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àñVmdZm :

ehao hr àmXo{eH$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV _hÎdmMr y{_H$m nma nmS>V AgVmV, VgoM

Vr àmXo{eH$ {dH$mgmbm D$Om© XoUmar Vr B§{OZo AgVmV. gmVmam ehamMm Am{W©H$

ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ {dMma H$arV AgVmZm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV ghH$mar joÌmV n{ü_

_hmamîQ>m_Ü o Oo H«$m§VrH$mar, {dYm`H$, aMZmË_H$ H$m © Pmbo; Ë`mV gmVmam {Oëhm

AJ«oga am{hbm. {Oëh`mVrb ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mr _w»`mbò {Oëh`mMo eha åhUyZ gmVmam

ehamV am{hbr. Ë`m_wio ehamÀ`m {dH$mgmV ghH$mar g§ñWmMr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr

am{hbr. ehamÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. àJV

Am¡Úmo{JH$H$aUm{edm` eham§Mm {dH$mg eŠ` ZgVmo. gmVmè`mV \$ma Ceram Am¡Úmo{JH$

{dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr. _hmamîQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV gZ 1971 gmbr gmVmam

ehamV Ambr. Ë`m_wio ehamÀ`m {dH$mgmg {db§~ Pmbm. n[aUm_r Am¡Úmo{JH$

H$maImÝ`mMo àË`j, AàË`j bm^ Ceram {_imbo. amîQ´>r` _hm_mJm©da Agbobo eha

Am{U nwÊ`mgma»`m ehamer Agbobo gm{ZÜ` ho KQ>H$ gmVmè`mÀ`m Am{W©H$ ì`dñWobm

nmofH$ R>aV Amho.

gmVmam ho {Oëh`mMo d VmbwŠ`mMo Ago XmoÝhr àH$maMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio oWo

{d{dY àH$maÀ`m {Oëhm d VmbwH$m nmVirdarb àemgH$s` H$m`m©b`mMr ñWmnZm Pmbobr

Amho. ehamVrb godmjoÌmVrb amoOJmam§À`m à_mUm_Üò Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV, emgH$s`

H$m`m©bò, {ejU, Amamo½` g§ñWm, ì`mnma, H¥$fr ~mOma, H$a_UyH$, dmhVwH$, ~±H$m,

XwH$mZo, \o$ardmbo nVnoT>`m `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ AmYmamMr g§H$ënZm hr

Am¡Úmo{JH$ d dm{UÁ` àH$maÀ`m H$m`m©da Adb§~yZ Amho. Aä`mgmÀ`m joÌm_Üò Ago

AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho H$s gmVmam ehamV 91% bmoH$g§»`m hr V¥Vr` joÌmV H$m`©aV AmhoV.

(CXm. XiUdiU, Am`w{d©_m, ~±H$s¨J, ì`mnma, {ejU, Amamo½`) d 6 % bmoH$g§»`m hr

{ÛVr` joÌmV H$m ©aV AmhoV (CXm. CÚmoJY§Xo d ì`dgm`). gmVmam ho {Oëh`mMo d

VmbwŠ`mMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio emgH$s` H$m`m©b o, ì`mnmar g§Hy$bo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`mnma

Am{U dmhVwH$, godm§Mm {dH$mg Pmë`m_wio oWrb 97% bmoH$g§»`m hr Xwæ`_ d V¥Vr`

146

H$m`m©_Üò Jw§Vbobr Amho. ehamÀ`m X{jU, n{ü_ Am{U CÎma ^mJmVrb \$º$ 3 %

bmoH$g§»`m eoVr, ImUH$m_ `mgma»`m àmW{_H$ joÌm_Üò Jw§Vbr Amho.

àñVwV emoY àH$aUm_Ü o gmVmam ehamÀ`m {dH$mgmV _hËdmMr ^{y_H$m

~OmdUmè`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i, {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð, gmIa CÚmoJ, ~±H$s¨J

gw{dYm, Am`w{d©_m, gmVmam XwYg§K, ~mOma g{_Vr, ì`mnma d gmám{hH$ ~mOma B.

KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

* Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmQ>Mmb

gmVmam ehambm Oer Eo{Vhm{gH$ na§nam Amho; Vgm Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmagmhr bm^bm

Amho. AZoH$ _moR>`m H§$nÝ`m§_wio gmVmaMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV EHo$H$mir g_¥ÜX hmoVr.

d¡^dembr _hmamîQ>mÀ`m OS>UKS>UrV n{ü_ _hmamîQ>mVrb gmVmam, gm§Jbr, H$moëhmnya

`m {Oëh`m§Zr Zoh_rM _hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho. Varhr VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>`m

_hmamîQ>mÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVrV, _w§~B©, Zm{eH$, nwUo, Am¡a§Jm~mX `m {Oëh`m§Mm gh^mJ

_moR>m {XgVmo. gZ 1971 _Üò gmVmam oWo Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>imZo gw_mao 400 d

Z§Va gZ 1980 _Ü o 500 EH$a Aem EHy$U 900 EH$a O{_Zrda Am¡Úm{JH$aUmMo amonQo>

bmdbo.1 {Zd¥Îm bmoH$m§Mm Jmd ho gmVmam ehambm {MH$Qo>bo {~ê$X Xya H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZ§Va AmO 35 dfmªZ§Va_mJo diyZ nmhVm 620 bhmZ _moR>`m

CÚmoJm§Zr ZQ>bobo ho Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ AZoH$ AS>MUrda _mV H$ê$Z Mm§Jbo pñWamdbo Amho.

* Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmMm B{Vhmg

Hw${Q>a CÚmoJ d Jyi V`ma H$aUo ho gmVmam d n[agamVrb àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZMo

ì`dgm` AmhoV {~«Q>re A§_b àñWm{nV hmoB©n`ªV IoS>`m§Mm g_yh ~hþVm§e ñd §nyU© hmoVm.

àVmnqgh _hmamOm§Zr gm{hË` àH$m{eV ìhmdo `mgmR>r gmVmè`mbm EH$ N>mnImZm gwê$

Ho$bm gZ 1858 bm gmVmè`mbm ""ew^gyMH$'' gmám{hH$mMr N>nmB© {eimàogda hmoV

Ago. B§J«OrgÎmm ê$T> Pmë`mda ñd`§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoMm èhmg hmoÊ`mg àma§ Pmbm. _mÌ ho

hr Iao Amho H$s gZ gZ 1887 _Üò nyUo - {_aO bmoh_mJ© H$m`m©pÝdV Pmë`mda

n{ü_mË` nÜXVrMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§aMZm CnbãY hmoÊ`mg àma§^ Pmbm. bmoh_mJm©À`m

147

gw{dYm~amo~aM _w§~B© d nwÊ`mer {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y Amë`m_wio `m {Oëh`mV {d{dY CÚmoJ

gwê$ Pmbo. gZ 1906 - 07 _Üò YmVynmgyZ {Za{Zami`m dñVy V`ma H$aÊ`mMm H$maImZm

gwê$ Pmbm.2 gZ 1922 _Üò gmVmam amoS>bm ga YZOrem Hy$na `m§Zr eoVrMm AdOmao d

bmoI§S>r Zm§Ja V`ma H$aÊ`mMm H$maImZm gwê$ H$ê$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dœmV Iè`m AWm©Zo

gmVmè`mMr _hmamîQ>mbm AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbr. Hw$na B§{O{ZA[a¨J `m H$maImÝ`mV Zm§Ja

{Z_uVr ~amo~a bmoI§S>r H$m°Q>g² CgmMo MaH$ e|Jm \$moS>Ê`mMo `§Ì Aer {Z_uVr H$ê$Z

H¥$frOrdZ g_¥ÜX Ho$bo. Ë`mhr nyTo> OmdyZ gZ 1934 _Üò ^maVmVrb n{hbo {S>Pob B§{OZ

V`ma H$ê$Z Iè`m AWm©Zo "Am°Q>mo_mo~mB©b wJ' gwê$ Ho$bo. gZ 1925 _Ü o gmVmam oWo EH$

N>mnImZm d gZ 1929 _Ü o aoe_mbm nri XoUo, Jw§S>miUo d Ë`mbm a§JdÊ`mMm H$maImZm

gmVmè`mV gwê$ Pmbm. gZ 1930 _Üò gmVmè`mV ""B§~«m{h_ OXm©'' V§~mIy {Z{_©VrMm

Añgb dmU {Z{_©Vr AgUmam H$maImZm gwê$ Pmbm. gZ 1933 _Üò gmVmè`mbm {dÚwV

nwadR>m H§$nZr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H§$nZrZo gZ 1935 _Ü o drO {Z{_©Vr d

{dVaUmg gwê$dmV Ho$br, Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmbm doJ Ambm. gZ 1947 bm gmVmè`mbm

"\o$Zm°b \$m°_©brS>hmB©S>' _mopëS§>J nmdS>a V`ma H$aÊ`mMm H$maImZm gwê$ Pmbm. gZ 1961

_Ü o gmVmam amoS>bm èd§V ghH$mar Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhV ñWmnZ Pmbr. Aem àH$mao

Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i gmVmè`mV oB©n ª§V {d{dY N>moQo> _moQo> CÚmoJY§Xo gwê$ hmoVo. 3

* _hmamîQ´> Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>i

gmVmè`mMm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg Iè`m AWm©Zo gZ 1971 Z§Va gwê$ Pmbm.

