harmonising the invasiveness concept the eppo prioritization scheme as a tool to identify the most...
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Harmonising the invasiveness concept
The EPPO prioritization scheme as a tool to identify the most invasive plant species in Europe
Etienne Branquart, Mark Hill, Cathy Maguire, Uwe Starfinger, Johan van Valkenburg & Sarah Brunel
Des mesures préventives contre les espèces invasives 2 /15
?• Apparent dichotomy between
scientific questions and societal and motivational issues (see e.g. Richardson et al. 2000, Davis & Thomson 2001, Larson 2007 & Colautti & Richardson 2009);
• Impact often perceived by scientists as not clearly associated to any specific ecological process and linked to subjective intepretation!
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Stage III (localized
+ numerically rare)
Stage IVa (widespread
+ numerically rare)
Stage IVb (localized
+ dominant)
Stage V (widespread + dominant)
ENVI filter
ENVI filter
SPREAD filter
DISP filter
Standardization of terminologyThe stage-based approach of Colautti & McIsaac (2004)
EARLY WARNING
DISP = local dispersalENVI = environment and community suitability
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Dat
a :
He
jda
et a
l. 20
09,
Jour
nal o
f E
colo
gy 9
7: 3
93-4
03
at the stand scaleat the landscape scale
Standardization of the impact definitionLoss in native species through competitive interactions
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Standardization of the impact definitionSpecies loss is density dependent
Dat
a :
He
jda
et a
l. 20
09,
Jour
nal o
f E
colo
gy 9
7: 3
93-4
03
Des mesures préventives contre les espèces invasives 6 /15
Three main questionsHarmonising the invasiveness concept
• To compare the invasiveness status of non-native plant species based on national definitions and a standardized terminology inspired by the stage-based approach of Colautti & McIsaac (local spread potential + plant capacity to dominate native vegetation);
• To see if the use of this standardized terminology allows to reduce subjective interpretation and to define plant invasiveness in an unambiguous way;
• To look how the use of standardized terminology may help in the development of early warning systems.
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1. The EPPO prioritization process
2. Testing the EPPO process
3. Early warning outcomes
4. Conclusion & perspectives
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The process is designed:
• to produce a reference list of Invasive Alien Plants (IAP) that are established or could potentially establish in the EPPO region,
• to determine which IAP have the highest priority for an EPPO pest risk analysis (= screening tool to identify quarantine organisms).
The EPPO proritization process for IAPGeneral principles
Plant species invasiveness:
• (potential for establishment),• local spread capacity,• environmental impact
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Local spread capacityNatural dispersion + unintentional human assistance
Assessed through a combination of plant life-history traits and field dispersion data.
Category Dispersion distances Dispersion agents
Low < a few meters/year -
Medium < 100 meters/year ants
High >> 100 meters/year wind, watervertebrates.
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Environmental impactDominance & colonization of semi-natural habitatsProxy = plant species dominance. Ability to make large, dense and persistent populations. Cover > 80 %. Exclusion of native plant species.
Species occurrence in semi-natural habitats is also taken into account.
Non-native species dominanceLow High
Habitats
Man-made habitats
Natural habitats Low Medium
Medium High
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Invasiveness categoriesCombination of spread and impact data
Low Medium High
Spread capacity
High
Medium
Low
Imp
act
(dom
inan
ce)
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Invasiveness categoriesCombination of spread and impact data
Invasiveness
High (V)
Medium
Low
Low Medium High
Spread capacity
High
Medium
Low
Imp
act
(dom
inan
ce)
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1. The EPPO prioritization process
2. Testing the EPPO process
3. Early warning outcomes
4. Conclusion & perspectives
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EPPO vs national definitionsThe European Atlantic region
• set of 27 non-native plant species established in Europe before 1950;
• independent assessments using the EPPO process by experts of 5 countries within the European Atlantic region: BE, DE, GB, IE and NL;
• comparison of plant invasiveness status based on national and EPPO definitions.
