppb) (800ppb)
2016 2017 2018
1000
100
10
Domoic Acid (20,000ppb)
2016 2017 2018
1000
100
10
1
Microcystin (10ppb)
2016 2017 2018
10
1
0.1
0.01
• Multiple phycotoxins regularly detected in biota – Domoic Acid Low– Microcystin Moderate/Elevated– Saxitoxin Low/Moderate/Elevated– Okadaic Acid Moderate/Elevated
• Regularly detect phycotoxins in water (particulate, dissolved)
• Regularly detect multiple HA taxa
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What can we learn, mechanistically, about HAs in SFB using long-term data?
- source?
- internal growth?
- resident population(s)?
- Predictors?
Sutula et al 2017
Density
(cells/mL)
Example Harmful Algae Detections (SFB)
Karlodinium
Karenia
Dinophysis
Pseudo-nitzschia
Alexandrium
Frequency or
abundance of HA
Central
LSB
Suisun
DeltaH0
C
A
B
Develop and ‘Test’ conceptual models
H0
indicator(s) of favorable
growth conditions
H0
time
Factor 2
Factor 1
cells
/mL
A
B
C
time
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Dates/Locations of Phytoplankton Taxonomy
Karenia
Heterosigma
Dinophysis
Noctiluca
Karlodinium
Gonyaulax
Pseudo-nitzchia
Alexandrium
Prorocentrum
Heterocapsa
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Alexandrium
Prorocentrum
Heterocapsa
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Alexandrium
Prorocentrum
HeterocapsaDensities (cells/mL)
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Alexandrium
Prorocentrum
HeterocapsaDensities (cells/mL)
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Alexandrium
Prorocentrum
Heterocapsa
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Change in taxonomist
Amplicon Sequencing Pilot Project
30%
80%
75%
75%
50%
90%
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What can we learn, mechanistically, about HAs in SFB using long-term data?
- source?
- internal growth?
- resident population(s)?
- Predictors?
Frequency or
abundance of HA
Central
LSB
Suisun
DeltaH0
C
A
B
Develop and ‘Test’ conceptual models
Sutula et al 2017
Density
(cells/mL)
Example Harmful Algae Detections (SFB)
Karlodinium
Karenia
Dinophysis
Pseudo-nitzschia
Alexandrium
H0
indicator(s) of favorable
growth conditions
H0
time
Factor 2
Factor 1
cells
/mL
A
B
C
time
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How do HA detections and abundances vary relative to ‘bloom’ and. ‘non-bloom’ conditions?
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How do HA detections and abundances vary relative to ‘bloom’ and. ‘non-bloom’ conditions?
Dissolved
Oxygen
(%saturation)
Thalassiosira – a healthy diatom
Upper 25%ile abundance
Detect
nonDetect
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Alexandrium
Karlodinium
Pseudo-nitzchia
Dinophysis
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What can we learn, mechanistically, about HAs in SFB using long-term data?
- source?
- internal growth?
- resident population(s)?
- Predictors?
Frequency or
abundance of HA
Central
LSB
Suisun
DeltaH0
C
A
B
Develop and ‘Test’ conceptual models
Sutula et al 2017
Density
(cells/mL)
Example Harmful Algae Detections (SFB)
Karlodinium
Karenia
Dinophysis
Pseudo-nitzschia
Alexandrium
H0
indicator(s) of favorable
growth conditions
H0
time
Factor 2
Factor 1
cells
/mL
A
B
C
time
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HA detection Frequency: Informative Spatial Patterns
Frequency Detected (%)
Karlodinium KareniaPseudo-nitzschia AlexandriumDinophysis Thalassiosira
Healthy diatom...
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Alexandrium:
Frequency of Detection: Seasonally x Spatially
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Summary• SFB Nutrient concentrations are sufficiently high that adverse
impacts could occur -- if a larger proportion of the nutrients were utilized. – Large phytoplankton blooms and low DO
– Large-scale HAB events
• NMS is targeting highest priority science needs to inform management decisions
• HAB-forming species are commonly detected throughout the Bay. Multiple HAB-toxins have been regularly detected in water and biota.
• Challenging issues, but highly relevant to management decisions:– Sources of HAs and toxin– In situ growth vs. transport, and role of SFB nutrients– Identifying protective nutrient– Evaluating risks of “events” – present, future