Having care of your mind…Steven.Paul "Steve" Jobs was.an.American entrepreneur marker, an

d inventor, who was the co-founder (along with Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne), chairman, and CEO of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he is widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields, transforming "one industry after another, from computers and smartphones to music and movies".He is a very intelligent man and during a speech at the university Stanford he brought to the graduates some recommendations

“Keep looking, don’t settle “Our current generation is hungry for many things — greed, love, travel, play, technology, food, and the list goes on. We have acquired a tonne of knowledge that our forefathers did not have access to. Google, Apple, Samsung, Yahoo, Microsoft. These names have became staple brands in our household. Walmart, Loblaws, Wholefoods, NTUC, Marks & Spencer — our grocery and household shopping place. Remember the travel agents? Who?! Oh, you mean, Expedia.com? Our generation has been spoilt, to the extent that we can’t imagine life without access to such ‘commodities’. Can we survive without them?When it comes to jobs and financial security — how much does one need to survive in an urban city? Society has evolved to the point that we look up to those who can afford big cars, houses, constant vacations, and expensive clothes. Is this a skewed mindset of ours, or have we lost the essence of the meaning of life? Another friend of mine is completely torn at her job and absolutely hates it. She is doing it because of societal pressure and is afraid that she wouldn’t be able to find a job should she quit right now. Perhaps I am idealistic and because I haven’t ventured out into the corporate world. What happens if this girl fits a company’s values, mission statement, etc, but quit her previous job because she wasn’t happy with her work? Is that wrong? Why people judge others in such a materialistic and close minded manner is beyond me. “Stay Hungry…”Entrepreneurs by nature, are people who think and see outside of the proverbial box. We look at a problem, a product, or an idea and the gears of innovation and imagination begin to turn fiercely within our heads, almost automatically. Sometimes, though, we can get so used to seeing the world from this perspective that we forget how unique and valuable of a thing it really is. People often give into the foolish urge to become quite complacent, even while doing something great. This, it seems, can be a downfall to progress, success, and even living life. In order to combat this, we have to stay hungry.As I see it, hunger is the drive that keeps us coming back for more, instead of thinking that what we have is sufficient for the long term. Whether you are talking about a marriage relationship, a business career, or a tech product, the logic is the same. You

have to constantly “feed” the beast. If, or when, the hunger ends, the feeding stops as well… resulting in weakness and eventually death in that area. Simply put, if you lose the hunger, you lose the passion and the game is over, whether you acknowledge it or not.

“Stay Foolish…”Staying foolish, it seems, is simply always having the courage and the guts to follow something that looks or seems stupid to other people. Follow your heart, follow your intuition, and follow your dreams… no matter how foolish they might appear to others.

“You can’t connect the dots forward – only backward .”.This is another gem from the 2005 Stanford speech.  The idea behind the concept is that, as much as we try to plan our lives ahead in advance, there’s always something that’s completely unpredictable about life.  What seems like bitter anguish and defeat in the moment — getting dumped by a girlfriend, not getting that job at McKinsey, “wasting” 4 years of your life on a start-up that didn’t pan out as you wanted — can turn out to sow the seeds of your unimaginable success years from now.  You can’t be too attached to how you think your life is supposed to work out and instead trust that all the dots will be connected in the future.  This is all part of the plan.

His marked my childhood..I never really consider myself an adult. People of my age are considered

young adults, but I never thought I was mature enough to be seen as someone who is capable of handling the legal responsibilities that fully grown adults have to bear. However, there was a moment when I felt a transition. I never thought it turned me into an adult, but I could say I was no longer an unaware girl.

I would not say I became more responsible, even until this point, but I became mature enough to understand what was happening around me. That was when my family went through a financial crisis. Before my parents were considered successful in Japain, but a major fire damaged most of their work and it was a hard time – my parents had to pay a huge debt which took them years to recover.

I was ten and had no idea what was going on; they never said a word about the accident. Only a few years later when I overheard a conversation, I found out my father would have been persecuted if anyone was killed from the fire.

I dug deeper and looked up a few articles about the fire which later made me realized there was much more than just school and my irritable teacher who I would have considered the biggest bully throughout my student life. I became more observant and capable to see the world broadly. It was no longer only about video games, bad grades, good food or cartoons; it became important to me that the people around me are comfortable.

This not only made me mature, but also gave me a quality, a personality that distinct me as a person. I learnt that there are moments when everything you ever work for seem shattered, but it is your choice whether to give in or bounce back up.

Even until today, this incident is involved in making me a grown up; I often give up on something as soon as a sign of difficulty is visible, but there are times when I choose to carry on because I know a great man has done that before, and if he could do it, then I can conquer any obstacles.

The ArticleAn article is a word (or prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to indicate the type of

reference being made by the noun. Articles specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and (in some contexts) some. 'An' and 'a' are modern forms of the Old English 'an', which in Anglian dialects was the number 'one' (compare 'on', in Saxon dialects) and survived into Modern Scots as the number 'ane'. Both 'on' (respelled 'one' by the Normans) and 'an' survived into Modern English, with 'one' used as the number and 'an' ('a', before nouns that begin with a consonant sound) as an indefinite article.

Traditionally in English, an article is usually considered to be a type of adjective. In some languages, articles are a special part of speech, which cannot easily be combined with other parts of speech. It is also possible for articles to be part of another part of speech category such as a determiner, an English part of speech category that combines articles and demonstratives (such as 'this' and 'that').

In languages that employ articles, every common noun, with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain definiteness (e.g., definite or indefinite), just as many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical number (e.g., singular or plural). Every noun must be accompanied by the article, if any, corresponding to its definiteness, and the lack of an article (considered a zero article) itself specifies a certain definiteness.