CÚmoOH$m§Zm {dH${gV ^yI§S> XoUo ho à_wI H$m`© _hm_§S>imMo Amho. E{àb 1971 amoOr

gmVmè`mbm `m Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. gwadmVrbm `m dgmhVrgmR>r

_hm_§S>imZo 152.46 hoŠQ>a O_rZ g§nmXZ Ho$br hmoVr. na§Vy CÚmoOH$m§Mr dmT>Vr _mJUr

bjmV KoD$Z gZ 1981 _Üò gmVmam XoJmd añË`mbJV 196.03 hoŠQ>a O_rZ g§nm{XV

H$ê$Z A{V[aº$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. `m Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmMr PnmQ>`mZo

dmT> hmoV AgyZ Ë`m bJVÀ`m àH$ënJ«ñV Jmdm§Zm {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m gdbrÀ`m

XamZo Ho$bm OmVmo. gZ 1992 - 93 _Üò oWo 435 H$maImZo hmoVo. Ë`mV ^m§S>dbr

148

Jw§VdUyH$ 3981 bmI d dm{f©H$ CbmT>mb 11827 bmI ê$nò hmoVr. Ë`mV 5,526

H$m_Jmam§Zm amoOJma {_imbm hmoVm.4 AmO `m dgmhVrV A{^`m§{ÌH$s, ImÚnXmW©,

AYmVy, I{ZO nXmW©, agm`Zo d amgm`{ZH$ nXmWm©Mo H$maImZo AmhoV.

620 bhmZ _moR>`m CÚmoJm§Zr ZQ>bobo ho Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ AZoH$ AS>MUtda _mV

H$[aV Mm§JboM pñWamdbo Amho. YZOrem Hy$na KamÊ`mMm CÚmoJ g_yhmVrb Hy$na \$mC§S>r,

Ë`mMmM {Z`mo{OV B§{OZ d dmhZ {Z{_©Vr hm _hËdH$m§er àH$ën, A{OV _wWm, CÚmoJ

g_yh, nam§Ono Am°Q>mo H$mñQ>, OJX²{d»`mV "Aë\$m bmdb H§$nZr, {gnbm J«wnÀ`m Am|H$mgm

d _o{S>Amoab `m Am¡fY H§$nÝ`m, Jmo §H$m J«wnMr {H«$ñQ>b J«°ZmB©Q> d nmboH$a \y$S>g, H$mQ>Xao

_gmbo, Amdgwam _gmbo, nmMJUrMm _mbmO O°_ Oobr J«wn `m \y$S> B§S>ñQ>rO ho `m d BVa

Zm_m§{H$V H§$nÝ`mMo gmVmam òWrb ^ŠH$_ ApñVËd ho gd© `m {Z`moOZmMoM è _mZmdo

bmJob. VgoM 35 dfm©Z§VaÀ`m XrK© H$mbmZ§Va 2008 - 09 _Ü o IwÔ gmVmam oWo AOyZ

350 EH$a joÌmMr â nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho. 5

_mÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZMm AmT>mdm KoVë`mg bjmV oVo H$s,

gmVmè`m~amo~aM C^maboë`m Ah_XZJa, Am¡a§Jm~mX, ~mam_Vr, H$moëhmnya d MmH$U `m

_hmamîQ>mVrb BVa Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmtMr VwbZmË_H$ÑîQ>`m OmñV àJVr Pmbobr Amho. d `m

gd© {R>H$mUr EH$mnojm OmñV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌo Joë`m H$mhr dfm©_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmbr AmhoV;

Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m ehamMm {dH$mg d dmT>hr _moR>`m à_mUmV Pmbr Amho. nwUo oWo gdm©V

OmñV Va H$amS> d gmVmam oWo gdm©V H$_r {dH$mgmMr Zm|X Pmbobr {XgVo. gmVmam eha

qH$dm n[agamV EImXo _moRo> åhUOo 300 Vo 400 EH$a EdTo> joÌ gbJ EH$m {R>H$mUr gÜ`m

Var CnbãY hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ÑîQ>`m `m {Oëh`mVrb ~aoMgo joÌ S>m|Jami

AgyZ VgoM ~aoM joÌ Aën ^yYmaH$m§Mo Amho. B§{O{ZA[a¨J Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmg Amdí`H$

Agboë`m amOH$s` BÀN>m eº$sMohr gmVmaÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmH$So> Xwb©j Pmbobo {XgyZ oVo.

Xwgao H$maU Ago H$s ñWmnZonmgyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb H$m_Jma MidirÀ`m ñWmnZonmgyZ

Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb H$m_Jma MidirÀ`m B{VhmgmVrb AdbmoH$Z Ho$ë`mg Vo H$m`Xo

PwJmê$Z XheVrMm Adb§~ H$aUmao d EH§$XarV nmofH$ Zgë`mMo {XgyZ oVo `mM EH$_od

149

H$maUmZo oWrb {H$ËòH$ CÚmoJY§Úm§Mo BVaÌ ñWbm§Va Pmbo Amho d AZoH$ BÀNw>H$

CÚmoOH$m§À`m ZmamOrMo Vo H$maU Amho.6 VgoM CÚmoOH$m§À`m H$m¡Qw§>{~H$ àJVrg nmofH$

AgUmar Am¡Úmo{JH$ ehamMr àJVr. Am¡Ú{JH$H$aUm~amo~aM Ë`m ehamMr EH$ {d{eîQ>

àH$mao àJVr hmoUo Ano{jV AgVo Vr g_mYmZH$maH$ Zgob Va CÚmoOH$ Ë`mH$So> nmR>

{\$a{dVmZm {XgVmV.

* gmVmè`mÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmVrb "Hy$na CÚmoJ g_yh'

ga YZOrem Hy$na `m§Zr gZ 1922 _Üò bmoI§S>r Zm§Ja {Z_uVr ~amo~a CgmMo

MaH$, e|Jm \$moS>Ê`mMo §Ì Aer {Z_uVr H$ê$Z H¥$fr OrdZ g_¥ÜX Ho$bo hmoVo. gZ 1934

_Ü o ^maVmVrb n{hbo {S>Pob B§{OZ V`ma H$ê$Z XoemV Iè`m AWm©Zo "A°Q>mo_mo~mB©b wJ

Ë`m§Zr gwê$ Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`mM~amo~a boW, {S>qbJ_erZ, em°qnJ _erZ, byåg Aer

CÚmoOH$m§Zm hdr Agbobr ^maVr` ~ZmdQ>rMr _erZar V`ma H$ê$Z ZdrZ CÚmoOH$mg

Ë`m§Zm hdo Vo XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo Am{U Hy$naÀ`m Am°B©b B§{OZZo H¥${f {dH$mgmMo EH$ doJio

{dœ gmH$ma H$ê$Z ~mJmB©V joÌ \w$b{dÊ`mV nwT>mH$ma KoVbm. Ë`mZ§Va EH${dgmì`m

eVH$mÀ`m C§~aR>`mda Am¡Úm{JH$ dgmhVrV Hy$na CÚmoJ g_yhmZo {Z`m©Vj_ CËnmXZmMm

àH$ën gwê$ Ho$bm. òWo hmoUmam àËòH$ nmQ©> _oS> BZ B§{S>`m åhUyZ A_o[aH$m, B§½bS>>, BQ>br,

{\$Zb§S>, OnmZ Aem àJV Xoem_Üò {Z`m©V hmoV Agë`mZo gmVmaÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmMr

C§Mr dmT>V Amho. ndZMŠH$sMr doJdoJir H$mñQ>t½O, ñnmB©Zr bm`Za, H«°$H$emâQ> Aem

{d{dY XO}Xma CËnmXZm§Zr Hy$naMo OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoRo>V Amnbo doJionU {gÜX Ho$bo Amho.

`m{edm` [aH$m°S>m} H§$nZrer H$ama H$ê$Z "`wamo 4' `m nÜXVrMr XmoZ {gqbS>a, Mma

{gqbS>a d ghm {gqbS>aMr XO}Xma B§{OZ {Z_uVrMr _m{bH$m gwê$ Ho$br Amho. Ë`m_Ü o

26 Aœeº$s Vo 340 Aœeº$sMr J°g d {S>Pob B§{OZ V`ma hmoUma AmhoV; d hr B§{OZ

OZaoqQ>J _oQ>g²gmR>r Cn wº$ AmhoV. ndZMŠH$s H$mpñQ§>½OgmR>r \$mC§S>r d nwU©V:

{Z`m©Vj_ H$mpñQ§>½OMm B.Amo. w. àH$ën {deof CëboIZr` Amho. EH$ Q>Z Vo ZD$ Q>Z

H$n°{gQ>rÀ`m j_VoÀ`m MmaMmH$s JmS>`m§Mr {Z_uVr gmVmè`mV H$am`Mm _mZ Hy$naH$So>

150

Amo. Hy$na H$mn}aoeZ àm. {b. hm CÚmoJ Amnbr CbmT>mb XmoZ hOma H$moQ>tMr H$arV AgyZ

_hmamîQ>mÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVrMo EH$ doJio XmbZ Iwbo H$arV Amho. 7

