hashtag - wikipedia
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A poster and shirt promote the
#tampaBay hashtag during the 2012
Republican National Convention
HashtagFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A hashtag is a wor d or an unspaced phrase prefixed with the
number sign ("#"). It is a form of metadata tag. Words in
messages on micro blogging and social networking services such
as Twitter, Facebook, Google+ or Instagram may be tagged by putting "#" bef ore them,[1] either as they appear in a sentence,
(e.g., "New artists announced for
#SXSW2014MusicFestival")[2] or a ppended to it.
Hashtags make it possible to group such messages, since one
can search for the hashtag and get the set of messages that
contain it. A hashtag is only connected to a specific medium and
can therefore not be linked and connected to pictures or
messages from different platforms.
Because of its widespread use, the word was added to the
Oxford English Dictionary in June 2014,[3][4] defined as: hashtag n. (on social media web sites an
applications) a word or phrase preceded by a hash and used to identify messages relating to a
specific topic; (also) the hash symbol itself, when used in this way.[5]
Contents
1 Origin
2 Style
3 Function
4 Use outside of social networking websites
5 Websites that support hashtags
6 Usage
6.1 Memes
6.2 Promotion
6.2.1 Mass broadcast media
6.2.2 Purchasing
6.2.3 Event promotion
6.3 Consumer complaints
6.4 Sentiment analysis
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7 In popular culture
7.1 Adaptations
8 References
Origin
The hash symbol was often used in information technology to highlight a special meaning. In 1970 fo
example, the hash symbol was used to denote immediate address mode in the assembly language of
the PDP-11[6] when placed next to a symbol or a number. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis
Ritchie used # in the C programming language for special keywords that had to be processed first by
the C preprocessor.[7]
The hash symbol then appeared and was used within IRC networks to label groups and topics.[8]
Channels or topics that are available across an entire IRC network are prefixed with a hash symbol #(as opposed to those local to a server, which use an ampersand '&').[9]
The use of the hash symbol in IRC inspired Chris Messina to propose a similar system to be used on
Twitter to tag topics of interest on the microblogging network.[10] He posted the first hashtag on
Twitter:
“how do you feel about using # (pound) for groups. As in #barcamp [msg]?
”
—Chris Messina, ("factoryjoe"), August 23, 2007[11]
Internationally, the hashtag became a practice of writing style for Twitter posts during the 2009–201
Iranian election protests, as both English- and Persian-language hashtags became useful for Twitter
users inside and outside Iran.
The first use of the term "hash tag" was in a blog post by Stowe Boyd, "Hash Tags = Twitter
Groupings,"
[12]
on 26 August 2007, according to lexicographer Ben Zimmer, chair of the AmericanDialect Society's New Words Committee.
Beginning July 2, 2009, Twitter began to hyperlink all hashtags in tweets to Twitter search results for
the hashtagged word (and for the standard spelling of commonly misspelled words). In 2010, Twitter
introduced "Trending Topics" on the Twitter front page, displaying hashtags that are rapidly becoming
popular.
Style
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Search bar in the header of a social networking
site, searching for most recent posts containing th
hashtag "#science".
On microblogging or social networking sites, hashtags can be inserted anywhere within a post: befor
the body of a post, within the body of a post (usually as part of the body, as in "This is a #hashtag" or
"This is #CamelCase") or after the body of a post as a postscript.
The quantity of hashtags used in a post or tweet is just as important as the type of hashtags used. It is
currently considered acceptable to tag a post once when contributing to a specific conversation. Two
hashtags are considered acceptable when adding a location to the conversation. Three hashtags are
seen by some as the "absolute maximum", and any contribution exceeding this risks “raising the ire othe community.”[13]
As well as frustrating other users, the misuse of hashtags can lead to account suspensions. Twitter
warns that adding hashtags to unrelated tweets, or repeated use of a same hashtag without adding to a
conversation, could cause an account to be filtered from search, or even suspended.[14]
In response to the often misused and misunderstood usage of hashtags, Jimmy Fallon and Justin
Timberlake performed a spoof for Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=57dzaMaouXA) which aired on September 24, 2013. And also this is a also used as a sharp in
music.
