hazard waste space

7/21/2019 Hazard Waste Space

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Hazardous Waste Management


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Introduction

Definition of hazardous waste

Risk and risk management,

Hazardous waste regulations andmanagement

Treatment technologies for hazardous waste


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Hazardous Waste

by reason of their chemical activity or toxic,

explosive , corrosive or othercharacteristics , can cause danger or likelywill cause danger to health or theenvironment , whether alone of when comingin contact with other wastes


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Dioxin Issues

Dioxin Issues

Dioxins are found over 20 different isomers of a basicchlorodioxin structure

The most common form, TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) is the most poisonous ofall synthetic chemicals

Dioxin are a contaminant by-product that may be

thermally generated during manufacture or burning ofchlorophenols, pesticides, algae-controllingherbicides, insecticides, etc.


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Risk

The concepts of risk and hazard

Hazard

Implies a probability of adverse effects in aparticular situation

Risk

Measure of the probability


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Risk Perception

People respond to the hazards they perceive. Iftheir perceptions are faulty, risk Management

efforts to improve environmental protectionmay be misdirected

Lay people rely on inferences based on theirexperience


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Risk Assessment

In 1989, the EPA adopted a formal processfor conducting a baseline risk assessment

This process includes Data collection and evaluation,

Toxicity assessment,

Exposure assessment, and Risk characterization.


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Data Collection & Evaluation

Gathering and analyzing site-specific datarelevant to human health concerns for the

purpose of identifying substances of majorinterest

A conceptual model of pathways andexposure points can be formed from thebackground data and site information


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Toxicity Assessment

Process of determining the relationshipbetween the exposure to a contaminant andthe increased likelihood of the occurrence or

severity of adverse effects to people Hazard identification determines whether

exposure to a contaminant causes increased

adverse effects towards humans and to whatlevel of severity


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Exposure Assessment

The objective of this step is to estimatethe magnitude of exposure tochemical of potential concern. Themagnitude of exposure is based on

chemical intake and pathways ofexposure


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Risk Characterisation

All data collected from exposure andtoxicity assessments are reviewed tocorroborate qualitative and quantitativeconclusions about risk

This includes the evaluation of compoundingeffect due to the presence of more than one

chemical contaminant and the combination ofrisk across all routes of entry


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Risk Management

Risk management is performed to decide themagnitude of risk that is tolerable in specific

circumstances This is a policy decision that weighs the

results of the risk assessment against costsand benefits as well as the public acceptance

Zero risk cannot be achieved !!


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Definition and Legislation ofHazardous Waste

The U.S EPA took nearly four years from thepassage of the nations first hazardous wastelaw in 1976 before promulgating regulationsthat define hazardous waste.

Hazardous

Waste??Not

Hazardous

Waste??


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The form of a waste is not important indefining whether it is hazardous.

The most critical part of any definition is toinclude those terms describing thecharacteristics that a waste to be consideredhazardous.

i.e. posing a substantial present or potentialdanger to human health or the environment


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Definition of hazardous waste preparedby the United Nations Environment

Program in December 1985Hazardous wastes mean wastes (solids, sludges,liquids, and container sized gases) other thanradioactive (and infectious) wastes which, by

reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive,corrosive, or other characteristics, cause danger orlikely will cause danger to health or theenvironment, whether alone or when come intocontact with other waste


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Cradle-to-Grave Concept

The EPAs cradle to grave hazardous waste managementsystem is an attempt to track hazardous waste from itsgeneration point to its ultimate disposal point

In Malaysia, toxic and hazardous wastes are defined asscheduled waste

DOE provide comprehensive regulations to themanagement of the scheduled waste that based on thecradle-to-grave principle


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Generator of hazardous waste can no longeravoid liability by contracting with a third partyto dispose of the waste

This compels generator to exercise care inthe selection of the disposal companies theyutilise

This procedure is designed to ensure thatwaste are directed to, and actually reach, apermitted disposal site

Cradle-to-Grave Concept


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Regulations

Environmental Quality(Scheduled Waste)

Regulations 1989


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Management Procedures

I. No tif ic at io n o f th e g en erat io n o fsch edu led w as tes

- Generation of any scheduled waste shallbe notified to the Director General inwriting

- Notification through form prescribed inthe Second Schedule


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Notification Form Prescribed in the Second Schedule


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II. Dis p o s al o f s c h ed u led was tes

- Scheduled wastes shall be disposed of at prescribedpremises only (for complete list of scheduled wastescontractors in Malaysia, please visit the DOEwebpage athttp://www.jas.sains.my/doe/port/bmport_frset.htm