`m{edm` "gm`ŠbmoMo' nm§Sy>a§J qeXo, "H${dËgw'Mo dg§Vamd \$S>Vao , "Amoa°H$bMo'

wdamO ndma, A{OV _wWm, nam§Ono A°Q>mo H$mñQ> `mgmaIo AZoH$ Zm_d§V CÚmoOH$ Z{dZ

eVH$mÀ`m JaOm AmoiIyZ {Z{_©Vr H$m¡eë` nUmbm bmdV Amho. gmVmè`mV _{eZ Qy>ëg

{Z{_©VrV A{^OmV BpŠH$n_|Q> Mo g{MZ Xmoer `m§Zr, b±qnJ _erZ Vo grEZgr _{eZMr

{Z_uVr H$ê$Z Amnbo doJionU XmIdyZ {Xbo. g§^mOramd nmQ>rb `m§Mm EH$ Anma§nm[aH$

D$Om© àH$ën ñ¹o$Aa B§{O{Z[a¨J àm. {b. åhUyZ gwê$ hmoV Amho. H¥$fr joÌmV h[aVJ¥hm§Mr

C^maUr doJmZo hmoV AgyZ `m h[aV J¥hmVrb \$io, \w$bo, ^mOrnmbm, naXoemV {Z`m©V

hmoV Amho.8

* gmVmè`mVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrVyZ CËnm{XV hmoUmar à_wI CËnmXZo

gmVmam `oWrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrVyZ à_wI CËnmXZmn¡H$s, agm`Zo d amgm`{ZH$

nXmW©, _yb yV g|Ðr` d Ag|Ðr` agm`Zo Am{U dm y CËnmXZ, Am¡fY CËnmXZ, a~a,

ßbmpñQ>H$, noQ>mo{b`_ Am{U XJS>r H$moiemnmgyZ hmoUmao CËnmXZ, AYmVy I{ZO nXmW©,

H$mM d H$mMoÀ`m dñVy§Mo CËnmXZ, _yb^yV d {_l YmVy, YmVy§À`m dñVy d gwQo> ^mJ,

§Ìgm_wJ«r, `m§{ÌH$ AdOmao d gwÅo>^mJ {dÚwV §Ìgm_wJ«r, gmYZo, CnH$aUo d gwQo> ^mJ,

n[adhZ gm_wJ«r d gwÅo> ^mJ, §Ìgm_wJ«r Xwê$ñVr, H$mJX H$mJXmÀ`m dñVy, _wÐU, àH$meZo

d g§~{YV CÚmoJ, dómoÚmoJ, §Ì_mJ CÚmoJ B. à_wI CËnmXZm{edm` ImÚnXmW©

CËnmXZ, gmIa CËnmXZ, no o V§~mIy d V§~mIyÀ`m nXmWm©Mo CËnmXZ, bmoH$a aoer_ d

H¥${Ì_ V§VyMo CËnmXZ V`ma hmoVmV. 9

Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrVrb CÚmoJ d Ë`m§Mr g§»`m

1 B§{O{ZA[a¨J d dŠg© - 141

2 Ho${_H$b d ßbmpñQ>H$ B§S>pñQ>O, nona a~a Ho${_H$b - 17

3 ßbmpñQ>H$ B§S>pñQ>O - 35

4 nona n°Ho$qOJ - 9

151

5 a~a - 7

6 ~oH$ar d \y$S> àm°S>ŠQ> - 10

7 Am°B©b {_b - 8

8 {_ëH$ A±S> AmB©g ßb±Q> - 6

9 H¥$fr Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$maImZo - 21

10 _{eZar ñnoAa Qy>ëg - 7

11 \$m¢S>r {S>pìhOZ - 15

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hdoë`m, dmSo> AmOhr Adeof ê$nmV AmnUmbm {XgVmV. 19

gZ 1750 À`m gw_mamV gmVmè`mV EV²Xoer` _amR>r gmdH$mam§~amo~aM AÝ`

amÁ`mVrb gmdH$mam§Mo à_mU hr ZOaoV ^Ê`mgmaIo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m noT>`mVyZ ì`mnma Mmbo.

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emo^oMr Xmê$ `m dñVy _mJ{dë`mMm CëboI Amho. Ago Agbo Var ñWm{ZH$ eoR> gmdH$mam§Mr

g§nÞVm Ë`m§Zr C^maboë`m dmñVyVyZ EH$m _`m©XrV AWmªZr ì`º$ hmoVo. N>ÌnVr emhÿ

158

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gmdH$ma hmoVm. Ë`mZo hr noeì`m§Zm H$O} {Xbr hmoVr. gZ 1753 -54 _Ü o _amR>`m§Zr

lra§JnÅ>Uda Xhm bj ZD$eo ê$n`m§Mr I§S>Ur AmH$mabr hmoVr Am{U gmVmè`mVrb ~mam

gmdH$mar noT>`m§À`m ZmdmZo Vr aŠH$_ hþS>`m§À`m ê$nmZo {_idbr hmoVr. gZ 1750 À`m

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Pmbo hmoVo.20

gmVmam {~«Q>re amOdQ>rImbr Amë`mZ§Va ì`mnmam_Ü o d gmYZgm_wJ«r _Ü o dmT>

Pmbr. {~«Q>re amOdQ> gwê$ Pmë`mda {Oëh`mV _hgyb O_m~§Xr H$m`Xm bmJy H$aÊ`mV

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{Z`§ÌU Ro>dUmam H$m`Xm ZìhVm. gZ 1946 _Ü o _w§~B© gmdH$ma A{Y{Z`_ (gmdH$mar

gZX) g§_V H$aÊ`mV oD$Z Vmo gmVmam {Oëh`mg 17 gßQ|> 1947 amoOr bmJy H$aÊ`mV

Ambm. 21

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV ~±H$ ì`dgm`mVrb àJVr Am{U J«m_rU nVnwadR>m gw{dYoV

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2) ñQo>Q> ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`m (àVmnJ§OnoR>) emIm - 3

159

3) ~±H$ Am°\$ ~S>moXm (e{Zdma noR>)

4) H°$Zam ~±H$ (nmodB©ZmH$m)

5) B§{S>`Z ~±H$ (_moVrMm¡H$)

2) eoS>`wb ~±H$m d Ë`m§À`m ehamVrb emImg§»`m

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Amho. (2006) - a{ddma noR>, emIm - 6

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3) H$Zm©Q>H$ ~±H$ (gm`Ýg H$m°boO g_moa)

3) ghH$mar ~±H$m d Ë`m§À`m ehamVrb emIm g§»`m

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2) OZVm ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam (^dmZrnoR>, amOnW) emIm - 7

3) AqOŠ`Vmam ghH$mar ~±H$ (nmodB©ZmH$m)

4) AqOŠ`Vmam _{hbm ghH$mar (`mXmoJmonmi noR>)

5) {OOm_mVm _{hbm ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam (e{Zdma noR>) emIm - 1

6) _amR>m ghH$mar ~±H$ gmVmam (amOdmS>m) emIm - 1

7) àmW{_H$ {ejH$ ghH$mar ~±H$ (nmodB©ZmH$m)

8) a`V godH$ ~±H$, gmVmam (H$_©dra g_mYr n[aga) emIm - 3

9) g¡{ZH$ ghH$mar ~±H$ (a{ddma noR>)

10) _m`Ur A~©Z H$mo. Am°\$ ~±H$ ({Oëhm n[afX g_moa)

11) _hmamîQ> amÁ` gh. H¥$fr {Oëhm d J«m_rU ~±H$ _`m©. gmVmam (Xm¡bVZJa)

12) {X. dmB© A~©Z H$mo - Am°n ~±H$ {b. dmB© (gmo_dma noR>) emIm - 1

13) {X. gmVmam {S>ñQ>rŠQ> _MªQ>g H$mo. Am°n ~±H$, gmVmam

14) lr_§V _mbmoOramOo ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. \$bQ>U, emIm gmVmam (H$_mZr hm¡X)

15) l{_H$ gh. ~±H$ {b. gmVmam (H$boŠQ>a Am°\$sg)

16) emhþnyar ZmJar ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. emhþnyar gmVmam (_ëhmanoR>)

160

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18) AqOŠ` gh. ~±H$ {b. gmVmam (emhÿZJa) emIm - 2.23

`mdarb gd© 28 ~±H$m ehamÀ`m _Ü`dVu {R>H$mUr, nmodB© ZmH$m, Eg.Q>r. ñQ±>S>,

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Amho.

* gmVmam ehamÀ`m d¡^dm_Ü o â KmbUmè`m H$mhr à_wI ~±H$m

1) wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±H$ :

AmÊUmgmho~ {Mê$_wbo `m§Zr 20 Am°JñQ> 1907 amoOr gmVmam ñdXoer H$_{e©`b

~±Ho$Mr ñWmnZm Ho$ë`mnmgyZ dm{UÁ` ~±H$mÀ`m {Oëh`mVrb ì`dhmamMm àma§ Pmbm. gZ

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OVZ Ho$ë`m Ë`m§Mo {ZH$mon g§JmonZ Ho$bo d Amnbm A§J^yV H$V©ËdmÀ`m Omoamda Ë`m

Zmdmê$nmg AmUë`m. AmÊUmgmho~m§Mo \$ma _moRo> H$V¥©Ëd, ÐîQo>nUm d CX§S> è `mV

gm_mdbo hmoVo.

