hb017(e) pipe friction

7/25/2019 HB017(E) Pipe Friction

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291211

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

HB 017 PIPE FRICTION

Vertical pipe Horizontal pipe (optional)

(The equipment sent to a customer may have some differences from the above picture, mainly depending on options and

our continuing improvement of products.)

ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED

508 SOI 22/1 SOMDET PHRACHAO TAKSIN RD.BUKKALO THONBURI BANGKOK 10600, THAILAND

TEL. +66 (0) 24760034 FAX +66 (0) 24761500

E-mail: [email protected]

www.essom.com
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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2912111

CONTENTS

Page

Receipt of goods A

Safety Guidelines B-C

Installation instructions D

1. General description 1-12. Theory 2-1

3. Test procedures 3-1

4. Typical data 4-1

5. Sample calculations 5-1

Addendum

Addendum 1 Water manometer

Addendum 2 Mercury manometer

Addendum 3 Acrylic cylinder assembly instruction

Addendum 4 Properties table of water in SI unit

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying

or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this

publication) without the written permission from ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED.


3/30

A 291211

RECEIPT OF GOODS

1. On Receipt of Goods

a) On receipt of the goods at the consignees premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected for any damages

or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping documents. Any damage should be

reported immediately to the insurance agent.

b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or missing items

should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss of

parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms and

Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.

d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any

correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed photographs for

evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.

e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by the insurance company that the claim has

been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are damaged or missing while under custodys

for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is therefore vital.

2. Manufacturers Liability

a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would like toalert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with regard to the

liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.

b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment causing

harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of failure or

damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as outlined in theinstruction manual published by the manufacturers or suppliers.

c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in the

instruction manual are observed.


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010811B

3. Safety Guidelines

3.1General Safety Concerns

Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the instruction manual we would like to

alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if safety practices were not performed in accordance

with the local standards and governing bodiesregulations.

-Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock, rotating equipment hazards

and lack of cleanliness.To be able to achieve the aim, of accidents can be avoided it must be ensured that the equipment is installed correctly,

regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the potential hazards associated with the

particular equipment.

We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their equipment.

3.2 Awareness of Safety Hazards

(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission, or operate the

equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers recommendations and instructions.

(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated in the contents.

4. Electrical Safety

(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician who is competent in

the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.

(b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable, protective devices such asan Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.

This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to as a residual current

device(R C D) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.

(c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its use. The supply

network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate the supply voltage in the case of an

overload in a specified period of time without causing any damage to the equipment. (An overload relay)

5. Installation

(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on handling and

unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment, the structure. In the case of a

mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath the structure framework so that no damage willoccur during the lifting operation.

(b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation5.1 Electrical Supply Cables

(a) The normal color code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:

- Black----------------------------Line.

- Gray or white -----------------Neutral.

- Green-Yellow-----------------Ground.

(b)The three phase power cable has five wires.

- Red, blue and black ---------Line.

- Light gray or white ----------Neutral.

- Green-Yellow ----------------Ground.

5.2 General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers

(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long period of time

without circulation it will stagnate.

(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.

(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti rust additive such as

used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.(d) The water should be at temperature under 45 degrees C to maintain effectiveness.

(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by means of a water

treatment program being introduced using the expertise available locally or on site.


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291211C

5.3 Rotating Equipment

(a)If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc these items are provided with

a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which may occur when the rotating parts fail.

These guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts are in operation (rotating) and only removed for maintenance

periods.

After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service. Do not operate anyrotating parts unless machine guards are in place.

5.4 Steam Equipment

(a)When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the operators

and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and performing maintenance schedules. During

operation of this equipment the steam and water are at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging

and hazardous effects on students if safety precautions are not observed.(b)Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not

exceeded on the equipment.

(c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained. This should also

include pressure reducing valves.

(d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be checked regularly.

(e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc and any frameworks or jointsshould have the hardware checked for tightness.

(f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.

5.5 High Temperature Equipment

(a) When using high temperature equipment there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered by the

operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and performing maintenance schedules. Duringoperation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging

and hazardous effect on students if safety precautions are not observed.

(b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are maintained and not

exceeded on the equipment.

(c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly for safe operation.

6. Maintenance Safety Practices

(a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the equipment

(b) Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the equipment is being

worked on, inspected and should not be operated.(c) Check the operation of any protective devices, such as an ELCB so that it operates in accordance with its

specifications thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the equipment. Any malfunction of the

device must be corrected by a qualified electrician before returning the equipment back to a service condition.

