harvesting wind energy in a city
DESCRIPTION
http://windenergyresearch.org/2010/08/harvesting-wind-energy-in-a-city/TRANSCRIPT
harvesting wind energy in a city
MSc Christina Beller
Wind Energy Division, AED Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable EnergyWind Energy Division, P.O. Box 49, 4000 Roskilde, DenmarkTel: +45 4677 5434, e-mail: [email protected]
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Content
•Introduction
•Urban Wind Turbines
•Wind Conditions
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INTRODUCTION
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Wind Energy History
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Key Figures within Wind Energy Production-rotor design-The idea with a wind turbine is to transform some of the energy in the wind in useable energytheory
power production: maximum power coefficient:P = ½ v3 A CP CP=16/27=0.593
in practicemaximum power coefficient small WT in the kW range have a CP=0.5 for MW turbines maximum CP between 0.3 and 0.4.
http://www.flatrock.org.nz/topics/environment/energy_options.htm http://logik.dk/site/referencer/referencer-byvindmoller
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Key Figures within Wind Energy Production-siting-
Load factor: actual power output at specific site/ maximum rated output
Load factor ~30%-40% Load factor ~10% for small-scalefor off-shore MW turbines [1] building mounted WT and ~17% for free standing turbines [1]
A wind field trial in UK showed, that the 57 domestic installed wind turbinesreached up to a load factor of only ~3%.
Among the monitored wind turbines, a 1.5kW building mounted windturbine had the maximum load factor yield with 7.4%.
[1] http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Global-Data/Publications/Location-location-location-The-Energy-Saving-Trust-s-field-trial-report-on-domestic-wind-turbines
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Calculation Exampleannual energy consumptionsingle house hold: 1800 kWh/year2 persons: 2500 kWh/year4 persons: 4000 kWh/year
annual energy productiona 1kW WT produces according to wind climate, positioning and design:24h * 365days * rated power * load factor = 700kWh/yearthat corresponds to ca. 200kWh/year per m2 (3.61m2 in total)and to about 28% of the energy needs of a 2 persons house hold
a 2MW WT positioned off-shore (e.g.Middelgrund) produces approximarely: 24h * 365days *rated power * load factor = 5256000kWh/yearthat corresponds to ca. 1168kWh/year per m2 (4500m2 in total)and to about 100% of 2100 house holds with two persons
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public - street lamps- city bikes- fountaines- …
private - low voltage grid (12V/24V)- private power plant
generel, energy should not vanish in the grid,no new needs shall be invented anddirect connection between generation and usage shall be maintained
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bruger230V
bruger 230V 12V
bruger12V
230V
…
12Vbruger 230V
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How should the Energy be used
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URBAN WIND TURBINES
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• Integrated in buildings structure
• Mounted on already existing buildings
• Free standing turbines
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concept study
two Proven6 horizontal wind turbines, Blackpool, UK vertical wind turbine on a flat roof, UK
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Wind Energy in the Urban Environment
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Example for integrated Designs
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www.bahrainwtc.com
Bahrain World Trade Center in Bahrain, designed by The Atkins
Note:Three 29m diameter wind turbines are supposed to deliver 11-15% of the energy needs of the building.
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More Examples for integrated Designs
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STRATA (formerly known as Castle House) in London, designed by BFLS (formerly Hamilton Architects)
Note:The three 9m diameter wind turbines are estimated to deliver 8% of the energy needs of the building.
http://www.stratalondon.com/home
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More Examples for integrated Designs
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Pearl River Tower in Guangzhou, China, designed by: SOM
Note: Besides wind turbines in the slots, photovoltaics are integrated (BIPVs) in the facade. They provide about 10% of the energy consumption.