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~±Ho$Mm nm`m â^ŠH$_ H$aV ~±H$ Zmdmê$nmg AmUbr. 25

~±Ho$g eoS>`wb ~±Ho$Mm XOm© gZ 1951 _Ü o àmá Pmbm. OwÝ`m H$mimV ~±H$m d

{d_m H§$nÝ`mda OZVoMm \$magm {dœmg ZìhVm Aem napñWVrV `m ~±Ho$Zo OZVoMm

{dœmg àmá H$ê$Z KoVbm. {d_m H§$nÝ`mMo amîQ´>r`H$aU hmoÊ`mnydu H$moëhmnya òWrb

w{Z`Z ~±H$ Am°\$ H$moëhmnya hr wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±Ho$V {dbrZ Pmbr. gZ 1969 _Üò ê$.

50 H$moQ>r Ro>dr Agboë`m 14 ~±H$mMo amîQ´>r`H$aU Pmbo. wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z©À`m Ro>dr 50 H$moQ>r

Zgë`m_wio ~±Ho$Mo amîQ>r`H$aU Pmbo Zmhr. gmVmam ñdXoer ~±H$ gZ 1961 _Ü o wZm`Qo>S>

doñQ>Z© ~±Ho$V {dbrZ Pmbr. ~±Ho$À`m hoS> Am°\$sgÀ`m B_maVrMo CX²>KmQ>Z gZ 1972 amoOr

VËH$mbrZ CnamîQ´>nVr S>m°. Jmonmi ñdê$n nmR>H$ `m§À`m hñVo Pmbo. Ë`mdoir g_ma§^mMo

AÜ`j _m. èd§Vamd MìhmU hmoVo. ~±Ho$Mr _w»` dmñVy nmodB©ZmH$m òWo Pmbr. 31 _mM©

1988 - 89 AIoa ~±Ho$À`m EHy$U Ro>dr 397 H$moQ>rÀ`m Amgnmg hmoË`m emIm 176 d gd©

ñQ>m\$ 3165 hmoVm. gZ 1995 - 96 ~±Ho$À`m EHy$U Ro>dr 1623 H$moQ>r hmoË`m d 200

emIm hmoË`m. d 20% BVH$m {dH«$_r bm^m§e ^mJYmaH$m§Zm {_imbm. 26 gmVmam ehamV

E.Q>r.E_. ~g{dUmar d 8 _mM© 1997 nmgyZ E.Q>r.E_ Mr gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUmar

gmVmè`mVrb n{hbr ~±H$ åhUyZ ~hÿ_mZ àmá Ho$bm. 21 ì`m eVH$mH$So> dmQ>Mmb H$arV

AgVmZm 2000 gmbmn`ªV ~±Ho$Zo 5300 H$moQ>rn ªV Ro>dr nmohM{dë`m hmoË`m. hr ~±H$

2000 gmbmn`ªV Ho$di _hmamîQ´>mVrb Zìho Va XoemVrb CÎm_ ~±H$mn¡H$s J«mhH$m§Zm godm

XoUmar EH$ gdm}Îm_ ~±H$ hmoVr. 27

1990 Vo 2001 hm H$mi ~±Ho$À`m B{VhmgmVrb gwdU©H$miM hmoVm `m 10

dfm©À`m àJVrZo _hmamîQ´>mVrb `m ~±Ho$Mo Zmd XoenmVirda M_H$bo. 31 _mM© 2001

amoOrÀ`m Am{W©H$[aË`m Ë`mZr dê$Z ~±Ho$Mm H$m`©H$V©¥ËdmMm AmboI nmhVm oB©b.

162

1 ^mJ ^m§S>db - 30 H$moQ>r

2 [aPd©O² - 204 H$moQ>r

3 {S>nm°{PQ²>g - 5221 H$moQ>r

4 {Zìdi Z\$m - 15 H$moQ>r

5 A°S>ìhmpÝgg - 2748 H$moQ>r

6 BÝìhoñQ>_|Q²>g - 1719 H$moQ>r

7 dmQ>bobo {S>pìhS§>S> - 10%

8 EHy$U emIm - 225 28

2003-04 dfm©_Ü o ~±Ho$Mo {S>nm°{PQ²>g 1000 H$moQ>r Va A°S>ìhmÝgog 3500 H$moQ>r

{Zìdi Z\$m 31 H$moQ>rÀ`m Amgnmg d 15% {S>ìh§S> Omhra Ho$bo hmoVo. ~±Ho$À`m

AYmoJVrMm àdmg 2004-05 `m Am{W©H$ dfm©nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbm `m dfm©V Ro>dtÀ`m

A°S>ìhmÝgog _Üò ZJÊ` dmT> Pmbr. IM© dmT>bo EZ.nr.E. gmR>r 192 H$moQ>tMr VaVyX

H$amdr bmJbr hmoVr. Am{U {Zìdi Zâ`mEodOr 96 H$moQ>r 64 bmI ê$n`m§Mm KgKerV

VmoQ>m Pmbm. ~±Ho$À`m AYmoJVrMm àdmg 1 E{àb 2005 nmgyZ doJmZo Mmby hmoVm. 2006

_mM© n`ªV 106.08 H$moQ>r {Zìdi VmoQ>m, ñd{ZYrà_mU 0.99% d J«m°g àm°{\$Q>

11.47% OmZodmar 2006 _Üò [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo ËdarV napñWVr gwYmaUm Pmbr Zmhr Va

H$S>H$ nmD$bo CMbbr OmVrb Agm Bemam {Xbm hmoVm na§Vy ~±Ho$Mr AYmJVr MmbyM

am{hbr Aem napñWVrVrV [aPìh© ~±Ho$Zo Ro>drXmam§À`m {hVajUmW© A§{V_ nmD$b CMbbo

2 gßQ|> 2006 amoOr ~±Ho$da _moa°Q>mo[aA_ bmJy H$ê$Z gd© ì`dhmam§da {Z~ªY KmVbo 30

gßQo§>~a amoOr H|$Ðr` AW©ImË`mÀ`m _mÝ`VoZo `wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±Ho$Mo Am`. S>r.~r.Am` _Ü o

{dbrZrH$aU Ho$ë`mMm AmXoe H$mT>bm Vmo AmXoe åhUOo AmÊUmgmho~ {Ma_wë`m§Zr

gmVmè`mV àH$me_mZ Ho$boë`m AW©gyMrMm XwX¡dr AñV hmoVm. gÎma dfm©nydu gmVmè`mV

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hmoVm.29

163

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g§»`m 3400 À`m Amgnmg hmoVr. gw_mao 15 bmI J«mhH$m§Zm AmnwbH$sZo OmoS>bo hmooVo. Ro>dr

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wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±Ho$_wio ^maVmÀ`m Am{W©H$ ZH$memV ñWmZ àmá Ho$bo hmoVo. 8 _mM© 2007

amoOr ~±H$ gÎma df} nyU© H$aUma hmoVr nU Vmo `moJ H$maU _mZd{Z{_©V H$aÊ`mMr na§namM

`mbm H$maUr^yV hmoVr. 30

~±Ho$À`m AYmoJVrMr H$maU_r_m§gm gm§JVmZm Aê$U JmoS>~mobo `m§Zr {bhboë`m

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3) g§MmH$ _§S>imMr Anyar H$m ©j_Vm

4) àJV ì`dgm` ~yÜXrMm doJ amIÊ`mVrb ì`dñWmnH$s` Anè B. à_wI H$maUo

Ë`m§Zr gm§JrVbr AmhoV. 31

amîQ´>r` nmVirdarb ImOJr joÌmVrb ~±H$mÀ`m n{hë`m nmM H«$_m§H$mV

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gmVmaÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr gmj Agbobr hr ~±H$ g§nwîQ>mV Ambr.

* gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam

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164

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~±Ho$Mr Aënem ^m§S>dbmda {X. 15/08/1949 amoOr ñWmnZ Pmbr. 32

gmVmam ehamMo, {Oëh`mMo ^yfU Agbobr VimJmimVrb JmoaJ[a~m§Mo AmXamMo

ñWmZ Agboë`m `m ~±Ho$Zo Joë`m 60 dfm©À`m B{VhmgmV bjUr` d Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aer

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{X. 30/06/1952 AIoa ~±Ho$À`m 2 emIm, ê$. 2 bmI 43 hOma dgyb ^mJ

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165

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1995 4605 174 941.69 11852.46 33047.36 26403.61 270.00 41945.43 15% "A'

1996 4908 207 1087.09 10613.25 38855.19 36043.07 400.00 50899.16 15% "A'

1997 4701 207 1226.68 16544.76 48653.38 40722.25 750.00 62160.21 17% "A'

1998 4451 207 1301.70 334668.95 57804.48 348663.82 600.00 74786.18 17% "A'

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2000 3109 218 6840.55 40368.00 83136.08 52301.06 1400.00 99471.93 20% "A'

2001 3128 240 8712.35 42077.64 97449.21 64493.51 2000.00 114437.39 20% "A'

2002 3152 240 10861.13 48765.73 104785.46 67512.79 2000.00 128996.16 20% "A'

2003 3078 240 12717.90 54153.02 110850.01 68419.64 2051.00 132806.17 20% "A'

2004 3003 240 14376.14 69209.76 119759.69 64391.85 2051.50 144110.67 15% "A'

2005 2804 240 15931.39 81682.65 123793.44 55769.38 1400.00 148032.11 15% "A'

2006 2822 240 17238.72 73316.60 135339.69 78669.63 750.00 162587.93 10% "A'

2007 2754 240 19022.66 71938.97 147809.03 107324.54 750.00 193109.84 10% "A' 34

g§X ©: ghH$ma Jm¡ad J«§W, gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVr© ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam.

