Degree Completion and Graduate Student Transfer Student-Athletes

Myths and Realities about Intercollegiate Athletics What Research Tells Us

September 20141A FAR Annual Meeting

Dr. Thomas Paskus, NCAA Research Dr. David Clough, University of Colorado

Having additional money is the biggest concern among Division I student-athletesIf you could change one thing about your SA experience

Transfer in mens basketball is exploding and typically involves big programs poaching players from smaller programs2012-13 Transfer Composition of Division I Student-Athlete Population (Sorted by % of 4-Year College Transfers in APR Cohort)Mens Sport4-yearTennis14.6%Basketball13.3%Soccer12.3%Skiing10.9%Golf8.6%Track (Indoor)8.3%Track (Outdoor)7.9%Football (FCS)7.2%Cross Country7.0%Wrestling5.2%Swimming4.8%Volleyball4.7%Rifle (co-ed)4.6%Ice Hockey4.1%Football (FBS)3.7%Lacrosse3.7%Gymnastics2.8%Fencing2.4%Baseball2.1%Water Polo1.6%Womens Sport4-yearTennis11.3%Skiing10.2%Golf9.0%Volleyball8.7%Basketball8.6%Track (Outdoor)6.4%Track (Indoor)6.3%Soccer6.1%Cross Country5.8%Water Polo5.7%Bowling5.4%Softball5.2%Ice Hockey5.2%Swimming4.5%Field Hockey4.3%Lacrosse3.8%Rowing3.3%Gymnastics2.3%Fencing2.1%Trends in the Proportion of Mens Basketball Transfers in Division I APR CohortsNotes: Analyses based on 323 mens basketball squads that sponsored the sport within Division I during all 10 years.

Direction of the 380 known transfer destinationsDirection determined mainly by division & conferenceDirectional Movement of Transfers(2013 MBB SAs on the ESPN Division I Transfer List)Up-transfer eligibility (N=34)47% graduate students38% undergrads, sitting out 2013-14 season8% waiver pending6% waiver grantedDirectional Movement Among MBB Players who Transferred within Division IDrug use and drinking by student-athletes is rampant relative to the general student population

Marijuana Use by Sport (Men)Prescription Pain Medication(Use Within the Last 12 Months)You cant believe the NCAAs graduation rates their numbers are distorted.Federal Graduation Rate:Thumbs Up or Thumbs Down?

Adjusted Graduation Gap (AGG)See Eckard (2010), NCAA athlete graduation rates: Less than meets the eye, Journal of Sport Management.

Key assumptions:Whereas student-athletes in the federal graduation rate cohort are required to remain full-time, many members of the federal student body cohort revert to part-time status.SB rate adjusted up, SA rate not adjusted. SB frequently drops to part-time status at D1 schools but SAs do not.% part-time students at a school is used as a proxy for % of full-time degree seeking students who drop down to part-time status during their six-year window.

Page 2121Adjusted Graduation Gap (AGG) in FBS Football

(Sept. 2013 press release from College Sport Research Institute published on Chronicle of Higher Education website)

Major clustering is on the rise, especially as a function of new IE, PTD and APR standardsHow to define major clustering?Case, Greer & Brown (1987) Clustering = 25% or more of student-athletes on a team with the same major.

This definition lacks sufficient nuance.

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Majors of MFB,MBB vs. Other Male SAs(School 2 No Statistically Significant Difference)Major: Division I FootballFootball Student-AthletesOverall Male NationalN=734,133Major CategoryAcademic YearAcademic Year2003-04N=9,7282004-05N=9,6032005-06N=9,6642006-07N=9,6102007-08N=9,6422008-09N=9,7322009-10N=9,7732010-11N=9,8332011-12N=9,9042010-11Social Sciences24.625.423.724.325.124.724.724.526.116.4Business, Management, Marketing and Related20.418.918.318.719.119.018.918.617.325.5Liberal Arts & Sciences, General Studies and Humanities11.111.712.412.312.211.911.913.012.014.4Communication, Journalism and Related8.18.28.58.58.58.88.98.57.99.3Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness7.38.18.48.48.28.18.58.06.72.6Education8.38.17.87.16.56.45.85.76.62.9Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies4.23.95.15.55.66.36.16.16.42.8Engineering and Engineering Technology6.05.65.44.95.35.25.35.35.412.6Biological & Biomedical Studies3.33.63.63.83.63.63.63.63.57.0Psychology2.62.72.82.62.52.63.23.33.33.2Health Professions andRelated Clinical Services1.91.61.51.61.81.61.61.61.82.9Area, Ethnic, Cultural and Gender Studies1.01.51.41.41.11.11.01.10.80.4Juniors and seniors, undergrad only. Sorted by 2011-12 SAs.

