harm_corr0.0589480550.040.01689532720.040.01145050080.020.00663852390.020.00395130590.0150.00328060270.0150.00212545240.0060.00186439530.0060.00124486940.0060.00118551660.0060.00091724020.0030.00075102160.0030.00070739610.0030.0006169410.0030.00049649380.0030.00048181240.0030.00038672930.0030.00036361420.0030.00032306180.0030.00029362520.0030.00026677380.0030.00024439040.0030.00022605690.0030.00021293660.0030.00018313870.0030.00018264110.0030.00015964360.0030.00014936280.0030.00014434970.0030.00013461130.0030.00012425680.0030.00011833780.0030.00011833780.0030.00011833780.003

BACKSimulationIEEE limitIndividual Current Harmonics in Percent of IL

harm_volt0.01886337760.030.00756910660.030.00806115260.030.00552325190.030.00429902090.030.00398921290.030.0031286660.030.00298303250.030.00231047770.030.0023520650.030.00205461810.030.0017784190.030.00185620740.030.00169782170.030.00149345350.030.00151096370.030.00131178580.030.00127992190.030.00121988150.030.00114631270.030.00110977910.030.0010479460.030.00102720250.030.00099483980.030.00090250740.030.00092343330.030.0008480270.030.00081253340.030.00082221570.030.00078397630.030.00075548160.030.00073464120.030.00076493570.030.00078008290.03

&APage &PBACKSimulationIEEE limitIndividual Voltage Harmonics in Percent of the PCC voltage

Plan1PCC VoltageMotor VoltageHarmnicas de CorrenteGrficosPOWER :10MVAFP:0.86RetificadorIe - spectrumVpcc - spectrumQuedas Computadas at 100 HarmnicaZ :8%208 V1208208 V1208MotorPower:1523823.666P12P18P24PN(N-1)(N+1)(N-1)^2(N+1)^2THDi3.15E-01(N-1)(N+1)(N-1)^2(N+1)^2IL_rms2543.4120112248(N-1)(N+1)(N-1)^2(N+1)^2Quedas39.6889642815CorrenteIsc_IL15.625Tenso0DEMAND:8000kVAIe (Estimated Waveform)220 V2220220 V2220Ni0.95310.20.14285714290.040.0204081633485.8783895731347.0559925522236077.809454143120447.861966399TDD:0.30995148442.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287THDv:0.180903428Pulsos6Pulsos6Harmonic Calculator WEG230 V3230230 V3230PCCPower:1598975.51100020.09090909090.07692307690.00826446280.0059171598220.8538134423186.87630368248776.406912012934922.75287783172.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287harmAmp% of ILLimite IEEEharmAMP_VAMP%Limite IEEETHDi calculadaV1.00Isc:189.9kA240 V4240240 V4240Fund_IL:2429.39600030.05882352940.05263157890.00346020760.0027700831142.905408698127.862734098220421.955835133416348.87877106252.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.87606942876PSimuHarm_ILQuedaQueda^212PSimuHarm_ILQuedaQueda^218PSimuHarm_ILQuedaQueda^224PSimuHarm_ILQuedaQueda^2pulsos12429.391947865519.99%1Harm_i_simuao quadrCopyright(C) 2009 WEG. All rights reserved.IL:12154.7Amp380 V5380380 V53800.02465690030.01317907370.0055640464040.04347826090.040.00189035920.0016105.625736863797.175677914611156.7962880039443.11237816572.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287529.4929%7.16E+027.17E+0051.381420897900.0241%00000.0054%000000065716.49842999485.89%4.00%157.16808348851.89%3%00.29492912030.086983186400 V6400400 V6400I_source:15193.42813656913.45E+018.65E+002.44E+0050.03448275860.03225806450.00118906060.001040582783.772136133378.36748218927017.77079233486141.46226467592.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.876069428778.4531%2.05E+022.88E+008.272874430100.0035%00000.0030%0000000fator lim cor7205.35835112631.69%4.00%072.87626049410.76%3%00.08453076140.0071454496Voltage at PCC (rms)415 V7415415 V7415freq:6060.02857142860.0270270270.00081632650.000730460269.411198510465.65924183424817.9144786564311.13603824222.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287115.7289%1.39E+023.06E+009.3834269055116.4291%1.56E+023.43764422211.817397797300.0051%0000000111139.17788897461.15%2.00%0113.06323797730.81%3%00.05728918670.0032820509420 V8420420 V842070.02439024390.0232558140.0005948840.000540832959.253462143156.49748715973510.97277593913191.96605535622.