Function
Hashtags are mostly used as unmoderated ad hoc
discussion forums; any combination of characters
led by a hash symbol is a hashtag, and any hashtag, if
promoted by enough individuals, can "trend" and
attract more individual users to discussion using the
hashtag. On Twitter, when a hashtag becomes
extremely popular, it will appear in the "Trending
Topics" area of a user's homepage. The trending
topics can be organized by geographic area or by all of Twitter. Hashtags are neither registered nor
controlled by any one user or group of users, and neither can they be "retired" from public usage,
meaning that hashtags can be used in theoretical perpetuity depending upon the longevity of the word
or set of characters in a written language. They also do not contain any set definitions, meaning that a
single hashtag can be used for any number of purposes as espoused by those who make use of them.
Hashtags intended for discussion of a particular event tend to use an obscure wording to avoid beingcaught up with generic conversations on similar subjects, such as a cake festival using "#cakefestival
rather than simply "#cake". However, this can also make it difficult for topics to become "trending
topics" because people often use different spelling or words to refer to the same topic. In order for
topics to trend, there has to be a consensus, whether silent or stated, that the hashtag refers to that
specific topic.
Hashtags also function as beacons in order for users to find and "follow" (subscribe) or "list" (organiz
into public contact lists) other users of similar interest.
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Hashtags can be used on the social network Instagram, by posting pictures and hashtagging it with its
subject. As an example, a photo of oneself and a friend posted to the social network can be hashtagge
#bffl or #friends. Instagram has banned certain hashtags. Some because they are too generic like
#photography #iPhone #iphoneography and therefore do not fulfil a purpose. They have also blocked
hashtags that can be linked to illegal activities, such as drug use.[15]
Hashtags are also used informally to express context around a given message, with no intent to
actually categorize the message for later searching, sharing, or other reasons. This can help expresshumor, excitement, sadness or other contextual cues, for example, "Just found out my mom is my
health teacher. #awkward" or "It's Monday!! #excited #sarcasm"
Use outside of social networking websites
The feature has been added to other, non-short-message-oriented services, such as the user comment
systems on YouTube and Gawker Media; in the case of the latter, hashtags for blog comments and
directly submitted comments are used to maintain a more constant rate of user activity even when pa
employees are not logged into the website.[16][17] Real-time search aggregators such as the former Google Real-Time Search also support hashtags in syndicated posts, meaning that hashtags inserted
into Twitter posts can be hyperlinked to incoming posts falling under that same hashtag; this has
further enabled a view of the "river" of Twitter posts which can result from search terms or hashtags.
Websites that support hashtags
App.net
Diaspora software and social network
Flickr
FriendFeed
Gawker Media websites
GitHub
Google+
InstagramKickstarter
Orkut[18]
Sina Weibo
Tout
Tumblr
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Usage
Memes
One phenomenon specific to the Twitter system are micro-memes, which are emergent topics for
which a hashtag is created, used widely for a few days, then disappear.[19] These hashtags also show u
in a number of trending topics websites, including Twitter's own front page.
Some websites, such as hashtag.org, have attempted to provide live definitions for hashtags.
Promotion
The hashtag phenomenon has also been harvested for advertisement, promotion and contingency
coordination. Most larger organizations will only focus on one or a small number of hashtags.
However some individuals and organizations use a large number of hashtags to emphasise the broad
range of concepts in which they are interested. The decision on whether to specialise in particular
hashtags or promote a range depends on the marketing strategy of those involved.
Mass broadcast media
Since 2010, television series on various television channels promote themselves through "branded"
hashtag bugs.[20] This is used as a means of promoting a backchannel of online side-discussion
before, during and after an episode broadcast. Hashtag bugs appear on either corner of the screen, or
they may appear at the end of an advertisement[21] (for example, a motion picture trailer).