http://www.bryanchristiedesign.com/portfolio.php?illustration=576&category=37&open=
http://www.som.com
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More Examples for integrated Designs
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COR in MIAMI, designed by: Oppenheim Architecture + Design
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most projects were feasibility studies and were not continued
Some manufacturers made promises to customer, which they could not fulfill bad reputation for the branch of small wind turbines
In the end UK got pretty active in the area of small or so-called micro wind turbines
sizes range from 1 to 20m diameter and the rated power from 100W to 100kW
to get the peoples acceptance, the design has to be aesthetic and reliable
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QuietRevolution, UK
vertikale møller, UK
Proven, UK
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Turbines mounted on existing Buildings
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Use the energy for public needs Not necessarily connected to a building
Prevent that neighbors get irritated, while they do not gain anything from it Usage should serve everybody
example Blackpool:
Spectacular lightning in the city – supported by decentralized wind energy of two “Proven 6” turbinespositioned at coastal site, like Copenhagen
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Lakes in Copenhagen
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Free standing Wind Turbines
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Vertical axis H-rotor typeQuiet Revolution (6kW)Manufacturer: QuietRevolutionConcept: 3 bladed lift-drivenAxis: Vertical axisRated Power (at 12.5m/s): 6.0kWDiameter: 3.1mHeight: 5.0mSwept area: 15.5m2
http://www.quietrevolution.co.uk/qr5.htm
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Vertical axis H-rotor typeVenco Twister 1000T/1000TL(1kW)Manufacturer: VencoConcept: 3 bladed lift-drivenAxis: Vertical axisRated Power (at 12m/s): 1.0kWDiameter: 1.9mHeight: 1.9mSwept area: 3.6m2
http://logik.dk/site/referencer/referencer-byvindmoller
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GODKENDT
i DK
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Vertical axis H-rotor typeMariah Power (1.2kW)Manufacturer: Mariah PowerConcept: 3 bladed lift-drivenAxis: Vertical axisRated Power (at 11.2m/s): 1.2kWDiameter: 1.2mHeight: 6.1mSwept area: 7.3m2
http://www.mariahpower.com/windspire-overview.aspx
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”Vertical axis” Savonius/H-rotor typeAerotecture (1kW)Manufacturer: AerotectureConcept: 2 bladed drag-lift hybrid Axis: Tilted Vertical axisRated Power (at 14m/s): 1.0kWDiameter: 1.5mHeight: 2.8mSwept area: 4.2m2
http://www.aerotecture.com/products_520H.html
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Horizontal axis up-wind and passive yawing proCure (600W)Manufacturer: proCure A/SConcept: 3 bladed up-wind lift-drivenYaw Control: PassiveAxis: HorizontalRated Power (at 12.5m/s): 0.6kWDiameter: 1.8mSwept Area: 2.5m2
http://www.procure.dk/moeller.htm
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GODKENDT
i DK
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Horizontal axis up-wind and active yawing Wind Energy Solutions (2.5kW)Manufacturer: Wind Energy SolutionsConcept: 3 bladed up-wind lift-driven Yaw Control: ActiveAxis: HorizontalRated Power (at 9m/s): 2.5kWDiameter: 5.0mSwept Area: 19.6m2
http://www.windenergysolutions.nl/files/foto/big/tu1.jpg
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Horizontal axis up-wind BellAIR (3W)Concept: 2 bladed up-wind lift-drivenAxis: horizontalRated Power (at 7m/s): 3WDiameter: 0.27mSwept Area: 0.06m2
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Horizontal axis up-wind BellAIR (3W)
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Mounted on, e.g. a bike, the citizen is cycling and generating most of the wind. While the bike is parked and wind is blowing, energy is produced, meant to charge small electrical items.
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WIND CONDITIONS
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Wind Climate On-Shore
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wind profiles
Wind inbetween and around buildings
H.C. Ørsteds institute roof top, windrose
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Wind Climate in Cities
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Parametric City
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[2] Badde O, Plate EJ (1994) Einfluss verschiedener Bebauungsmuster auf die windinduzierte Gebäudebelastung. In: Abschlusskolloquium Strömungsmechanische Bemessungsgrundlagen für Bauwerke. University of Karlsruhe
Parametric City-quarter classification-
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Parametric City-configuration seven-
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Parametric City-pressure distribution-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
Pressure distribution on the surface.
Red:Areas of high pressure indicating low velocities.
Blue: Areas of low pressure indicating high velocities.
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Parametric City-streamlines 1-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
Streamlines surrounding the obstacle.
Accelerated flow in the entrance urban canyon, not maintained, but lifted up over the rear building.
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Parametric City-streamlines 2-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
Streamlines sharply decelerated at the facade (high pressure).
Main parts surround the building, loosing velocity in the wake areas of the array.
A small fraction flows over the buildings roof top and gets accelerated at the edge (low pressure).
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Parametric City-streamlines 3-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
Streamlines hitting the outstanding tower are deflected.
Anyway, a reasonable speed is maintained.
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Parametric City-streamlines 4-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
Parts of the streamlines are deflected downwards at the tower’s façade
and get decelerated remarkable.
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Parametric City-streamlines 5-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
Flow over in-line obstacles of a constant high remains undisturbed, but slightly lifted in height gradually.
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Parametric City-stamps 1-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
First row:High speeds due to undisturbed inflow.
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Parametric City-stamps 2-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
First row:The undisturbed flow is deflected strongly at the first row’s façade, forming a speed profile on the roof top’s front edge.
Second/third row:Buildings inside the array and of the same height as their up-steam buildings experience homogeneous speed distributions along the roof top
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Parametric City-stamps 3-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
Speed distributions above roof level are maintained in areas with buildings of the same height, although distances may vary to a certain extend.
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Parametric City-stamps 4-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
Outstanding buildings: The part of a building higher than the up-stream building experiences the ‘first-row’ effect.
Buildings behind them:In wake areas the flow is more turbulent and the speed is very low.
The wake recovers depending on the down-stream situation.
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Parametric City-overview-
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Flow direction: α = 90⁰
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Parametric City-meterological masts-
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090
000
180
270
pole1
pole2pole3
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Parametric City-meterological masts-
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Parametric City-meterological masts-
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Wind Turbines in Urban Environment• Christina Beller, Urban Wind Energy – State of the Art 2009, Risø-R-
1668(EN), October 2009
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