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287133.3214%8.07E+012.10E+004.4051113683134.3718%1.06E+022.76259728597.631943764100.0031%00000001380.68954868830.66%2.00%0132.09883571730.55%3%00.03321388660.0011031623Volts440 V9440440 V9440L_pcc:0.000003064380.02127659570.02040816330.00045269350.000416493151.689190380149.57942750752671.77240215192458.11963196732.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287171.9769%4.80E+011.63E+002.668740218400.0045%000171.3483%3.28E+011.11416725181.241368665100001748.02710638240.40%1.50%0171.63362793150.43%3%00.01976918810.0003908208460 V10460460 V1046090.01886792450.01818181820.00035599860.000330578545.83758392244.17076268852101.08409980551951.05627648052.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287191.6414%3.99E+011.52E+002.297955570200.0059%000191.3947%3.39E+011.28811894121.659250406600001939.87488148330.33%1.50%0191.51590091040.40%3%00.01641352340.0002694037480 V11480480 V11480THDv:0.0246569003100.01694915250.01639344260.00028727380.00026874541.176134709639.8260975061695.47406962181586.11804255672.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287231.0634%2.58E+011.19E+001.4134667182231.0482%2.55E+011.17189369961.373334843200.0014%000230.00E+00002325.83432685050.21%0.60%0231.18889306430.31%3%00.01063407120.0001130835500 V12500500 V12500limite_TDD:5THDi:31.55110.01538461540.01492537310.00023668640.000222766837.375260736436.25958131141396.91011511331314.75723687982.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287250.9328%2.27E+011.13E+001.2849409478250.8253%2.01E+011.00297207711.005952987300.0010%000250.00E+00002522.66124511390.19%0.60%0251.13355235780.30%3%00.00932794940.0000870106Case Study:Company Name525 V13525525 V13525limite_TDD:0.05PULSOS6120.0140845070.01369863010.00019837330.000187652534.216787998133.27934175161170.78858090731107.51458741862.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287290.6228%1.51E+018.78E-010.770851547600.0012%00000.0013%00000002915.13106750560.12%0.60%0290.87798151890.23%3%00.00622833530.0000387922550 V14550550 V14550ISC/IL:15.625130.0129870130.01265822780.00016866250.000160230731.550544777530.7517968084995.4368757554945.67300694662.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287310.5931%1.44E+018.94E-010.798851112200.0010%00000.0011%00000003114.40964961620.12%0.60%0310.89378471250.24%3%00.00593138120.0000351813% LOAD15.99%575 V15575575 V15575140.01204819280.01176470590.00014515890.000138408329.269782504428.5810817396856.7201678551816.87823340532.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287350.4589%1.11E+017.81E-010.6095781979350.4938%1.20E+010.84013750530.7058310278350.3682%8.94E+000.62641962090.392401541400003511.14881890020.09%0.30%0350.78075488980.21%3%00.00458913960.0000210602Ie(1)2429.4Amp600 V16600600 V16600pcc_power_kVA1598.9755083766150.01123595510.0109890110.00012624670.000120758427.296538740126.6966148117745.1010271877712.70924240472.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287370.3758%9.13E+006.76E-010.4567046017370.4638%1.13E+010.83418716680.6958682292370.3684%8.95E+000.662627010.43907455440000379.12847356210.08%0.30%0370.67579923180.18%3%00.00375751370.0000141189Ie RMS2543.4Amp660 V17660660 V17660THDic31.55160.01052631580.01030927840.00011080330.000106281225.572546819625.045277813653.9551508425627.26594073272.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287410.3539%8.60E+007.05E-010.49753106200.0005%00000.0007%0000000418.59821767540.07%0.30%0410.70535881790.19%3%00.00353924680.0000125263Motor Voltage (rms)IL12154.7Amp690 V18690690 V18690ctrl thdv0170.00990099010.00970873790.00009802960.000094259624.053385622423.5863295909578.5653599013556.31494357182.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287430.3087%7.50E+006.45E-010.416247250900.0019%00000.0007%0000000437.4987595140.06%0.30%0430.64517226450.17%3%00.00308668160.0000095276IEEE-519THDi31.55%2300 V1923002300 V192300ctrl tdd1180.00934579440.00917431190.00008734390.00008416822.704597643622.2879995217515.4987541579496.75492267942.