While personalities associated with broadcasts, such as hosts and correspondents, also promote their
corporate or personal Twitter usernames in order to receive mentions and replies to posts, usage of
related or "branded" hashtags alongside Twitter usernames (e.g., #edshow as well as @edshow) is
increasingly encouraged as a microblogging style in order to "trend" the hashtag (and, hence, thediscussion topic) in Twitter and other search engines. Broadcasters also make use of such a style in
order to index select posts for live broadcast. Chloe Sladden, Twitter's director of media partnership
identified two types of television-formatted usage of hashtags: hashtags which identify a series being
broadcast (i.e. #SunnyFX) and instantaneous, "temporary" hashtags issued by television personalities
to gauge topical responses from viewers during broadcasts.[22] Some have speculated that hashtags
might take the place of (or co-exist with) the Nielsen television ratings system.[23]
VK
YouTube
Vine
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Stencil graffiti promoting the hashtag
#OccupyForRights
The increased usage of hashtags as brand promotion devices has been compared to the promotion of
branded "keywords" by AOL in the late 1990s and early 2000s, as such keywords were also promoted
at the end of commercials and series episodes.[24]
Purchasing
Since February 2013 there is a collaboration between the social networking site Twitter and America
Express that makes it possible to buy discounted goods online by tweeting a special hashtag.[25]
American Express members can sync their card with Twitter and use the offers by tweeting and look
for a response in a tweet with the confirmation from American Express.[26]
Event promotion
Organized real-world events have also made use of hashtags and
ad hoc lists for discussion and promotion among participants.
Hashtags are used as beacons by event participants in order tofind each other on both Twitter and, in many cases, in real life
during events.
Companies and advocacy organizations have taken advantage of
hashtag-based discussions for promotion of their products,
services or campaigns.
Political protests and campaigns in the early 2010s, such as
#OccupyWallStreet and #LibyaFeb17, have been organized
around hashtags or have made extensive usage of hashtags for the promotion of discussion.
Consumer complaints
Hashtags are often used by consumers on social media platforms in order to complain about the
customer service experience with large companies. The term "bashtag" has been created to describe
situations in which a corporate social media hashtag is used to criticise the company or to tell others
about poor customer service. For example, in January 2012, McDonald's created the #McDStories
hashtag so customers could share positive experiences about the restaurant chain. The marketing
effort was cancelled after just two hours when McDonald's received numerous complaint tweets
rather than the positive stories they were expecting.[27]
Sentiment analysis
The use of hashtags also reveals things about the sentiment an author attaches to a statement. This can
range from the obvious, where a hashtag directly describes the state of mind, to the less obvious. For
example, words in hashtags are the strongest predictor of whether or not a statement is sarcastic[28] —
a difficult AI problem.
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In popular culture
During the April 2011 Canadian party leader debate, then-leader of the New Democratic Party Jack
Layton ref erred to Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper's crime policies as "a hashtag fail"
(presuma bly "#fail").[29][30]
The term "hashtag rap", coined by Kanye West,[31]
was developed in the 2010s to describe a style of rapping which, according to Rizoh of Houston Press, uses "three main ingredients: a metaphor, a
pause, and a one-word punch line, often placed at the end of a rhyme".[32] Rappers Nicki Minaj, Big
Sean, Dr ake and Lil Wayne are credited with the popularization of hashtag rap, while the style has
been criticized by Ludacris, The Lonely Island[33] and various music writers.[34]
On Septem ber 13, 2013, a hashtag, #TwitterIPO, appeared in the headline of The New York Times
front page article regarding the IPO of Twitter.[35]
"Hashtag heel" is a moniker used by WWE wrestler Dolph Ziggler.
Bird's Eye foods released in 2014 a shaped mashed potato food that included forms of @-symbols
and hashtags, called "Mashtags".[36]
Adaptations
In July 2012, Twitter adapted the hashtag style to make company ticker symbols preceded by the
dollar sign clickable (as in $AAPL), a method that Twitter dubbed the "cashtag".[37][38] This is
intended to allow users to search posts discussing companies and their stocks.
In August 2012, British journalist Tom Meltzer reported in The Guardian about a new hand gesture
that mimicked the hashtag, sometimes called the "finger hashtag", in which both hands form a peace
sign, and then the fingers are crossed to form the symbol of a hashtag.[39] The emerging gesture
would be r eported about in Wired by Nimrod Kamer,[40] and during 2013 it would be seen on TV use
by Jimmy Fallon, and on The Colbert Report among other places.[41]
References
1. ^ "Using hashtags on Twitter" (http://support.twitter.com/articles/49309#). support.twitter.com. Retrieved
2013-11-25.