(d) Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no covers, panels are

left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.

(e) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that have to be taken to

prevent infection from harmful micro organisms.

7. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment

(a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the Health and Safety of the students can besafeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.

(b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious accident if caught in

rotating equipment, i.e. tie etc.(c) Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high temperature present.

(d) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.(e) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.


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160112D

INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS


GENERAL INSTRUCTION

Equipment shipped overseas are usually partially assembled to reduce possibility of damages and

shipping volume for. For this equipment the clear acrylic tank may be removed (See addendum 3)Parts list or packing list is normally shipped with shipping documents. When the shipping boxes reach

the site. The box should be carefully opened, and the parts must be checked / examined for damage and

identified according to the parts list.


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1-1 170314

INSTRUCTION MANUAL


Figure 1-1a Vertical pipe Figure 1-1b Horizontal pipe (optional)

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

This equipment measures pressure drop when water flows through a vertical pipe at various flow rates bothlaminar and turbulent. It is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied)

It consists of adjustable constant head water source of removable clear acrylic cylinder for laminar flow.

Turbulent flow may be achieved by directly connecting the pipe to the Hydraulics Bench water supply. Flow rate

can be controlled by a valve at outlet. A water manometer with a vent valve, a hand air pump and a mercury

manometer are provided for measurement of pressure drop. The apparatus has a hose with a male quick couplingconnection to the Hydraulics Bench.

1.1 Technical Data

1.1.1 Cylinder diameter : 150 mm

1.1.2 Adjustable constant head : 800-1000 mm

1.1.3 Water manometer : 450 mm x 1 mm graduation.

1.1.4 Mercury manometer : 450 mm x 1 mm graduation.

Notes : Due to transport laws, ESSOM cannot supply the mercury. Buyer must source it locally.Approximately 25 ml. or 350 g. is required. ESSOM will supply filling kit.

1.1.5 Test pipe : Stainless steel, 3 mm approx ID.

1.1.6 Test section length : 510 mm

1.1.7 Measuring cup : 1 l

1.2 Optional : Horizontal test pipe instead vertical.: HF 033A Differential pressure sensor and indicator, 0-500 cm. water instead of mercury manometer.

: HF 033B Differential pressure gauge, 60 kPa, 100 mm diameter, instead of mercury manometer.


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1-2 170314

Acrylic tank

Test pipe

Vent valves

Water manometer

Outlet pipe

Pressure measuring

point

Stilling material

Connection to hand

air pump

Mercury manometer

Pressure measuring

point

Pressure inlets for

mercury manometer

Pressure inlet for water

manometer

Hand air pump

Figure 1-2aFront view of vertical pipe Figure 1-2bRear view of vertical pipe

Stilling materials

Head tank

Over flow pipe

Mercury manometer (U- tube)

Graduated beaker

To water manometer

To mercury manometer (U-tube)

To water manometer


Test pipeInlet

V3V2V1

To test pipe

V5Water manometer valve


Front View Rear View

V4Flow control valve

Water manometer(Inverted U-tube)

Vent valves

Water

supplycontrolvalves

Pressure measuring

points

Outlet

Flexible hose to Hydraulics

Bench storage tank

Pressure inlets

(rear)

For hand air pump

Figure 1-3 Schematic diagramof HB017 vertical pipe

031011


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1-3 170314

Acrylic tank

Mercury manometer

Test pipe


Outlet

Pressure measuring points

Scale

V6

V5

Stilling material

V1 V2 V3

Inlet

Water manometer

Water supply

control valves

Vent valves

Connection to

hand air pump

Figure 1-4Horizontal pipe

Inlet

Head tank

Stilling materials

Graduated beaker

Mercury manometer (U-tube)

Test pipe

V3V2V1

V4= Flow control valve

Over flow pipe

Water supply control valves

V5= Water manometer

valveV6= Water manometer valve

Water manometer

Inverted (U-tube)

Vent valves



Bench storage tank

Outlet

Vent valves

For hand air pump

Figure 1-5Schematic diagram of horizontal pipe

Note:All pipes and hoses connection are already made by the manufacturer except inlet and outlet pipes, and

overflow pipe.

031011


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1803102-1

2. THEORY

When fluid flows in a pipe from one point to the next there is an energy loss due to the friction between the

pipe and the fluid and the interaction between particles of the fluid.