- Prior to disposal, waste shall be rendered harmlessas far as is practicable


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III. Treatment of scheduled wastes

- Scheduled wastes shall be treated atprescribed premises or at on-site treatmentfacilities ONLY

- Export of scheduled wastes governed by

Guidelines for the Export of Scheduled Waste EG 1/93


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- Since 1996, DOE has stopped the issuance ofapprovals to export scheduled wastes for finaldisposal but the export of scheduled wastes forrecovery and recycling were still allowed on a case-to-case basis

- Export of scheduled wastes monitored through Form AS15A/rev3 and notified in accordance with BaselConvention for transboundary movement of wastethrough a notification form


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Form AS15A/rev3


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Notification Form for Transboundary Movement of Waste


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V. Reduction in the generation of scheduled wasteby best practicable means

- The generation of scheduled wastes by everywaste generator shall be reduced to themaximum extent practicable using the bestpracticable means


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VI. Storage of scheduled wastes

- Scheduled wastes shall be stored in durablecontainers that are able to prevent spillage orleakage

- The containers shall be clearly labelled in

accordance with the Third Schedule foridentification and warning purposes


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Third Schedule : Labelling Requirements for Scheduled Waste


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- Incompatible scheduled wastes shall be stored inseparate containers (please refer to the Fourth

Schedule for potential incompatibilities ofscheduled wastes

- Areas for storage of containers shall be designed,constructed and maintained to prevent spillage or

leakage to the environment


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Fourth Schedule : Scheduled Wastes of Potential Incompatibilities


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VII. Waste generator shall keep an inventory ofscheduled wastes

- Accurate and up-to-date inventory of thequantities and categories of wastes beinggenerated, treated and disposed of (inaccordance with the Fifth Schedule ) shall bekept by the waste generator


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VIII. Information to be provided by wastegenerator, contractor and occupier of

prescribed premises- Six (6) copies of Part I of the Sixth Schedule

shall be completed by the waste generatorand be given to the contractor to whom the

waste are delivered


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Sixth Schedule : Consignment Note for Scheduled Wastes


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- Upon receipt of scheduled wastes from wastegenerator, the contractor shall complete all six (6)

copies of Part II of the Sixth Schedule and shallhand over immediately two (2) copies of theSchedule to the waste generator [who in turn shallsubmit one (1) copy to the Director General]


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- Upon delivery of the scheduled wastes to theoccupier of any prescribed premises, a contractorshall hand over the remaining four (4) copies of theSixth Schedule to the occupier

- Upon receipt of the scheduled wastes from thecontractor, the occupier of any prescribed premisesshall complete Part III of all remaining four (4)

copies of the Sixth Schedule


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- The occupier shall retain one (1) copy of the SixthSchedule and return one (1) copy each to thecontractor, waste generator and the DirectorGeneral

- The waste generator shall notify the DirectorGeneral immediately upon failure to receive thecopy of the Sixth schedule from the occupier within

30 days from the date of delivery- The waste generator shall also investigate and

inform the D-G of the investigation results


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IX. Scheduled wastes transported outside wastegenerators premises to be accompanied byinformation

- Information in accordance with the SeventhSchedule shall be provided by every wastegenerator in respect of each category of scheduledwastes to be delivered to the contractor

- The Schedule shall be given to the contractor upondelivery of the waste from the waste generator tothe contractor


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Seventh Schedule : Information on Scheduled Wastes


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Waste Minimisation &Pollution Prevention

The term waste minimisation applied to anymanagement technique or process modification thatultimately reduces the mass or toxicity of waste senton to treatment and disposal facilities

The somewhat broader term pollution preventionhas an evolving definition that includes:-

Managing chemicals to reduce risk

Identifying and estimating all releases

Waste minimisation


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Pol lu t ion Prevent ion Tech niqu es

Pollution Prevention techniques

Source reduction Recycling(on- and off-site)

Product changesProduct substitutionProduct conservationChgs. in prod.composition

Source Control Recovery and reuseReturn to originalprocessRaw materialsubstitute for anotherprocess

Reclamation

Processed for resourcerecoveryProcessed as a by-product

Input materialchanges

Material purificationMaterial substitution

Technology changesGood operating practices

Procedural measuresLoss preventionManagement practicesWaste stream segregationMaterial handling improvementsProduction scheduling

Process changesEquipment, piping, orlayout changes Addition automationChanges in operationconditions


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Key elements necessary to the success ofa waste-minimisation program

Top-level organisational commitment

Financial resources

Technical resources

Appropriate organisation, goals, and strategy


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Waste A ud i t

Identify waste streams

Identify sources

Establish priority of waste streams for waste-

minimisation activity Screen alternatives

Implement

Track

Evaluate progress

The key question "why is this waste being generated?"