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287470.2484%6.03E+005.68E-010.3220702389470.2636%6.40E+000.60227848360.362739371800.0007%000470.00E+0000476.03475484660.05%0.30%0470.56751232490.15%3%00.00248405980.0000061706VoltsTDD6.31%3300 V2033003300 V203300soma ctrl2190.00884955750.00869565220.00007831470.000075614421.499043786421.1251473727462.2088837304446.27185152012.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287490.2411%5.86E+005.74E-010.3296668436490.2259%5.49E+000.53795184520.289392187800.0006%000490.00E+0000495.85630581490.05%0.30%0490.5741662160.15%3%00.00241060560.000005811Motor Rated Current (rms)THDv2.47%3900 V2139003900 V2139002200.00840336130.00826446280.00007061650.000068301320.415058385420.0776194038416.7746088803403.11080092572.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287530.1935%4.70E+004.98E-010.248480911300.0005%000530.1715%4.17E+000.44188173930.19525947150000534.70059504410.04%0.30%0530.49847859660.13%3%00.00193488540.0000037438See GraphsIsc / IL15.64160 V2241604160 V224160210.0080.00787401570.0000640.000062000119.435135582919.1290704556377.7244951266365.92133649662.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287550.1819%4.42E+004.86E-010.236556073800.0010%000550.1628%3.96E+000.4353226930.1895058470000554.41963653080.04%0.30%0550.48637030520.13%3%00.00181923570.0000033096310.0Amp5000 V23500020220.00763358780.0075187970.00005827170.000056532318.544976701318.2661048712343.9161608504333.65058716452.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287590.1616%3.93E+004.64E-010.2148831985590.1653%4.02E+000.47417269670.224839746200.0005%0000000593.92673334780.03%0.30%0590.46355495740.12%3%00.00161634410.0000026126Motor Power6300 V2463003300amarelo2230.00729927010.00719424460.00005327930.000051757217.732787940617.4776399127314.4517681471305.4678969182.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287610.1469%3.57E+004.36E-010.1897463475610.1681%4.08E+000.4983360290.248338797800.0006%0000000613.56893854570.03%0.30%0610.43559883780.11%3%00.00146906660.00000215821523.8kW6600 V256600vermelho0240.0069930070.00689655170.00004890210.000047562416.988754880216.7544272267288.6177923788280.71083169342.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287650.1335%3.24E+004.22E-010.177844439200.0004%00000.0005%0000000653.24256716770.03%0.30%0650.42171606470.11%3%00.00133472380.00000178157200 V267200250.00671140940.00662251660.0000450430.000043857716.304643945416.0886883965265.8414141865258.84589431842.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287670.1223%2.97E+003.98E-010.15857875600.0011%00000.0005%0000000672.97050230050.02%0.30%0670.39821948220.10%3%00.00122273490.000001495111000 V2711000260.00645161290.00636942680.00004162330.000040569615.673496437815.4738340628245.658490587239.43954060422.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287710.1131%2.75E+003.90E-010.1523629421710.1220%2.96E+000.42105505120.1772873561710.0942%2.29E+000.32517737190.1057403232710.00E+0000712.74766333720.02%0.30%0710.39033695980.10%3%00.00113100870.000001279213800 V2813800270.00621118010.00613496930.00003857880.000037637815.089390980514.9042450789227.6897201633222.13652137282.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287730.1065%2.59E+003.78E-010.1429135892730.1087%2.64E+000.38560622580.1486921613730.0923%2.24E+000.32759187940.1073164395730.00E+0000732.5881896460.02%0.30%0730.37803913710.10%3%00.00106536520.00000113522000 V2922000Lfonte0.0000030643Henry280.0059880240.00591715980.00003585640.000035012814.547257172814.3751002832211.622691253206.64350815292.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287770.0916%2.23E+003.43E-010.117616637600.0003%00000.0005%0000000772.22600352130.02%0.30%0770.34295282120.09%3%00.00091628010.000000839623000 V3023000relao tr8.6842105263290.00578034680.00571428570.00003341240.000032653114.042728022313.8822397021197.1982103095192.71657914622.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287790.0914%2.22E+003.51E-010.123134075600.0008%00000.0005%0000000792.21995529270.02%0.30%0790.35090465320.09%3%00.00091379050.00000083532000 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18P970.00172117040.00171526590.00000296240.00000294214.18139750064.167053083817.484085058317.36433140342.