26Major: Division I Womens OtherWomens Other Student-AthletesOverall Female NationalN=981,780Major CategoryAcademic YearAcademic Year2003-04N=16,8072004-05N=16,7682005-06N=17,6502006-07N=18,0552007-08N=18,0522008-09N=18,7392009-10N=19,3182010-11N=19,7762011-12N=19,5912010-11Business, Management, Marketing and Related16.315.515.415.716.516.816.315.314.318.1Social Sciences13.013.113.013.513.112.512.411.912.313.8Liberal Arts & Sciences, General Studies and Humanities11.611.811.911.211.110.310.710.810.315.9Education11.411.211.010.710.310.19.39.59.78.4Biological & Biomedical Studies8.07.88.07.78.18.38.28.38.86.8Communication, Journalism and Related9.19.09.29.39.49.59.39.28.76.4Psychology7.57.67.47.37.27.37.58.07.97.9Parks, Recreation, Leisure and Fitness7.98.28.68.98.88.79.29.47.61.7Health Professions andRelated Clinical Services5.86.26.36.66.87.07.57.67.412.4Multi/Interdisciplinary Studies3.43.84.04.24.34.64.54.44.75.0Engineering and Engineering Technology4.64.13.63.63.63.83.94.24.42.8Area, Ethnic, Cultural and Gender Studies0.70.90.70.80.70.70.70.70.60.6Juniors and seniors, undergrad only. Sorted by 2011-12 SAs.Other sports refer to only non-MFB/MBA/MBB/WBB SAas. 27Division I Student-Athlete Self-Report of Issues with Major Choice(among those who have selected a major)If you werent a college athlete, would you still choose your current major?BaseballMens BasketballFootballAll Other Mens SportsWomens BasketballAll Other Womens SportsProbably / Definitely Not16%15%16%10%7%9%7%Has athletics participation prevented you from majoring in what you really want?BaseballMens BasketballFootballAll Other Mens SportsWomens BasketballAll Other Womens SportsYes, but no regrets24%18%20%13%11%18%13%Yes and I regret5%6%12%5%5%7%6%Coaching and administrative opportunities have increased in Division I for women and racial/ethnic minoritiesPercentage of Female Head Coaches in Various NCAA Womens Sports(Comparison of 1995-96 vs 2012-13 All Divisions)Myth 930Changes in coach / administrator diversity79% of Division I womens basketball assistant coaches were women in 1995. Today=65%.

Currently, 14.5% of NCAA head coaches are from racial/ethnic minority groups (10% in 1995). But, the number has increased from 736 to 1,513.

In 1996, 3,053 female head coaches of women's NCAA teams (43% of total). In 2012, total=4,024 (but down to 39% of total).

About 4% of NCAA mens teams have women as head coaches.

Only 12% of NCAA athletics directors are from a racial/ethnic minority group (9% in 1995)

Page 3131FAR Diversity (Division I)% Women1995-96: 18% (241 M, 53 W)2012-13: 30% (250 M, 108 W)

% White1995-96: 91%2012-13: 86%

Page 3232All FBS athletic departments net millions of dollarsNumber of Division I Schools Reporting Positive Net Revenue in Athletics Departments*Number displayed by each data point equals number of institutions showing positive generated net revenue in that year. 181819252514222320*Number displayed by each data point equals number of institutions showing positive generated net revenue in that year. Positive Net RevenueTotal Division I Institutions#Myth 1734Division I Teams that Generate more Revenue than ExpensesExhibit 3317, pgs. 28, 54, 80

56% of FBS mens football programs generate more revenue than expenses22% of Division I mens basketball programs generate more revenue than expenses#Myth 1735Division I Basketball ProgramsExhibit 3317, pgs. 28, 54, 8074/339 = 22%12012297#Myth 1736LIGHTNING ROUNDA Division I student-athletes relationship with faculty members is best characterized as a privileged oneStudent-Athlete Perceptions of How They Are Viewed by Faculty% Agree / Strongly Agree with the followingMenWomenStudent-athletes are viewed favorably by professors here.27%30%Faculty/administrators on this campus support SAs and their teams.51%60%% Agree / Strongly Agree with the followingMenWomenD1D2D3D1D2D3Professors on this campus assume Im not a good student because Im also an athlete.20%18%14%13%11%6%Professors on this campus are resentful of the treatment that athletes receive.18%16%13%11%11%6%Generally, professors at this college hold stereotypes about athletes that negatively impact my daily experiences here.19%17%13%10%10%5%I want my professors to know I am a student-athlete.50%57%56%68%73%67%CROSSTABS /TABLES=Q48Fr Q48Gr BY division /FORMAT=AVALUE TABLES /CELLS=COUNT COLUMN /COUNT ROUND CELL.

39Measures of Academic Entitlement% Agree/Strongly Agree thatMenWomenIf the grades on a test are low, the professor should curve the grades.25%22%If Im struggling in a class, the professor should approach me and offer to help.20%13%Its a professors obligation to be flexible when SAs have conflicts due to games or practices.49%51%If I turn in all the assignments for a class, I am entitled to a good grade.21%18%The professor is responsible for how well I do in class.11%5%40Many Division I football and mens basketball players are functionally illiterateMens Basketball vs. the Student BodySAT reading