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Waste Exchange

Consignment of excess unused materials toan independent party for resale to a thirdparty

SaveWasteProduction Cost


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Recycling

When it is not possible to reduce thevolume or toxicity of a waste

Recycle to another process or anotherplant


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Zero Emission Concept

Before Pollution control at the end-of-pipe

High cost to meet strict emission and effluent

standards Rise in energy input

Rise in resource consumption

Present Zero Emission

Reduce the amount of pollutant and make theprocess less energy intensive


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Zero Emission Approach

Networking :-

Enables the use of waste from an industry asraw or starting material in othermanufacturing process and vice versa.


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Treatment Technologies

Physical Treatment

Chemical Treatment Biological Treatment Incineration


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Physical Treatment

Not detoxify but only concentrate waste for furthertreatment or recovery

Carbon Adsorption Distillation Ion Exchange Reverse Osmosis Solvent Extraction


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Carbon Adsorption

Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which gasvapors or chemicals in solution are held to a solid byintermolecular forces

Adsorbents Activated carbon

Molecular sieves

Silica gel

Activated alumina


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u 1: Schematic of a carbon contactor

Figure : Schematic of a carbon contactor


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Distillation

Separation of more volatile materials fromless volatile materials by a process of

vaporisation and condensation. The larger the vapor pressures differences,

the more efficient the separation process


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Ion Exchange

Metals and ionised organic chemicals can berecovered by ion exchange

Ion to be removed is passed through a bed of resin


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Reverse Osmosis

Solvent is forced to pass through a semi-permeablemembrane from concentrated medium to lessconcentrated medium

Semi-permeable membrane

HighConcentration

LowConcentration

Solvent


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Figure 2: Reverse osmosis systems


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Solvent Extraction

Liquid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction

Contaminants migrate from the wastewaterinto the solvent


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Chemical Treatment

Convert the waste to another form which are lesshazardous than the starting material

Spectrum of chemical methods:

Neutralisation

Oxidation

Precipitation Reduction


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Neutralisation

Application of the law of mass balance to

bring the waste to acceptable pH

pH between 6 to 8


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Oxidation

The cyanide molecule is destroyed by oxidation

Electrolytic oxidation

Carried out by anodic electrolysis at hightemperatures

Wet air oxidation

Zimmerman process Oxidized by oxygen at sufficient temperature and

pressure


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Precipitation

Removal of metals from platingsolutions

Application of the solubility productprinciple


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Reduction

Some metals have to be reduced before itcan be precipitated

Example:Hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+) used in platingsolutions must be reduced to trivalentchromium (Cr 3+)


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Biological Treatment

Biodegradation

Novel microorganisms for biological treatment ofanthropogenic compounds is a new concept

Certain organisms biodegrade certain waste


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In an incinerator, chemicals are decomposed byoxidation at high temperature (800 C and greater)

The waste, or at least its hazardous components,

must be combustible in order to be destroyed The primary product: CO 2, water vapor, inert ash

The percentages of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,nitrogen, sulfur, halogen, phosphorus and moisturecontent in the waste should be known

why? To determine stoichiometric combustion airrequirement and to predict combustion gas flow andcomposition


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Actual incineration conditions generally requireexcess oxygen

- to maximize the formation of produ c t o fcom plete com bus t ion (POCs)

- to minimize the formation of produc t o fincom plete com bus t ion (PICs)

Hazardous waste incinerator must be designed toachieve a 99.99% des t ruc t ion and remo valefficiency (DRE)


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Permitting of Hazardous WasteIncinerators

Complex process

Due to variety of state and local regulations for thehandling, transportation, treatment, disposal &

operation of incinerators. Hazardous waste incinerators must meet 3

performance standards: Principle Organic Hazardous Constituents (POHC)

Hydrochloric acid

Particulates


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The DRE is determined for each designated POHCfrom a mass balance of the waste introduced into theincinerator and in the stack gas:

Where:

W in - mass feed rate of one POHC in the waste streamWout - mass emission rate of the same POHC present in exhaust

emission prior to release to the atmosphere


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2. Hydrochloric acid

An incinerator burning hazardous waste andproducing stack emissions is no greater than 1.8 kg/hor 1% of the HCl emissions


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3. Particulates Stack emissions of particulate matter are limited to

180mg/dry standard cubic meter (mg/dscm) for 7% O 2 The adjustment is made by calculating a corrected

concentration:

WhereP c corrected concentration of particulate, mg/dscmP m measured concentration of particulate, mg/dscmY percent oxygen in the flue gas


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Example 10-8 (page 883 885)

MUST TRY!!!!!

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