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.876069428731.55%7.93%2.03%980.00170357750.00169779290.00000290220.00000288254.13865749214.124604325717.12848583717.0123608442.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287990.00168634060.00168067230.00000284370.00000282474.09678237414.083011677116.783625821116.67098435522.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.87606942871000.00166944910.00166389350.00000278710.00000276854.05574615674.042249497316.449076887616.33978099832.80643357822.80643357827.87606942877.8760694287

Rated Source Power (MVA)Maximum short-circuit current at PCC.Source per unit reactanceTotal Harmonic Distortion of the voltage at PCCTotal Demand Distortion (TDD) is the current distortion calculated in relation to the demand load current (IL).Root Mean Square value of IeFundamental frequency component of Ie (rms)Percentage of used powerThe ratio between Isc and ILTotal Harmonic Distortion of Iemaximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCCmaximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCCPower demand (kVA)Enter a name for referenceVFD RectifierEstimated ResultsSee Report (Portuguese)MotorCurrent HarmonicsVoltage HarmonicsGraphs (PCC)See Report (English)

Plan4IEEE-519 Recommended Practices for Applications with Variable Frequency DrivesJoable Andrade Alves & Paulo Jos TorriWEG Automao S.A.IntroductionThe indirect frequency converters or variable frequency drives (VFDs) are usually composed of an input diode rectifier stage. The three-phase full-wave bridge rectifier, also known as Graetz Bridge or six-pulse rectifier (Figure 1) is one of the most used configurations for the input stage of VFDs. The currents drained by this converter are of pulsed-type, containing low-order harmonics that may cause voltage harmonic distortion at the electric power supply system where VFDs are connected. The voltage distortion is related to the magnitude of the current harmonics of the electrical equipment and also to the network impedance, i.e., to the network capacity and to the ratio between the installed drives capacity and the network capacity.Figure 1 - six-pulse rectifierFigure 2 - Voltage distortion caused by currents drained by a non-linear load.In several applications, the six-pulse variable frequency drive with an input line reactor or a DC reactor may perfectly meet the IEEE-519 recommendations. When it is not possible, the following options are available for reducing the harmonic currents: 1) Increase the number of pulses of the input rectifier using 12, 18 or even 24-pulse;2) Use an active front-end rectifier (regen-drive).The greater the number of pulses of the rectifier, the lower the current harmonic content at low frequencies. The characteristic harmonics can be represented as follows:n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ....Where:h : harmonic orderP : number of rectifier pulsesAt the same time that the harmonic currents at low frequencies are reduced, there are other disadvantages in increasing the number of rectifier pulses such as: the need of using phase-shifting transformers and increase on the cost of the configuration. Particular attention needs to be given to the increase on the equipment complexity and to the reduction on the efficiency and reliability of the whole system (due to the use of a larger number of components).Multipulse ConfigurationIn the industry, the term multipulse, when related to frequency converters, means the association, in series or in parallel, of six-pulse three-phase rectifiers and the mandatory use of phase-shifting transformers to feed the rectifiers. The fundamental idea of the multipulse configurations can be understood as the interconnection of six-pulse rectifiers so that the characteristic harmonics generated by these rectifiers are cancelled by the harmonics generated by other sets of rectifiers. This