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bm^m§e 17 Vo 20% n`ªV {Xbobm {XgyZ òVmo.

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gm_mdbobm Amho.

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à`ËZ `m_wio ~aoM nwañH$ma ~±Ho$bm {_imbobo Amho. 39

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168

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emIoÀ`m H$m`©joÌmV H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho.

gZ 1913 _Üò {Ma_wbo d Ë`m§À`m ghH$mè`m§Zr gmVmè`mV Am w{d©_m H§$nZr

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{dH$mgmV {VMm _hÎdnyU© gh^mJ hmoVm.

169

* gmVmam ghH$mar XyY CËnmXH$ d à{H«$`m g§K {b. gmVmam :

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170

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g^mgX g§»`m 299 89 106 494

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XyY ì`dgm` {dH$mg `moOZm :

gmVmam g§Km_m\©$V gmVmam {Oëh`mV XyY _hmnya `moOZm am~{dbr OmVo. g§KmZo

_hmamîQ> amÁ` XyY _hmg§K d EZ.S>r.S>r.~r. `m§À`mer `mo½` g_Ýd` amIyZ Ë`m§À`m

Am{W©H$ d Vm§{ÌH$ ghH$m`m©Zo H$m`©joÌmV {d{dY CnH«$_ am~dyZ Xy½Y ì`dgm` dmT>rg

A{YH$ MmbZm {Xbr Amho. g§KmV\}$ dmOdr XamZo Am{U AZwXmZ VËdmda XyY VnmgUr

gm{hË` nwa{dbo OmVo. amÁ` XyY _hmg§K d EZ.S>r.S>r.~r. nwañH¥$V `moOZoA§VJ©V àm. XyY

g§ñWm§Zm 160 {_ëH$moQo>ñQ>g©Mo dmQ>n H$aUoV Ambo Amho. 47

171

gmVmam XyY g§KmMr dmQ>Mmb nmhVm ehamVrb Vr EH$ à_wI ghH$mar g§ñWm AgyZ

ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ CbmT>mbr_Ü o {VMm gh^mJ _hËdnyU© Amho.

* gmVmam H¥$fr CËnmXZ ~mOma g{_Vr :

H¥$fr CËnmXZmg `mo½` _wë` {_iÊ`mgmR>r _w§~B© amÁ` emgZmZo gZ 1927 _Ü o

_§~B© H$mnyg ~mOma A{Y{Z`_ g§_V Ho$bm. `m A{Y{Z`_m _Ü o ~è`mM CUrdm am{hë`mZo

d Ë`m_Ü o ~è`mM H¥$fr _mbmMo {d{Z`_Z Pmbobo Zgë`mZo _w§~B© emgZmZo gZ 1939

_Ü o _§~B© H¥$fr CËnmXZ ~mOma ({d{Z`_Z) A{Y{Z`_ g§_V Ho$bm. `m A{Y{Z`_mV

eoVr_mbmMo ~mOma^md R>a{dÊ`m~m~V H$mhr CUrdm amhÿZ Joë`m_wio _hmamîQ> emgZmZo

gZ 1963 _Ü o _hmamîQ> H¥$fr CËnmXZ ~mOma ({dZr`_Z) A{Y{Z`_ g§_V H$ê$Z

Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr gZ 1967 nmgyZ gwê$ Ho$br. gmVmam {Oëh`mV n{hbr {dZr`{_V

~mOmnoR> gZ 1944 _Üò H$amS>bm d Xwgar 1949 _Ü o H$moaoJmdbm ñWmnZ Pmbr. Va 12

_o 1952 amoOr gmVmam òWo ñWmnZ Pmbr. 48

gmVmam H¥$frCËnmXZ ~mOma g{_VrÀ`m H$m ©joÌmV gwadmVrg gmVmam, dmB©,

Omdir VmbwŠ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va gZ 1971 _Ü o _hm~ioœa VmbwŠ`mMm

g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`©joÌmMo 19 _mM© 1980 _Ü o {d^mOZ hmoCZ gmVmam d

dmB© oWo ñdV§Ì ~mOma g{_Ë`m ApñVËdmV Amë`m. gÜ`m gmVmam g{_VrÀ`m H$m ©joÌmV

gmVmam VmbwŠ`mVrb 185 d Omdir VmbwŠ`mVrb 207 Jmdo AmhoV. _w»` ~mOma Amdma

4.41 hoŠQ>a Amho. A{VV (ñWmnZ 1959) d dSy>W (ñWmnZm 1956) òWo Cn~mOma

AgyZ Ë`m§Mo joÌ 0.52 hoŠQ>a d 1.21 hoŠQ>a Amho. 49

H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_VrMr gm§n{ÎmH$ pñWVr :

CËnm{XV _mbmÀ`m IaoXrgmR>r gj_ IaoXrda ì`mnmar `m§À`m~amo~a ~mOma

Amdmamda _mbmÀ`m {dH«$sgmR>r gw{dYm A^mdr _Ü`§VarÀ`m H$mimV ~mOmamV Amdmamda

CbmT>mbrMo ì`dhma Aën à_mUmV hmoV hmoVo. _mÌ A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV ~mOma

CbmT>mbr_Ü o dmT> hmoD$Z Ë`m AZwe§JmZo ~mOma g{_VrÀ`m CËnmXZmV à{Vdfu dmT> hmoV

Amho. ho Imbrb AmH$So>darb {ZXe©Zmg oB©b.

172

A. Z§.

gZgZgZgZ EHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞ EHy$U IM©EHy$U IM©EHy$U IM©EHy$U IM© EHy$U EHy$U EHy$U EHy$U {eëbH${eëbH${eëbH${eëbH$

H$m`_{ZYrH$m`_{ZYrH$m`_{ZYrH$m`_{ZYr

1 1992-93 12.42 11.53 0.89 34.35

2 1993-94 16.99 11.49 5.50 35.24

3 1994-95 16.04 14.41 1.63 40.05

4 1995-96 16.15 16.03 0.12 41.68

5 1996-97 18.67 15.42 3.25 41.63

6 1997-98 20.38 16.22 4.16 49.26

7 1998-99 22.40 17.68 4.72 54.05

8 1999-00 24.88 17.50 7.38 61.43

9 2000-01 23.54 22.61 0.93 62.37

10 2001-02 28.61 24.40 4.20 46.95

11 2002-03 30.31 22.78 7.53 54.85

g§X ©: dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2002-03, H¥$fr CËnÝZ ~mOma g{_Vr. 50

~mOma \$s hr ~mOma g{_VrMo à_wI CËnÞmMr ~m~ AgyZ Ë`mda ~mOma

g{_VrMr Am{W©H$, gm§n{ÎmH$ ñW¡`© Adb§~yZ Amho. darb Xe©{dboë`m EHy$U CËnÞmV

~mOma \$s ~m~tMm g_mdoe AgyZ {Zìdi ~mOma ~mOma ~mOma ~mOma \\\\$s $s $s $s Mo Joë`m ghm dfm©Vrb CËnÞ

Imbrbà_mUo

A.Z§.A.Z§.A.Z§.A.Z§. gZgZgZgZ EHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞEHy$U CËnÞ

1 1994-95 12.47

2 1995-96 11.49

3 1996-97 14.23

4 1997-98 15.29

5 1998-99 17.49

6 1999-00 17.92

7 2000-01 16.73

8 2001-02 19.09

9 2002-03 22.53

g§X ©: dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2002-03, H¥$fr CËnÝZ ~mOma g{_Vr. 51

173

~mOma \$s CËnÞm_Ü o Or dmT> hmoV Amho Ë`mMr à_wI H$maUo Imbrbà_mUo

1) {Z`_rV eoVr_mbmMr dmT>Vr CbmT>mb

2) bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rMr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r Am`mV eoVr _mbm_Ü o dmT>

3) eoVr_mbmMo dmT>Vo ~mOma^md

4) \$i^mÁ`m d nmbo mÁ`m, \$io `m§Mo dmT>Vo CËnmXZ

5) ~mOma \$s dgwbr ~m~mV ~mOma g{_VrZo am~dbobo H$mQo>H$moanUmMo YmoaU d

`mH$m_r ì`mnmè`mH$Sy>Z {_imbobo ghH$m`© 52

\$io, ^mOrnmbm KmD$H$ {dH«$s H|$Ð àH$ën :

~mOma g{_VrÀ`m H$m ©joÌmMm ~hþVm§er ^mJ hm bm^joÌmImbr oV Agë`mZo

qgMZmÀ`m gw{dYm CnbãY Pmë`mZo nyduMo eoVr_mbmÀ`m CËnmXZm_Üò (H«$m°qnJ n°Q>Z©)

~Xb hmoV OmD$Z Cg `m à_wI {nH$mMo CËnmXZ dmT>bobo Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a \$io,

\$i^mÁ`m nmbo^mÁ`m `m CËnmXZm_Üòhr à{Vdfu dmT> hmoV Amho. hr dmT> bjUr` Aer

Amho. \$io, \$i^mÁ`m, nmbo^mÁ`m `m eoVr CËnmXZmÀ`m {dH«$sgmR>r gd© gmo`rZr`wº$

~mOma H|$Ð gmVmam eham_Üò CnbãY ZìhVo d `m _mbmMo dmT>Vo CËnmXZ _mbmMr

gmVË`mZo AmdH$ d ~m~t§Mm {dMma H$aVm CËnmXH$ eoVH$è`m§Zm gd© gmo r `wº$ Ago ~mOma