2.1 Type of Flow

There are two types of flow in pipe: laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow is one which fluid

particles move parallel to the pipe where particles at the center line of the pipe move faster than those near the

wall. Turbulent flow is one which fluid particles move at random in all direction but generally move forwardalong with the flow. Particles at the center line of the pipes and those near the wall move at nearly the same

velocity. Turbulent flow results in higher friction loss, s. Laminar and turbulent flows may be defined by

Reynolds Number (ReD)

VDReD

Where: D = Pipe inside diameter, m

V = Average velocity in pipe, m/s

= Density of the fluid, kg/m3

= Dynamic viscosity of the fluid, kg/m.s

The flow is laminar when 2,000ReD and is turbulent when ReD> 4,000. Flow which ReDis between

2,000 - 4,000 is considered as transitional flow.

2.2 Energy Loss in Pipe

Figure 2-1Flow in horizontal pipe with constant diameter

L2

222

1

211 h)Z

g2

Vp()Z

g2

Vp(

1p

g2

V21

2Z

g2

V22

1Z

Totalenergryline

Hydraulicgradeline

Datum line

(1) (2)

Lh

L

2p

220414


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1803102-2

Energy loss due to the fluid flow in a pipe can be explained by an energy equation as follows:

The energy equation for the flow from point (1) to point (2) of the same stream is as follow.

L2

222

1

211 h)Z

2g

Vp()Z

2g

Vp(

(1)

Where: p = Static pressure, N/m2

= Specific weight of fluid, N/m3V = Average velocity of fluid in pipe, m/s

Z = Elevation of pipe, m

HL = Energy loss per unit weight of fluid , N/mN or m

g = Acceleration due to gravity, m/s2

Reference points (1) and (2) refer to point (1) and point (2) of the pipe respectively.

Since the pipe is horizontal and diameter is constant, then

Z1= Z2, and V1= V2

Therefore from equation (1) we get:

21L

pph (2)

If energy loss is expressed in term of head loss or Friction Head ( Lh )

2.3 Loss of Energy for Laminar Flow.

2.3.1 From Poiseuilles experiment, it is found that

2LDg

LV32h

(3)

Where: L Length of pipe, m From equation (2)

2

L

Dg

V32

L

h

... (4)

Since (32 / gD2) is constant, then

VL

hL (5)

Thus Poiseuilles experiment shows that energy loss in laminar flow is proportional to averagevelocity of the flow.

2.3.2 Darcy and Weisbach Experiments.

From experiments by Darcy and Weisbach, it is found that energy loss for both laminar and

turbulent flow may be expressed as:

2g

V

D

Lfh

2

L . (6)

Where: f = Friction factor, dimensionless

By rearranging equation (6)


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1803102-2

Larminar

hL

L

Transition

Zone

Turbulent

V

hL

LV

1.7 to 2.0

Log V

2g

V

D

1f

L

h

2L .. (7)

If we use the head loss in equation (3) as in equation (6), we get:

D

2

2

Re

64

VD

64f

Dg

LV32

2g

V

D

Lf

.. (8)

The equation may be expressed in logarithmic form as follows:

Log f = log 64log ReD .. (9)

2.4 Loss Of Energy For Turbulent Flow.

2.4.1 From Darcy & Weisbach experiment

(10)....VL

h

2g

V

L

1f

L

h

2L

2L

The above equation shows that energy loss per unit length of pipe is proportional to the square of

the average velocity.

Osborne Reynolds Experiments

From Reynolds experiments the energy loss per unit length for laminar flow and turbulent flow

may be expressed by a graph as shown per below.

Figure 2-2Relationship between (hL/L) and V

From the above details for laminar flow

VL

hL .... (11)

No clear conclusion could be made for transitional flow.

2-3


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1803102-2

For turbulent flow

1.7L VL

h (for smooth pipe) . (12)

2L VL

h (for roughened pipe) . (13)

Thus for turbulent flow the energy loss depends on average velocity or Reynolds Number and roughness

of the pipe wall

/D),F(Ref D

Where: F = Function

= Absolute roughness of pipe

2-4


14/30

1803102-5

2.4.2 Moody experiment

Moodies studied Reynolds experiment and found the relationship between Reynolds number and

pipe roughness as /D),F(Ref D and can be expressed in a graph as per diagram below. This is

known as Moody Diagram which show the relationship of f, ReDand /D

Values ( DV ) for water at 20C (velocity in m/s diameter in cm)

Figure2-3

Moodydiagram

Frictionfactorsforanytyp

eandsizeofpipe.