2. ^ "Best Practices for Hashtags | Twitter Developers" (https://dev.twitter.com/media/hashtags).
Dev.twitter.com. 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
3. ^ " 'Hashtag' added to the OED – but # isn't a hash, pound, nor number sign"
(htt p://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/06/13/hashtag_added_to_the_oed/). The Register . 13 de junho de 2014.
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4. ^ " New words notes June 2014" (http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/june-2014-
update/new-words-notes-june-2014/). Oxford English Dictionary. June de 2014.
5. ^ "Oxford English Dictionary - Hash" (http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/389023#eid301493073). Oxford
Eng l ish Dictionary. June de 2014.
6. ^ PDP-11 assembly language (https://programmer209.wordpress.com/2011/08/03/the-pdp-11-assembly-
language/)
7. ^ B.W.Kernighan & d.Ritchie (1978). The C Programming Language. Prentice Hall. pp. 86 and 207.
ISB N 0-13-110163-3.
8. ^ "Channel Scope". Section 2.2. RFC 2811
9. ^ Oikarinen, Jarkko; Reed, Darren (May 1993). "Channels" (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1459#section-1.3).
Inter net Relay Chat Protocol (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1459). IETF. sec. 1.3. RFC 1459.
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1459#section-1.3. Retrieved 3 June 2014.
10. ^ Parker, Ashley (June 10, 2011). "Twitter’s Secret Handshake"
(htt p://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/12/fashion/hashtags-a-new-way-for-tweets-cultural-studies.html?
_r=1&pagewanted=all). The New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
11. ^ Chris Messina ("factoryjoe") (August 23, 2007). "Twitter post"
(htt ps://twitter.com/#!/factoryjoe/statuses/223115412).
12. ^ "Stowe Boyd, Hash Tags = Twitter Groupings" (http://stoweboyd.com/post/39877198249/hash-tags-twitter-
grou pings). Stoweboyd.com. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
13. ^ "What is a (#) Hashtag?" (http://www.hashtags.org/how-to/history/what-is-a-hashtag/). Hashtags.org.
Retrieved 22 February 2014.
14. ^ "The Twitter Rules" (https://support.twitter.com/groups/56-policies-violations/topics/236-twitter-rules-
policies/articles/18311-the-twitter-rules). Twitter, Inc. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
15. ^ "Instagram banned hashtags" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24842750). BBC.co.uk. 7 November
2013. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
16. ^ Ga briel Snyder (Oct 15, 2009). "Anarchy in the Machine: Welcome to Gawker's Open Forums"
(htt p://gawker.com/5382267/anarchy-in-the-machine-welcome-to-gawkers-open-forums). Gawker.
17. ^ Zachary M. Seward (Oct 15, 2009). "Got a #tip? Gawker Media opens tag pages to masses, expecting
"chaos"" (http://www.niemanlab.org/2009/10/got-a-tip-gawker-media-opens-tag-pages-to-masses-expecting-
chaos/). Nieman Journalism Lab.18. ^ Marco Wisniewski (February 6, 2012). "Hashtags in Orkut communities"
(htt p://en.blog.orkut.com/2012/02/hashtags-in-orkut-communities.html). Orkut.
19. ^ Jef f Huang, Katherine M. Thornton, Efthimis N. Efthimiadis (2010). "Conversational Tagging in Twitter"
(htt p://jeffhuang.com/Final_TwitterTagging_HT10.pdf). Proceedings of the 21st ACM Conference on
Hy pertext and Hypermedia (HT '10).
20. ^ Michael Schneider (Apr 21, 2011). "New to Your TV Screen: Twitter Hashtags"
(htt p://www.tvguide.com/News/New-TV-Screen-1032111.aspx). TV Guide.
^ " ' "
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. , .
(htt p://mashable.com/2012/12/03/mcdonalds-tv-ad-twitter-hashtag/). Mashable.
22. ^ Gr egory Ferenstein (April 15, 2011). "Twitter TV Hashtag Tips From Twitter's Own Expert"
(htt p://www.fastcompany.com/1747437/twitter-tv-hashtag-tips-twitters-own-expert). Fast Company.
23. ^ "Twitter Chatter Correlates With TV Ratings, But Is That Good Or Bad News For Nielsen?"
