HAWAII KAI HAWAII KAI TSUNAMI HAZARDTSUNAMI HAZARD

2 Zone Evacuation Zone 2 Zone Evacuation Zone

October 2015 October 2015

SWAN Model for Hawaii KaiSWAN Model for Hawaii KaiClick above for MovieClick above for Movie

On CD-ROM in Numerical Modeling of Water On CD-ROM in Numerical Modeling of Water Waves – CRC Press (2004)Waves – CRC Press (2004)

A train of 3 meter high, 1500 second tsunami A train of 3 meter high, 1500 second tsunami waves. 30 DeChezy Friction.waves. 30 DeChezy Friction.

Modeled 15 years ago.Modeled 15 years ago. Topography of bay from Sea Engineering Topography of bay from Sea Engineering

depth measurements for Ferry Feasibility depth measurements for Ferry Feasibility Study.Study.

Floods up to 5 meters inside front of bay and Floods up to 5 meters inside front of bay and a min of 2 meters in back of bay by third a min of 2 meters in back of bay by third wave.wave.

Hambantota, Sri LankaHambantota, Sri Lanka

Dr. Hermann Fritz surveyed after Dr. Hermann Fritz surveyed after December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean TsunamiTsunami

Noted that it was similar to Hawaii Noted that it was similar to Hawaii Kai with reef outside with a channel Kai with reef outside with a channel under a road along the sea shore into under a road along the sea shore into a large shallow lake.a large shallow lake.

Hambantota TsunamiHambantota Tsunami

Wave arrived a little over 2 hours Wave arrived a little over 2 hours after earthquake. The first wave was after earthquake. The first wave was about 1 meter high and the second about 1 meter high and the second wave was up to 10 meters high wave was up to 10 meters high about 10 minutes later.about 10 minutes later.

Houses over 1 kilometer inland were Houses over 1 kilometer inland were demolished.demolished.

Tsunami EffectsTsunami Effects

Little of the town was left standing Little of the town was left standing with no water, electricity or with no water, electricity or communications.communications.

One thousand houses along the One thousand houses along the Hambantota-Tissa road, town-council Hambantota-Tissa road, town-council residences, shops and other residences, shops and other buildings destroyed. Many homes buildings destroyed. Many homes located near the Hambantona harbor located near the Hambantona harbor were completely washed away.were completely washed away.

Loss of LifeLoss of Life

When the tsunami hit, hundreds of local When the tsunami hit, hundreds of local people were visiting Sunday markets.people were visiting Sunday markets.

Two to three thousand people were Two to three thousand people were promenading along Hambantota harbor promenading along Hambantota harbor when the tsunami wave struck.when the tsunami wave struck.

The overwhelming majority of these died.The overwhelming majority of these died. Over 4500 died in low-lying coastal stripOver 4500 died in low-lying coastal strip

HAMBANTOTA, SRI LANKAHAMBANTOTA, SRI LANKADecember 26, 2006 December 26, 2006

TsunamiTsunami

DEATH ZONE WAS AREA BELOW 10 DEATH ZONE WAS AREA BELOW 10 METERS and LESS THAN 1 METERS and LESS THAN 1 KILOMETER FROM SHORE.KILOMETER FROM SHORE.

Multiple Tsunami WavesMultiple Tsunami Waves

Often populated areas along coasts Often populated areas along coasts are located in low-lying and flat are located in low-lying and flat regions that together with natural regions that together with natural and man made obstacles make and man made obstacles make retreat of the flood caused by first retreat of the flood caused by first tsunami wave to be slow. tsunami wave to be slow. Subsequent waves ride over a region Subsequent waves ride over a region already flooded resulting in higher already flooded resulting in higher and faster waves.and faster waves.

Sri Lanka Multiple Tsunami Sri Lanka Multiple Tsunami WavesWaves

The multiple wave phenomenon was The multiple wave phenomenon was observed throughout the Sri Lanka observed throughout the Sri Lanka coast.coast.

http://www.asce.org/page/?id=53http://www.asce.org/page/?id=53 ““It wasn’t one wave, it came in great It wasn’t one wave, it came in great

surges, each one deeper than the surges, each one deeper than the last and pushing the water that had last and pushing the water that had come in before it in front of it.come in before it in front of it.

Sri Lanka Multiple Tsunami Sri Lanka Multiple Tsunami WavesWaves

Most witnesses described 3 main Most witnesses described 3 main waves. waves.

The first knocked them off their feet, The first knocked them off their feet, the second picked them up and the second picked them up and carried them, often up to 50 km/hr, carried them, often up to 50 km/hr, and the third bore them up to 15 and the third bore them up to 15 meters high or sucked them under.meters high or sucked them under.

Fritz Indian Ocean Tsunami Fritz Indian Ocean Tsunami Survey ConclusionsSurvey Conclusions

Evacuate all areas below 15 meters Evacuate all areas below 15 meters above sea level and within 0.25 mile above sea level and within 0.25 mile of shoreline or along rivers.of shoreline or along rivers.