(FromPipeFrictionManual,

3rded.,

HydraulicInstitute,

NewYork,

1961)


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1803102-6

Thus energy loss due to friction in pipe may be summarized as follows:

2g

V

D

Lfh

2

L

Where:

DRe

64f , for laminar flow

/D),F(Ref D , for turbulent flow

The relation of f, ReDand /D can be found in Moody diagram.

Figure 2-4Dynamic viscosity of water

,

10

3P

a.s

Temperature, C


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3-1 160112

3. TEST PROCEDURES

Acrylic tank

Test pipe

Vent valves

Water manometer

Outlet pipe

Pressure measuring

point

Stilling material

Connection to hand

air pump

Mercury manometer

Pressure measuring

point

Pressure inlets for

mercury manometer

Pressure inlet for water

manometer

Hand air pump

Figure 3-1Vertical pipe

Acrylic tank

Mercury manometer

Test pipe


Outlet


Scale

V6

V5

Stilling material

V1 V2 V3

Inlet

Water manometer

Water supply

control valves

Vent valves

Connection to

hand air pump

Figure 3-2 Horizontal pipe


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3-2 160112

3.1 Equipment Operation and Set up

3.1.1 The clear acrylic tank may be removed for overseas shipment. In this case install the tank and glass balls

per addendum 3.

3.1.2 Study manometers operation per addendum 1 and 2 i.e. Water manometer is fitted with hand air pump

and air above mercury manometer is removed.

3.1.3 Connect the equipment inlet pipe to the Hydraulics Bench outlet (See manual for HB100 HydraulicsBench) with a connecting hose.

3.1.4 Connect the equipment outlet to a beaker with a flexible hose to measure flow volume. (a stop watch is

required to determine the flow rate)

3.1.5 Connect the over flow pipe to the Hydraulics Bench storage tank

3.1.6 The equipment is now ready for the test.

3.1.7 Please note that3.1.7.1 Mercury manometer is always available for reading when there is a flow in the test pipe.

3.1.7.2 Valves V5and V6are always closed (i.e. water manometer not in used) unless the differential

level in the mercury manometer is less than 30 mm. For better accuracy, the water manometer

is preferred.

3.2 Laminar Flow Test.

3.2.1 Open valve V1and close valve V2to direct water to the reservoir.3.2.2 Adjust the over flow pipe to the required water level in the reservoir.

3.2.3 Open valve V3to direct water from the reservoir to the test pipe.

3.2.4 Operate valve V4to control the flow rate.3.2.5 Record the manometer readings for pressure loss between the two test points. At the same time use the

provided beaker and a stop watch to record the flow rate.

3.2.6 Open valve V5and V6for water manometer reading the difference for mercury manometer reading is

less than 30 mm.

3.2.7 Repeat 2.2.4 and 2.2.5 for other flow rates.

3.3 Turbulent Flow Test.

3.3.1 Close valve V1 and V3 and open valve V2 so that water from the Hydraulics Bench flows directly

through the test pipe in order to obtain higher flow rate than 3.2 lpm3.3.2 Repeat 3.2.4 to 3.2.5 for different flow rates

Stilling materials

Head tank

Over flow pipe

Mercury manometer (U- tube)

Graduated beaker

To water manometer


To water manometer


Test pipeInlet

V3V2V1

To test pipe



Front View Rear View


Water manometer(Inverted U-tube)

Vent valves

Watersupplycontrolvalves

Pressure measuring

points

Outlet


Bench storage tank

Pressure inlets

(rear)

For hand air pump

Figure 3-3 Schematic diagramof vertical pipe

Note: All pipe and hose connection made by the manufacturer expect inlet and outlet pipes, and overflow pipe.


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3-3 160112

Inlet

Head tank

Stilling materials

Graduated beaker

Mercury manometer (U-tube)

Test pipe

V3V2V1

V4= Flow control valve

Over flow pipe

Water supply control valves

V5= Water manometer

valveV6= Water manometer valve

Water manometer

Inverted (U-tube)

Vent valves



Bench storage tank

Outlet

Vent valves

For hand air pump

Figure 3-4 Schematic diagram of horizontal pipe

Note: All pipes and hoses connection are already made by the manufacturer except inlet and outlet pipes, and

overflow pipe.


19/30

DATA SHEET


Tested by .Date

Please note: 1. This is the upstream test point.