H|$Ð CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m à_wI CÔoemZo `m H|$ÐmMr C^maUr H$aÊ`mMo R>adyZ Vr

n[anyU© Ho$br Amho. 53

~mOma g{_Vr hr g§ñWm ñWm{ZH$ àmYrH$aU åhUyZ JUbr OmVo. Ago AgVmZm

gwÜXm ~mOma AmdmamVrb gd© àH$maÀ`m ~m§YH$m_mda ZJanm{bHo$H$Sy>Z KamMr AmH$maUr

hmoVo. AmO hmD$g Qy>ŠgÀ`m ê$nmZo _moRo> CËnÞ {_iV Amho. VWmnr Ë`m ~Xë`mV

ZJan[afXoH$Sy>Z ~mOma AmdmamÀ`m XoI^mbrgmR>r AWdm _wb^yV gw{dYogmR>r H$mhrhr

aŠH$_ IM© Ho$br OmV Zmhr Ë`mM~amo~a gwg‚m ~mOmanoR> hr eha {dH$mgmMr _hËdmMr

~m~ Amho. _mÌ ~mOmanoRo>gmR>r Amdí`H$ d Oê$a Aer ñdV§Ì OmJm eha {dH$mg

AmamIS>`mV AmajU H$ê$Z Ro>dÊ`mÀ`m ~m~rH$So> Xyb©j Ho$bo OmVo. 53

~mOma g{_Vr hr

eoVr _mbmÀ`m IaoXr {dH«$s {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r ñWmnZ Pmbobr H$m`Xoera g§ñWm AgVmZm gwÜXm

174

`m g§ñWobm BVa g§ñWoà_mUo H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo AZwXmZ {_iV Zmhr hr qMVoMr ~m~V

Amho. darb dñVypñWVr nmhVm gmVmam eoVr H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOmag{_Vr ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$

{dH$mgm_Ü o _moR>m hmV^ma bmdV Amho Ago {XgyZ oVo.

* ì`mnma :

gmVmam ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgm_Ü o ì`mnma hm _hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. àmMrZ

H$mimnmgyZ `m n[agamV, {Oëh`mV {d{dY àH$maÀ`m XodKod H$aUmè`m g§ñWm ApñVËdmV

hmoË`m. g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`m_Üò lo§Ur, nw§J, g§K B. Zmdo AmT>iyZ oVmV. d¡{XH$ gm{hË`mVyZ

ì`mnmar g§Kmbm dm{UH$ hr g§km hmoVr. {d{dY ì`mnmè`m§À`m g§KmMr {deof à{Vð>m

VËH$mbrZ amOXa~mamV Ago. gmVdmhZH$mimV MmbUmam ì`mnma hm BWo Agboë`m {d{dY

KmQ>_mÏ`mÀ`m_YyZ d boÊ`m§À`m nm`Ï`mOdiyZ hmoB©. `m {Oëh`mVrb ~m¡ÜXH$mbrZ

boÊ`m_Ü o AmJm{ed, bmohmoa, {eadi, ~mdYZ `m boÊ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr `m n[agamVrb

g§nZ ì`mnmar loUtÀ`m ApñVËdmMr d Y{ZH$m§À`m XmZmMr gmj Amho. gmYmaUnUo

amîQ´>Hy$Q> `mXd H$mimV òWrb ì`mnma hm O¡Z d qbJm`V d¡í`mH$So> Agmdm. 54 _hmamîQ´>mV

N>ÌnVr _hmamOm§Zr 17 ì`m eVH$mV ñdamÁ` {Z_m©U Ho$bo. ñdamÁ`mÀ`m ñWmnZo_wio

_hmamîQ>mV KSy>Z Amboë`m amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$ H«$m§VrVyZ EVXo{e`m§Zm AZoH$ joÌmV nwTo>

gagmdÊ`mMr g§Yr àmá Pmbr gmdH$mar d ì`mnmaMr g§Yr Ë`mn¡H$sM EH$ hmoVr. `m

H$mimV oWo eoRo> _hmOZ `m§Mm EH$ _moR>m dJ© CX`mbm Ambm d¡í` ì`mnmè`m§~amo~aM `m

doir _amR>m Hw$U~r d dmUrhr nyTo> Ambo. 55

EImÚm ^mJmMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$gm H$gm hmoV Jobm ho nmhV AgVmZm Ë`m

n[agamVrb {dH$grV Pmboë`m ñWmZm§Mm AmboI, dmñVw§Mr {Z_uVr `m§Mm {dMma H$aUo

Cn`wº$ R>aVo. gmYmaUV: 17 ì`m eVH$mV àVmnJS>, g‚mZJS>, AqOŠ`Vmam, `mgma»`m

AÝ` {H$ëë`m§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm. gZ 1750 À`m gw_mamg gmVmè`mV _amR>r

ì`mnmè`m§À`m~amo~a AÝ` amÁ`mVrb ì`mnmam§Mo à_mUhr ZOaoV âÊ`mgmaIo hmoVo.

Ë`m§À`m noT>`m_YyZ ì`mnma Mmbo. N>ÌnVr emhÿ§Zr H$mÝhmoOr AmJ«o_m\©$V, CÎm_ B§p½be

gwao, Vbdmar, hñVrX§Vr, Jwbm~r AÎmamÀ`m ~mQ>ë`m, _oU~Ë`m, AmJmê$, V§~mIy H$ñVwwar,

175

emoôMr Xmê$ B. dñVy _mJ{dë`mMm CëboI Amho. 18 ì`m eVH$mV EHy$UM _hmamîQ´>m_Ü o

_moR>`m à_mUmV CÚmbm Amboë`m _amR>r ì`mnmar gmdH$mar dJm©V gd©M OmVr O_mVrMo

bmoH$ gh^mJr Agë`mMo {XgVo. 56

gmVmam {~«Q>re A{YnmË`mImbr Amë`mZ§Va ì`mnma_Ü o d gmYZgm_wJ«r_Ü o dmT>

Pmbr. {~«Q>rem§À`m amOdQ>rVM gZ 1883 _Üò nwUo - {_aO `m doñQ> bmoh_mJm©g _§Oyar

{_imbr d gmVmè`mV aoëdo Ambr Ë`m_wio oWrb Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmbm MmbZm {_imbr.

oWrb _mb {Z`m©V hmody bmJbm. H$ƒm _mb Am`mV hmody bmJbm Ë`mVM gmVmam ho nyUo-

~§Jbmoa amîQ>r` _hm_mJ© H«§$. 4 daVr Agë`mH$maUmZo òWrb ì`mnmamg MmbZm {_imbr.

ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV eoVr d bKw CÚmoJm_wio ehamVrb ì`mnma d n[adhZ godoMm {dH$mg

Pmbm. qgMZ gw{dYo_wio òWrb eoVrVrb CËnÞ dmT>bo Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Mm Am{W©H$ XOm©hr

dmT>bm. eoVrda AmYm[aV CÚmoJ H$maImZXmar Am°B©b{_ëg, BVa àH$maMo CÚmoJ

H$maImÝ`m_wi¡ ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV â nS>br. eham_Ü o {d{dY n[adhZ

H$m`m©bò ñWmnZ Pmbr `m_Üò Qó>qS>J H$mnm}aoeZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, gmdZr Q´>mgnmoQ©>, KmS>Jo

nmQ>rb Q´>mgnmoQ©> B. g_mdoe hmoVmo. gmVmam hr ~Q>mQ>`mMr _moR>r ~mOmanoR> AgyZ Jhÿ,

Ádmar, _wJ, CS>rX, haâm Mdir, KodS>m, Vya, hiX, YUo, H$m§Xo, Jwio, gmIa wB©_wJ

e|Jm, {_aMr, Ambo, Vm§Xyi, V§~mIy B. _mb gmVmè`mVyZ _w§~B©, nwUo, H$moH$U d BVa

amÁ`mV nmR>{dbm OmVmo. Va _§~B© nyÊ`mhÿZ {dXoer H$mnS>, {MniyZ _hmS> d aËZm{JarhÿZ

Zmai, IOya ImarH$, gwnmar, _rR> _gmë`mMo nXmW© Am`mV hmoVmV. `m ì`mnmam_Ü o

àm_w»`mZo _madmS>r Am{U JwOamWr dmUr, O¡Z, H$moîQ>r H$mgma, Vobr, Vm§~moir, qbJm`V

dmUr, _amR>m Hw$U~r d _wgb_mZmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. 58

gmVmam òWrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVr_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam _mbm_Ü o ImÚnXmW©,

noò, V§~mIy d V§~mIyÀ`m nXmWm©Mo CËnmXZ, agm`Zo d amgm`{ZH$ nXmW©, _wb yV g|{Ð` d

Ag|{Ð` agm`Zo Am{U dm y CËnmXZ, Am¡fY CËnmXZ, a~a ßbmpñQ>H$, noQ´>mo{b`_ Am{U

XJS>r H$moií`mnmgyZ hmoUmao CËnmXZ AYmVy I{ZO nXmW© H$mM d H$mMoÀ`m dñVy§Mo

CËnmXZ, _wb^yV d {_l YmVy, KmVyÀ`m dñVy d gyÅo> ^mJ, §Ìgm_J«r d gwQo>^mJ, {d`wV

176

§Ìgm_J«r, gmYZo, CnH$aUo d gwQo> ^mJ n[adhZ gm_wJ«r d gwQo> ^mJ, `§Ìgm_wJ«r d

Xwê$ñVr, H$mJX, H$mJXmÀ`m dñVy, _wÐU àH$meZo B. Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVr _YyZ CËnmXZo