This is in contrast to other adjectives and determiners, which are typically optional. This obligatory nature of articles makes them among the most common words in many languages—in English, for example, the most frequent word is the.[1]

Articles are usually characterized as either definite or indefinite.[2] A few languages with well-developed systems of articles may distinguish additional subtypes. Within each type, languages may have various forms of each article, according to grammatical attributes such as gender, number, or case, or according to adjacent sounds.

Definite articleA definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the

listener. It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.

The children know the fastest way home.

The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it contrasts with the much more general observation that:Children know the fastest way home.

The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home. Likewise,

Give me the book.

refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as such it has a markedly different meaning from

Give me a book.

which does not specify what book is to be given.

The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes:

The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus.

The definite article is sometimes also used with proper names, which are already specified by definition (there is just one of them). For example: the Amazon, the Hebrides. In these cases, the definite article can be considered superfluous. Its presence can be accounted on the assumption that they are shorthands of a larger phrases in which the name is a specifier, i.e. the river Amazon, the overture Hebrides. Some languages also use definite articles with personal names. For example, such use is standard in Portuguese: a Maria, literally: "the Maria". It also

occurs colloquially in Spanish, German and other languages, and is sometimes heard in Italian. In Hungary it is considered to be Germanism.

Indefinite articleAn indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing. English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of the number 'one', as its primary indefinite article. The form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a European).

She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.

Before some words beginning with a pronounced (not silent) h in an unstressed first syllable, such as hallucination, hilarious, historic(al), horrendous, and horrific, some (especially older) British writers prefer to use an over a (an historical event, etc.).An is also preferred before hotel by some writers of British English (probably reflecting the relatively recent adoption of the word from French, where the h is not pronounced). The use of "an" before words beginning with an unstressed "h" is more common generally in British English than American.American writers normally use a in all these cases, although there are occasional uses of an historic(al) in American English.According to the New Oxford Dictionary of English, such use is increasingly rare in British English too Unlike British English, American English typically uses an before herb, since the h in this word is silent for most Americans. The correct usage in respect of the term "hereditary peer" was the subject of an amendment debated in the UK Parliament.

The word some is used as a functional plural of a/an. "An apple" never means more than one apple. "Give me some apples" indicates more than one is desired but without specifying a quantity. This finds comparison in Spanish, where the singular indefinite article 'un/una' ("one") is completely indistinguishable from the unit number, except where it has a plural form ('unos/unas'): Dame una manzana" ("Give me an apple") > "Dame unas manzanas" ("Give me some apples"). However, some also serves as a quantifier rather than as a plural article, as in "There are some apples there, but not many."

Zero article

The zero article is the absence of an article. In languages having a definite article, the lack of an article specifically indicates that the noun is indefinite. Linguists interested in X-bar theorycausally link zero articles to nouns lacking a determiner.In English, the zero article rather than the indefinite is used with plurals and mass nouns, although the word "some" can be used as an indefinite plural article.

Visitors end up walking in mud.

The reported speech

Here's how it works:

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

Direct speech: “I like ice cream”. Reported speech: She says she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

Direct speech: “I like ice cream”. Reported speech: She said she liked ice cream.

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present simple

“I like ice cream” She said (that) she liked ice cream.

present continuous

“I am living in London”

She said she was living in London.

past simple “I bought a car”She said she had bought a car OR She said she bought a car.

past continuous

“I was walking along the street”

She said she had been walking along the street.

present perfect

“I haven't seen Julie” She said she hadn't seen Julie.

past perfect*“I had taken English lessons before”

She said she had taken English lessons before.

will “I'll see you later” She said she would see me later.

would* “I would help, but..” She said she would help but...

can“I can speak perfect English”

She said she could speak perfect English.

could*“I could swim when I was four”

She said she could swim when she was four.

shall “I shall come later” She said she would come later.

should*“I should call my mother”

She said she should call her mother

might* "I might be late" She said she might be late

must"I must study at the weekend"

She said she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

Direct speech: “The sky is blue”. Reported speech: She said that the sky is/was blue.

Reported Questions

So now you have no problem with making reported speech from positive and negative sentences. But how about questions?

Direct speech: "Where do you live?"

How can we make the reported speech here?

In fact, it's not so different from reported statements. The tense changes are the same, and we keep the question word. The very important thing though is that, once we tell the question to someone else, it isn't a question any more. So we need to change the grammar to a normal positive sentence. Confusing? Sorry, maybe this example will help:

Direct speech: "Where do you live?" Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Do you see how I made it? The direct question is in the present simple tense. We make a present simple question with 'do' or 'does' so I need to take that away. Then I need to change the verb to the past simple. 

Another example:

Direct speech: "where is Julie?" Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.

The direct question is the present simple of 'be'. We make the question form of the present simple of be by inverting (changing the position of)the subject and verb. So, we need to change them back before putting the verb into the past simple.Here are some more examples:

Direct Question Reported Question

“Where is the Post Office, please?”

She asked me where the Post Office was.

“What are you doing?” She asked me what I was doing.

“Who was that fantastic man?”

She asked me who that fantastic man had been.

So much for 'wh' questions. But, what if you need to report a 'yes / no' question? We don't have any question words to help us. Instead, we use 'if' :

Direct speech: "Do you like chocolate?" Reported speech: She asked me if I liked chocolate.

No problem? Here are a few more examples:

Direct Question Reported Question

“Do you love me?” He asked me if I loved him.

“Have you ever been to Mexico?”

She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.

“Are you living here?” She asked me if I was living here.