Evacuate all areas below 10 meters Evacuate all areas below 10 meters above sea level and within 1.0 mile of above sea level and within 1.0 mile of shoreline or along rivers.shoreline or along rivers.

Evacuate all areas below 5 meters Evacuate all areas below 5 meters above sea level and within 3 miles of above sea level and within 3 miles of shoreline.shoreline.

"The Hawaii Kai evacuation zone should include all "The Hawaii Kai evacuation zone should include all areasareas

below 5 meters above sea level"below 5 meters above sea level"    Consider the 1946 historical observations as recorded inConsider the 1946 historical observations as recorded in United States Tsunamis - 1690-1988 (page 66)United States Tsunamis - 1690-1988 (page 66)    Waipio Valley - 12 meter run-up amplitude Waipio Valley - 12 meter run-up amplitude Swept 1 mile into valley, pulled away homes and peopleSwept 1 mile into valley, pulled away homes and people and left only foundationsand left only foundations    Waikolu Valley, Molokai - 16.4 meter run-up amplitudeWaikolu Valley, Molokai - 16.4 meter run-up amplitude Destroyed farms and buildings up entire valley.Destroyed farms and buildings up entire valley.    Makapuu Point, Oahu - 11.1 meter run-up amplitudeMakapuu Point, Oahu - 11.1 meter run-up amplitude Destroyed the nearby Ranch buildings with 3 waves Destroyed the nearby Ranch buildings with 3 waves

(Helsley(Helsley from wave deposits) leaving only foundations. from wave deposits) leaving only foundations.    Three wide valleys destroyed by the 1946 tsunami are Three wide valleys destroyed by the 1946 tsunami are historical evidence that Hawaii Kai is at risk. historical evidence that Hawaii Kai is at risk.

HAWAII KAIHAWAII KAI

MINIMUM Evacuation zone should MINIMUM Evacuation zone should include all area below 5 meters include all area below 5 meters above sea level.above sea level.

3 Meter Tsunami Flooding Graphic 3 Meter Tsunami Flooding Graphic SWAN calculation Performed in SWAN calculation Performed in

1990 1990

Sandy Beach and Queens GateSandy Beach and Queens Gate

3 meter, 1500 sec Tsunami3 meter, 1500 sec Tsunami 10 meter, 1500 sec Tsunami10 meter, 1500 sec Tsunami

From Numerical Modeling of Water From Numerical Modeling of Water Waves CD-ROM, CRC Press (2004).Waves CD-ROM, CRC Press (2004).

All of Queens Gate up to Hawaii Kai All of Queens Gate up to Hawaii Kai Drive should be in evacuation zone.Drive should be in evacuation zone.

––Queens GateQueens Gate

NEW TWO Zone Tsunami Evacuation Zones-2015

Hawaii Department of Emergency Management

http://www.honolulu.gov/cms-dem-menu/site-dem-sitearticles/2017-etz-maps-final.html

20717-etez-maps-final.html

Extreme Tsunami Evacuation Zones

Map segments 1 through 12:Map segments 13 through 21:Map 1: WaikikiMap 13: (Inset 1) WaialuaMap 2: (Inset 1) Diamond HeadMap 13: (Inset 2) HaleiwaMap 2: (Inset 2) KahalaMap 14: (Inset 1) DillinghamMap 3: (Inset 1) WailupeMap 14: (Inset 2) MokuleiaMap 3: (Inset 2) Hawaii KaiMap 14: (Inset 3) KaenaMap 4: (Inset 1) Hanauma BayMap 15: (Inset 1) MakahaMap 5: (Inset 1) MakapuuMap 15: (Inset 2) KeaauMap 15: (Inset 3) MakuaMap 6: (Inset 1) BellowsMap 16: (Inset 1) MailiMap 6: (Inset 2) KailuaMap 16: (Inset 2) NanakuliMap 7: (Inset 1) MokapuMap 17: (Inset 1) Ko OlinaMap 17: (Inset 2) KalaeloaMap 8: (Inset 1) KualoaMap 18: (Inset 1) Ewa BeachMap 8: (Inset 2) KaaawaMap 18: (Inset 2) Pearl Harbor mouthMap 9: (Insert 1) Kahana BayMap 19: (Inset 1) Keehi LagoonMap 9: (Inset 2) HauulaMap 19: (Inset 2) DowntownMap 10: (Inset 1) LaieMap 20: (Inset 1) Pearl Harbor westMap 10: (Inset 2) MalaekahanaMap 20: (Inset 2) Pearl Harbor eastMap 11: (Inset 1) Turtle BayMap 21: (Inset 1) HeeiaMap 11: (Inset 2) KahukuMap 21: (Inset 2) KahaluuMap 12: (Inset 1) WaimeaMap 21: (Inset 3) WaiaholeMap 12: (Inset 2) SunsetMap Index