V`ma hmoD$Z {Z`m©V hmoVmV. 59

"gmVmè`mMm H§$Xr noT>m'"gmVmè`mMm H§$Xr noT>m'"gmVmè`mMm H§$Xr noT>m'"gmVmè`mMm H§$Xr noT>m', VwiOmnya _moXr, bmQ>H$a ~§YyZr b§S>Z_Ü o nmohM{dbm.

gmVmam åhQ§>bo H$s H§$Xr noT>m Ago g_rH$aU _m§S>bo OmVo. `m noT>`m ~amo~aM "B~«m{h_"B~«m{h_"B~«m{h_"B~«m{h_

OXm©'OXm©'OXm©'OXm©' hm hr Añgb gmVmar dmU Ë`mMr {Z_uVr d »`mVr {VVH$sM _hËdmMr _mZmdr

bmJob. "^mdo ~S>reon'"^mdo ~S>reon'"^mdo ~S>reon'"^mdo ~S>reon' hr doJù`m nÜXVrZo ^md `m§Zr J«mhH$mn`ªV nmohMdbr. ~oH$ar

CËnmXZmV nmboH$a `m§Zr _hamîQ>â CËnmXZ nmohMdyZ JwUdÎmm {gÜX Ho$br Va Hy$na

CÚmoJ g_whmZo H$mñQ>t½O, ñnmB©Zr bm`Za, H«°$H$ emâQ> Aer {d{dY XO}Xma CËnmXZm§Zr

OmJVrH$ ~mOma noRo> d Amnbo doJionU {gÜX Ho$b Amho, H¥$fr joÌmV h[aV J¥hmMr

C^maUr doJmZo hmoV AgyZ `m h[aVH¥$hmVrb \$io, \w$bo ^mOrnmbm naXoemV {Z`m©V hmoV

Amho. 60

* gmám{hH$ ~mOma :

Am{W©H$ IaoXr {dH«$sMo ì`dhma Á`m {R>H$mUr hmoVmV Ago {R>H$mU åhUOo ~mOmanoR>

hmo`. AmR>dSo> (gmám{hH$) ~mOma nÜXVr \$ma àmMrZH$mimnmgyZ ApñVËdmV Amho.

gmVmam ho VmbwŠ`mMo d {Oëh`mMo {R>H$mU Agë`m_wio BWo {Z`_rV ~mOma âbm OmVmo.

Varhr gmVmam ZJanm{bHo$Zo AmR>dS>`mMo XmoZ {Xdg gmám{hH$ ~mOmamMo R>adyZ {Xbo

Amho. a{ddma d Jwê$dma ^mOr _§S>B©, gXm{ed noR> ^mOr _§S>B©, w{Z`Z Šb~ ^mOr _§S>B©,

B. {R>H$mUr ~mOma âbm OmVmo. {edm` BVa {Xderhr `mM {R>H$mUr ehamVrb bmoH$m§Zm

^mOrnmbm {_iVmo. AÞYmÝ`, S>mir, Vob {_aMr, _gmbo, Jyi, H$mnS>, \$io, ^mÁ`m,

Vm§~o {nVirMr ^m§S>r B. dñVy ~mOmamV {dH«$sgmR>r AmUë`m OmVmV. ~mOmamÀ`m {Xder

\o$ardmbo d ì`mnmar AmnAmnbr XwH$mZo ~mOmamV bmdVmV. OdinmgÀ`m IoS>`mVrb

VgoM {Oëh`mVrb {d{dY ^mJmVyZ d {d{dY {Oëh`mVyZ ^mOrnmbm \$io, {d{dY dñVy

gmám{hH$ ~mOma {dìH«$Vo òV AgVmV. gmám{hH$ ~mOmamV ehamì`{V[aº$ BVahr bmoH$

gmVmè`mV IaoXrgmR>r oV AgVmV `m XmoZ {Xder Iyn _moR>r Am{W©H$ CbmT>mb hmoV AgVo

177

`mVyZ ZJanm{bHo$bm _moR>`m à_mUmV CËnÞ àmá hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV gmám{hH$ ~mOma ho

XoIrb gmVmam ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmg hmV^ma bmdUmam _hËdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

* gmVmam ehamVrb {d{dY CÚmoJ ì`dgm` d Ë`m§Mr g§»`m

1 hm°pñnQ>b - 72

2 pŠb{ZH$ - 87

3 b°~moaoQ>arO - 24

4 S>m°ŠQ>a - 253

5 _o{S>H$b ñQ>moAg© - 168

6 dH$sb - 428

7 MmQ©>S©> AH$m¡Q§>Q>g² - 30

8 Q°>Šg H$ÝgëQ§>Q> - 18

9 hmobgobg© - 186

10 Am{H©$Qo>ŠQ>g² - 26

11 à_moQ>g© Am{U {~ëS>g© - 98

12 dmiy, IS>r, drQ> gßbm`g© - 75

13 ñQ>moZ H«$ea - 25

14 bmoI§S>,nÌm, {g_|Q> d g°{ZQ>ar doAa - 69

15 dm°Q>a gßbm`g© - 7

16 ^§Jma _oQo>[a`b IaoXr {dH«$s - 9

17 a§J d hmS©>doAa XwH$mZo - 78

18 bmoI§S>r, bmH$S>r ßbmpñQ>H$ \${Z©Ma XwH$mZo - 67

19 H$mnS> XwH$mZo - 242

20 Qo>bg© - 234

21 bm±S>r / S>m`pŠbZg© - 99

22 ^m§S>r XwH$mZo - 43

23 gmoZo Mm§Xr XwH$mZo - 122

24 {H$amUm ñQ>moAg© - 574

25 Vob So>nmo/ Am°B©b So>nmo - 30

26 Ioi gm{hË`mMo XwH$mZo - 9

27 OZab ñQ>moAg© - 428

28 gm¢X`© àgmYZo d ã`wQ>r nmb©g - 85

178

29 ~°J Hw$eZ d \$mo_ hmD$g - 42

30 Mßnb, ~wQ>mMr XwH$mZo - 56

31 {MÌnQ>J¥ho, ZmQ>`J¥ho, {gZog§ñWm, {_Zr{WEQ>a {dVaH$ - 16

32 eoVr {ZJS>rV XwH$mZo - 52

33 BbopŠQ>H$ d BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg XwH$mZo - 286

34 KS>`mi d Am°ßQ>rH$ëg XwH$mZo - 60

35 gaH$ma _mÝ` ñdñV YmÝ` XwH$mZo - 69

36 {àQ>tJ àog - 81

37 hm°Qo>b d na{_Q> ê$_ - 338

38 Xmê$Mo XwH$mZ - 21

39 ñdrQ> _mQ©> - 73

40 Á`wg g|Q>a/H$mopëS§>J hmCg/ AmB©pñH«$_ nmb©a - 32

41 So>Aar - 13

42 nrR>{JaUr {_aMr H$m§S>n H|$Ð - 86

43 \$moQ>mo ñQw>{S>Amo b°~ - 85

44 Eg. Q>r.S>r/Poam°Šg - 222

45 Q>m`qnJ g|Q>a - 26

46 Qy> ìhrba, W«r pìhba emoê$_/ H$ÝgbQ§>Q> - 17

47 A°Q>moH$ÝgbQ§>Q> d \$m`ZmÝga - 15

48 A°Q>mo gpìh©g/ A°Q>mo_mo~mB©ëg BboŠQ>m°{ZŠg - 93

49 Qy> ìhrba, W«r ìhrba J°aoO/ H$ÝgbQ§>Q> - 244

50 ñQ>moìh [anoA[a¨J - 9

51 Qy>[añQ> H$m`m©b`o - 23

52 Q>mÝgnmoQ©> H$m`m©b o - 52

53 noQ´>mob n§n - 11

54 Am°B©b So>nom - 7

55 am°Ho$b So>nmo - 4

56 H$m°åß`wQ>a Šbmgog - 32

57 Q>m`qnJ Šbmgog - 13

58 ImOJr Šbmgog - 18

59 BVa Šbmgog - 19

60 dg{VJ¥ho - 9

179

61 ñQo>eZar d nwñVH$m§Mr XwH$mZo - 79

62 _§Jb H$m`m©b o - 23

63 nmZ ñQ>m°b - 160

64 Ho$e H$V©Zmb o - 169

65 n|Q>g© d Am{Q©>ñQ> - 29

66 g°m {_b - 15

67 gm`H$b _mQ©>, Xwê$ñVr {dH«$s - 69

68 Q>m`g© - 34

69 H$m°åß`wQ>a dŠg© - 55

70 Hw$[aAa godm - 13

71 {MH$Z/_Q>U/_mgmir em°n - 56

g§X ©: _amR>m M|~g© Am°\$ H$m°_g©, gmVmam S>m`ar, 2007.