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EPPO vs national definitionsNational invasiveness categories
Protocol Assessor Spread Impact
BE
DE
GB
IE
NL
ISEIA E. Branquart * ***
GABLIS U. Starfinger ns ***
ISEIA M. Hill ns ***
ISI C. Maguire ns ***
- J. van Valkenburg *** *
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BE DE GB IE NLBuddleja davidiiFallopia japonicaHeracleum mantegazzianumLudwigia grandiflora, L. peploidesDuchesnea indicaOenothera biennis, O. glaziovianaMimulus guttatusCotoneaster horizontalisMahonia aquifoliumSpiraea billardii, S. douglasiiAilanthus altissimaAzolla filiculoidesImpatiens glanduliferaPrunus serotinaRosa rugosaCrassula helmsiiAmelanchier lamarckiiLysichiton americanusQuercus rubraCornus sericeaElodea canadensisLupinus polyphyllusSenecio inaequidensRobinia pseudoacaciaAcer negundoHelianthus tuberosusRhododendron ponticum
National definitions
Invasiveness
High
Medium
Low
Mean stdev
0.58
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BE DE GB IE NLBuddleja davidiiElodea canadensisMimulus guttatusOenothera biennis, O. glaziovianaRobinia pseudoacaciaSenecio inaequidensSpiraea billardii, S. douglasiiCrassula helmsiiFallopia japonicaHeracleum mantegazzianumLudwigia grandiflora, L. peploidesAcer negundoCornus sericeaDuchesnea indicaLupinus polyphyllusLysichiton americanusQuercus rubraAilanthus altissimaAzolla filiculoidesHelianthus tuberosusImpatiens glanduliferaMahonia aquifoliumPrunus serotinaRhododendron ponticumRosa rugosaAmelanchier lamarck iiCotoneaster horizontalis
EPPO definition
Invasiveness
High
Medium
Low
Mean stdev
0.31
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EPPO vs national definitionsEPPO invasiveness categories / high
Low Medium High
Spread capacity
High
Medium
LowImp
act
(dom
inan
ce)
Crassula helmsiiFallopia japonicaHeracleum
mantegazzianumImpatiens glanduliferaLudwigia grandifloraPrunus serotinaRosa rugosa
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EPPO vs national definitionsEPPO invasiveness categories / medium
Low Medium High
Spread capacity
High
Medium
LowImp
act
(dom
inan
ce)
Cornus sericeaLysichiton americanusRobinia pseudacaciaSpiraea spp.
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EPPO vs national definitionsEPPO invasiveness categories / medium
Low Medium High
Spread capacity
High
Medium
LowImp
act
(dom
inan
ce)
Buddleja davidiiMimulus guttatusOenothera spp.Senecio inaequidens
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EPPO vs national definitionsEPPO invasiveness categories / medium
Low Medium High
Spread capacity
High
Medium
LowImp
act
(dom
inan
ce)
Duchesnea indicaQuercus rubra
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1. The EPPO prioritization process
2. Testing the EPPO process
3. Early warning outcomes
4. Conclusion & perspectives
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Sounding the early warning bellRelevant EPPO invasiveness categories?
Low Medium High
Spread capacity
High
Medium
LowImp
act
(dom
inan
ce)
Des mesures préventives contre les espèces invasives 24 /15
Country Habitat
Amelanchier lamarkii
Cornus sericea
Cotoneaster horizontalis
Helianthus tuberosus
Lupinus polyphyllus
Lysichiton americanus
Rhododendron ponticum
Spiraea spp.
NL Heathlands
BE, IE Damp woodlands
BE Chalk grasslands
BE, DE River banks
DE Acidic grasslands
DE Damp woodlands
GB, IE Heaths and woodlands
BE Riparian areas
Sounding the early warning bell1. Crossing of the environmental barrier (nat. habitats)
Cornus seric
ea
Spread capacity: medium Dominance: high
Spread capacity: high Dominance: high
Cotoneaster s
pp.
Spread capacity: medium to high Dominance: high
Rhododendron ponticum
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Giant Rhubarb Purple Dewplant Redvein MapleGunnera tinctoria Disphyma crassifolium Acer rufinerve
Sounding the early warning bell2. New detrimental incomers
Gunnera tinctoria
Spread capacity: high Dominance: high
Spread capacity: high Dominance: high
Disphyma crassi
folium
Acer rufinerve
Spread capacity: high Dominance: medium to high
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1. The EPPO prioritization process
2. Testing the EPPO process
3. Early warning outcomes
4. Conclusion & perspectives
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Three main questionsHarmonising the invasiveness concept
• To compare the invasiveness status of non-native plant species based on national definitions and a standardized terminology inspired by the stage-based approach of Colautti & McIsaac>>> strong differences between national and standardized terminologies (national defintions are often impact-oriented)
• To see if the use of this standardized terminology allows to define plant invasiveness in an unambiguous way>>> strong reduction of data heterogeneity and improvement of the repeatability within a biogeographic region
• To look how the use of standardzed terminology may help in the development of early warning systems>>> provides an objective framework to document detrimental effects of newcomers and to detect behavioural shifts of established populations of non-native plant species.
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Independent assessments by national experts
Data integration at national level
(national consensus)
Country 1 Country 2 Country 3
Data integration at a regional level
(regional consensus under the umbrella of a European
organization)
Data integration for early warningbased on standardized definitions and protocols
Des mesures préventives contre les espèces invasives 35 /15
Monitoring by Member StatesField data needed to assess spread and impacts