(htt p://www.ibtimes.com/twitter-chatter-correlates-tv-ratings-good-or-bad-news-nielsen-1144311).
Ibtimes.com. 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
24. ^ R yan Lawler (June 10, 2012). "Twitter’s Hashtag Pages Could Be The New AOL Keywords — But Bette
(htt p://techcrunch.com/2012/06/10/twitter-hashtag-pages-aol-keywords/). Techcrunch.
25. ^ Heather, Kelly (12 February 2013). "Twitter and Amex let you pay with a hashtag"
(htt p://edition.cnn.com/2013/02/11/tech/social-media/twitter-hashtag-purchases/). CNN . Retrieved 2013-11-25
26. ^ "Sync with Twitter" (https://sync.americanexpress.com/Twitter/Index). Amex Sync. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
27. ^ Ak wagyiram, Alexis (17 May 2012). "Are Twitter and Facebook changing the way we complain?"
(htt p://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-18081651). BBC News. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
28. ^ Maynard (2014). "Who cares about sarcastic tweets? Investigating the impact of sarcasm on sentimentanalysis". Proceedings of the Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation.
29. ^ Anna Mehler Paperny (Apr 13, 2011). "Jack Layton's debatable 'hashtag' #fail"
(htt p://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jack-laytons-debatable-hashtag-fail/article576224/). The Globe
and Mail.
30. ^ "Canadians atwitter throughout debate"
(htt p://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadavotes2011/story/2011/04/13/cv-debate-twitter.html). CBC News. Ap
13, 2011.
31. ^ Zach Baron (November 3, 2010). "The Ten Best Quotes From Kanye West's Epic Hot 97 Interview With
Funk master Flex" (http://blogs.villagevoice.com/music/2010/11/the_ten_best_qu.php). The Village Voice.
32. ^ R izoh (Jul 7, 2011). "A Brief History Of Hashtag Rap"
(htt p://blogs.houstonpress.com/rocks/2011/07/a_brief_history_of_hashtag_rap.php). Houston Press.
33. ^ David Mendez (May 22, 2013). "The Lonely Island Puts Hashtag Rap In Its Place (Looking at You, Drake)
(htt p://www.tucsonweekly.com/TheRange/archives/2013/05/22/the-lonely-island-puts-hashtag-rap-in-its-place
look ing-at-you-drake). Tucson Weekly.
34. ^ Jer emiah Tucker (December 17, 2010). "Jeremiah Tucker: Hashtag rap is 2010's lamest trend"
(htt p://www.joplinglobe.com/enjoy/x1666506743/Jeremiah-Tucker-Hashtag-rap-is-2010s-lamest-trend). Joplin
Glo be.
35. ^ "Twitter / nickbilton: My first byline on A1 of the ..."
(htt ps://twitter.com/nickbilton/status/378534272962793472/photo/1). Retrieved 2013-09-14.
36. ^ "Birds Eye launches Mashtags - social media potato shapes" (http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/fmcg/birds-eye-
launches-mashtags-potato-shapes/354514.article). The Grocer .
37. ^ K im, Erin (2012-07-31). "Twitter unveils 'cashtags' to track stock symbols - Jul. 31, 2012"
(htt p://money.cnn.com/2012/07/31/technology/twitter-cashtag/). Money.cnn.com. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
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38. ^ "Twitter makes stock symbol $ 'cashtag' links official, following # and @"
(htt p://www.theverge.com/2012/7/30/3205284/twitter-stock-ticker-cashtag-links-official). The Verge. 2012-07
30. R etrieved 2013-11-12.
39. ^ Tom Meltzer (1 August 2012). "How to say 'hashtag' with your fingers"
(htt p://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2012/aug/01/how-to-say-hashtag-fingers). The Guardian.
Retrieved March 20, 2014.
40. ^ Nimrod Kamer (March 2013). "Finger-Hashtags" (http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-
03/06/hashtags). Wired . Retrieved March 20, 2014.
41. ^ Nimrod Kamer (February 26, 2014). "I invented finger hashtags—and I regret nothing"
(htt p://www.dailydot.com/lol/finger-hashtag-jimmy-fallon-twitter/). The Daily Dot . Retrieved March 20, 2014