{ZîH$f© :

gmVmam ehamÀ`m Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r hdm_mZ, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[apñWVr, _wb^yV

gw{dYm Mm§Jë`m àH$mao CnbãY AgVmZm XoIrb ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV gZ 1971 Z§Va

BWë`m {dH$mgmbm C{eam gwê$dmV Pmbr. _hmamîQ> Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg _hm_§S>imZo gZ

1970 _Ü o dgmhV gwê$ Ho$br Am{U Iè`m AWm©Zo Am¡Úmo{JH$ nd© gwê$ Pmbo. ehambm d

Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVrbm bmJyZM amîQ>r` _hm_mJ© OmV Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a goP_wio nwUohr

AmVm \$ma bm§~ am{hbobo Zmhr. ^{dî`mV AZoH$ CÚmoJ oÊ`mMr g§Yr Amho. VgoM

{Oëh`mV CÚmoJm§Zm bmJUmam H$ƒm _mb _moR>`m à_mUmV CnbãY AgyZhr ^ma{Z`_Z d

CÚmoJmgmR>r OmJoMm àíZ _moR>m Amho Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmda Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_

hmoV Amho. AmJm_r H$mimV `oWo OmJm CnbãY Pmë`mg _moR>`m à_mUmV CÚmoJ oVrb.

gÜ`m gmVmè`mVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ dgmhVr_Ü o 60% CÚmoJ gwê$ AmhoV. 30 Vo 40%

CÚmoJ AmOmarnUmH$So> PwH$bobo {XgVmV, Ë`mVhr Hy$na d _wWm `mgma»`m CÚmoJm§À`m

{dñVmam_wio AmemXm`H$ {MÌ {XgV Amho. bmoH$à{V{ZYr, emgZ d CÚmoOH$m§Zr EH$Ì

oD$Z à`ËZ Ho$ë`mg oWrb CÚmoJm§Zm Zdr {Xem {_iy eHo$b. XaamoO dmT>Umar _hmJmB©

OmJ{VH$ _§Xr, emgZmMo ~XbVo YmoaU `m gd© {dnarV n[apñWVr_wio CÚmoJm§Mr gmIir

{dñH$Q>V Amho.

180

XwgarH$So> ghH$mar g§ñWm_wio ehamÀ`m {dH$mgmg \$ma _moR>m hmV^ma bmJbobm

{XgyZ oVmo. òWrb ghH$mar Midir_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmV â nS>br Amho. {Oëh`mÀ`m

d ehamÀ`m gd© ñVamdarb n[adV©ZmV gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ~±H$ hr EH$ _hËdmMo

^mJrXma am{hbr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a XwY g§K, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_Vr, `mhr g§ñWm

_hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Om{dV AmhoV ~±H$sJ gw{dYm _wio ehamVrb bmoH$m§Zm Mm§Jë`m

àH$maMr Am{W©H$ gw{dYm {_iV Amho. VgoM gmVmam ho {Oëh`mMo d VmbwŠ`mMo à_wI

{R>H$mU Agë`m_wio {d{dY emgH$s` H$m`m©b o, e¡j{UH$ g§ñWm, dmhVyH$, ~±H$m `m§À`m

{dH$mgm_wio {dH$mgmV â nS>V Amho.

^maVr` ehao pñWË`§VamVyZ OmV AmhoV d AW©ì`dñWoVrb _hËdm§À`m joÌmÀ`m

èm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ d¥ÜXr d g_¥ÜXr_wio Ë`m§À`mV n[adV©Z hmoV Amho.

^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoVrb YS>moH$~mO n[adV©ZmV _m{hVr d XiUdiU V§ÌkmZmZo

_hËdmMr ^y{_H$m ~Omdbr Amho, VgoM Ë`mV gwú_ nmVirda ^maVr` ehamÀ`m

gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ nQ>bmdahr Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Pmbm Amho. na§Vy gmVmam eham~m~V

{dMma H$am`Mm Pmbm Va nwUo eha Odi AgyZhr _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmjoÌmV `m~m~VrV

{nN>mS>rdaM åhUmdo bmJob _Ü §VarÀ`m H$mimV Am`.Q>r. nmH©$ C^maÊ`mMo à`ËZ Pmbobo

AmhoV na§Vy `m~m~V AOyZhr hmbMmbr J{V_mZ Pmboë`m ZmhrV. VWmnr EH§$XarV

{dMma H$aVm ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mbI§S>mV ehamMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm Ano{jV JVr

{_imbobr Zmhr AgoM åhUmdo bmJob.

181

g§X^© J«§W gyMr

1) X¡. bmoH$_V, {X. 26 OmZo 2009, "gmVmaMr Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmQ>Mmb', n¥. 2

2) _hmamîQ> amÁ` J°Po{Q>Aa, gmVmam {Oëhm, 1999, n¥. 409.

3) {H$Îmm n¥. 410.

4) {H$Îmm n¥. 410.


6) {H$Îmm n¥. 2.

7) _wbmIV, Hw$na \$mamoI {X. 15 _o 2008.


9) A°ŠeZ ßb°Z gmVmam {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð gZ d 1983 Vo 1988 n¥. 25

10) _amR>m Mo§~ag© Am°\$ H$m°_g©, gmVmam S>m`ar, 2007 n¥. 271


12) X¡. gH$mi "Qo>H$ Am°\$ gmVmam', E_.Am`.S>r.gr. {deofm§H$ {X. 20 Am°ŠQ>m| 2008 n¥. 2.

13) {H$Îmm n¥. 2

14) _wbmIV, gwadgo Eg. Eg. (_hmì`dñWmnH$, {Oëhm CÚmoJ H|$Ð gmVmam) {X. 10

_o 2008.

15) {H$Îmm

16) 21 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, 2002-03, AqOŠ`Vmam ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm {b. emhÿZJa e|Ðo n¥. 5.

17) {H$Îmm n¥. 6

18) 23 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2004-05 AqOŠ`Vmam ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm {b.

emhÿZJa e|Ð n¥. 7

19) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb gZ 1988-89 Vo 2004-05 (g§~{YV df}) AqOŠ`Vmam ghH$mar gmIa H$maImZm e|Ðo.


182

21) {XdoH$a dm.X. "noedoH$mbrZ _hmamîQ>'; Am{W©H$ OrdZ, _amR>`m§À`m B{Vhmg I§S>

2 1985 n¥. 356, 357.


23) _amR>m M|~g© Am°\$ H$m°_g©, " gmVmam S>m`ar', 2007 n¥. 259.

24) {H$Îmm n¥. 23 n¥. 260,261.

25) 60 hraH$ _hmoñVdr df© ñ_a{UH$m "H$s{V©gwJ§Y', {X. wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±H$ {b. n¥.13.

26) {H$Îmm n¥. 14

27) JmoS>~mobo Aê$U, wZm`Qo>S> doñQ>Z© ~±H$, CX`, CËH$f© Am{U AñV, gmVmam 2007 n¥.146.

28) {H$Îmm n¥. 133

29) {H$Îmm n¥. 135

30) {H$Îmm n¥. 147

31) {H$Îmm n¥. 147

32) {H$Îmm n¥. 148

33) gwdU© _hmoËgdr df© "ghH$ma Jm¡ad J«§W' gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b.

gmVmam gZ 1999 - 2000. n¥. 40

34) 27 dm "dm{f©H$ Ahdmb' 2006 - 07, gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b;

gmVmam n¥. 21.

35) gwdU© _hmoËgdr df© "ghH$ma Jm¡ad J«§W' gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b. gmVmam gZ 1999 - 2000, 2001 Vo 2007 n`ªV dm{f©H$ Ahdmb.

36) 27 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2006 - 07, gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b;

gmVmam n¥. 11.

37) {H$Îmm n¥. 6

38) gwdU© _hmoËgdr df© "ghH$ma Jm¡ad J«§W' gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b.

gmVmam gZ 1999 - 2000. n¥. 212.

39) {H$Îmm n¥. 223

40) 27 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 2006 - 07, gmVmam {Oëhm _Ü`dVu ghH$mar ~±H$ {b;

gmVmam n¥. 21.

183

41) gmVmam eha ZJanm{bH$m eVgm§dËgarH$ _hmoËgdr A§H$ 1953 n¥. 95.

42) {H$Îmm n¥. 96.


44) 38 dm dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, 2007, gmVmam ghH$mar XyY CËnmXH$ d à{H«$`m g§K {b.

gmVmam n¥. 7.

45) {H$Îmm n¥. 8

46) {H$Îmm n¥. 9

47) {H$Îmm n¥. 14

48) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, gZ 1999-2000, gmVmam ghH$mar XyY CËnmXH$ d à{H«$`m g§K {b. gmVmam n¥. 14.


50) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_Vr, gmVmam gZ 2001-02 n¥. 9

51) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, gZ 1992-93 Vo 2002-03, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_Vr.

52) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, gZ 2002-03, H¥$fr CËnÞ ~mOma g{_Vr n¥. 16.

53) {H$Îmm n¥. 17

54) {H$Îmm n¥. 23


56) {H$Îmm n¥. 463

57) {H$Îmm n¥. 464

58) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb, 2001-02 {Oëhm IaoXr {dH«$s g§K, gmVmam n¥. 14.


60) {H$Îmm n¥. 464


62) dm{f©H$ Ahdmb 1990-91, gmVmam ZJan[afX gmVmam n¥. 7.

63) _amR>m M|~g© Am°\$ H$m°_g©, "gmVmam S>m`ar', 2007 (gmVmam eha; n[agamVrb CÚmoJ d ì`mnma `m~m~V n[anyU© _m{hVr)

184

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