mitigation is performed by appropriate design of the phase-shifting transformer with multiple secondaries. The harmonics of the six-pulse rectifier that are present on the secondary of the transformer will be cancelled and will not appear at the primary of the transformer that is connected to the utility.The characteristic harmonics of the six-pulse rectifier are given by:The magnitudes of these harmonics, in respect of the fundamental, are given by:The following figure shows the spectrum of these harmonics and their magnitude (as a percentage of the fundamental).Figure 3 - Theoretic harmonic spectrum of the input current for a six-pulse rectifier.The increase in the number of the rectifier pulses and the use of an appropriate phase-shifting transformer allow the mitigation of the harmonic components at the primary of the transformer. Figure 4 shows the expected typical waveforms of the input currents and their respective harmonic spectrum to the 6, 12 and 18-pulse configurations.It is important to emphasize that the harmonics multiple of the 3rd are cancelled in a balanced three-phase system (zero sequence).In practice, however, the non-characteristic harmonics usually present a magnitude different from zero. This is due to the pre-existing imperfections of the electrical system, such as, voltage unbalance, pre-existing harmonic distortion, etc. Another factor that contribute to the appearance of non-characteristic harmonics is the transformer imperfections, which blocks the mitigation of non-characteristic harmonics at the primary of the transformer.The data presented in the following figures were obtained considering an ideal system. In the numerical simulation the system was modeled as: power electric system, input impedance, rectifier, capacitive filter and load (current source).6-pulse12-pulse18-pulseFigure 4 - Typical input currents for the 6-pulse recifier or at the primary of the phase-shiftingtransformer input (12 and 18-pulse) and their respective harmonic spectrum (harmoniccomponents expressed as a percentage of the fundamental).IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power System: IEEE-519This recommendation (it is not a standard) prepared by IEEE describes the main factors that may cause harmonic distortion, indicates the measurement methods and states the distortion limits.The scope of this recommended practice is to analyze the harmonic distortion caused by all the loads (linear and non-linear) at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) and not the distortion caused by one individual device. The main concern of IEEE is what the installation reflects to the other consumers connected to the same power supply and not what occurs within the installation.The distortion limits are different according to the voltage and short-circuit levels at the PCC. The higher the short-circuit current (Isc) in respect of the load current, the higher the admissible current distortion, since they will cause a lower voltage distortion at the PCC. As the voltage level increases, the acceptable limits decrease.The TDD Total Demand Distortion is defined as the current harmonic distortion, in percentage of the maximum demand load current (15 or 30 minutes demand). This means that the TDD shall be measured at the peak consumption.Tables 10.2 and 10.3, obtained from IEEE-519, show the recommended limits for the THDv (Total Voltage Harmonic Distortion) and for the TDD (Total Demand Distortion).Special Applications*General SystemDedicated System**Notch Depth10%20%50%THD (Voltage)3%5%10%Notch Area [V*us]164002280036500* Special applications include hospitals and airports.** A dedicated system is exclusively dedicated to the converter load.IEEE-519 - Table 10.2 - Low-Voltage System Classification and Distortion Limits.In section 10.2 (Development of Current Distortion Limits), of IEEE-519, it is established 3% as the individual limit of the voltage components at PCC in respect of its fundamental component.Isc / IL< 1111n