2. This is the downstream test point.

Thus h1is lower than h2for mercury manometer

But h1is higher than h2for water manometer

Manometer Volume flow rateVelocity

m/secReD

2g

V

D

L 2

2g

V

D

L

hf

2

L

f from

Moody chart

(smooth pipe)

h1

mm Hg

h2

mm Hg

h2- h1

mm Hg

h1

mm H2O

h2

mm H2O

h1- h2

mm H2OVoluml

Timesec

Flow rate

10-3l/sec

3-4

220414


20/30

4. TYPICAL DATA

DATA SHEET


Tested by..S.Srinilta.. Date.26/12/95

Please note: 1. This is the upstream test point.

2. This is the downstream test point.

Thus h1is lower than h2for mercury manometer.

But h1is higher than h2for water manometer.

Manometer Volume flow rateVelocity

m/secReD

2g

V

D

L 2

2g

V

D

L

hf

2

L f from

Moody chart

(smooth pipe)

h1

mm Hg

h2

mm Hg

h2- h1

mm Hg

h1

mm H2O

h2

mm H2O

h1- h2

mm H2O

Volume

l

Time

sec

Flow rate

10-3l/sec

215 232 - - - - 0.82 123.48 6.64 0.841 3808 5.69 0.041 0.042

213 232 - - - - 0.46 64.68 7.11 0.9 4075 6.51 0.0366 0.04

213 232 - - - - 0.455 60.24 7.55 0.956 4329 7.35 0.0342 0.039

212 234 - - - - 0.48 60.23 7.97 1.009 4569 8.19 0.0338 0.038

211 235 - - - - 0.50 60.29 8.29 1.05 4755 8.87 0.034 0.038

210 236 - - - - 0.50 60.31 8.29 1.05 4755 8.87 0.0368 0.038

206 239 - - - - 1.205 30.36 39.69 5.029 22775 203.52 0.002038 0.0245

201 243 - - - - 1.2 30.31 39.59 5.01 22688 202 0.00261 0.024

4-1

220414


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1601125-1

5. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

5.1 Typical Test Data

Test runs were conducted by a team of engineers and technicians at ESSOM factory prior to shipment to

customer. Typical test data were shown below.

Pressure head at point (1) is 21.5 cm.Hg; at point (2) is 23.2cm.Hg

Measuring volume from measuring tank 0.82 liter,

measuring time 123.48 s

5.2 Sample CalculationsThen, head loss due to friction between point (1) and (2) is:

hL = 23.2 cm.Hg21.5 cm.Hg

= 1.7 cm.Hg

= OH.cm42.21Hg.cm

OH.cm6.12Hg.cm7.1 2

2

= 21.42 cm.H2O

= 0.2142 m. H2O

Flow rate in the pipe is:

s

m106.64

l10

m1

s

l0.00664

s

l00664.0

s123.48

l1.82

TimeMeasuring

volumeMeasuringQ

36

3

3

Dimensions of test pipe is 3.17 mm. in inside diameter and 500 mm. long, then velocity of water in the pipe is:

s

m0.841

4

m)10(3.17

/sm106.64

A

QV

23

36

From Equation (6),2g

V

D

Lfh

2

L

Substituting all variables in Equation (6) gives:

0.038f

m/s9.812

m/s0.841

m103.17

m10500fm0.2142

2

2

3

3

FromAddendum 4, properties of water at 30oC :

m.s

kg100.801

kg/m995.7

3

3

Reynolds number of water in pipe at water temperature 30o

C is:

99.313,3

m.s

kg100.801

m103.17s

m0.841

m

kg995.7

VDRe

3

3

3

D

For stainless steel tube (smooth pipe)

From the Moody chart, for smooth pipe at ReD= 3314 gives f 0.042.

220414


22/30

ADDENDUM 1

WATER MANOMETER


23/30

WATER MANOMETER (WMW)

Pressurized Manometer for Water

Description

This manometer employs clear acrylic tubes

with a top common chamber. This chamber has

an air relief valve and can be pressurized by a

hand air pump or may be reduced by opening avent valve. Pressure ports are at the bottom.

Range : 0-450, 0-950 mm or as required

Graduation : 1 mm

Application : Comparison of water pressures

This manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes.

For multiple reading, the number of tubes may

be 4, 6, 8, 10 or more available as an option.

Instruction for Use

1. Close the vent valve at the top chamber.2. Connect pressure lines from the pressure

source to the inlet pressure ports of the

manometer. Water levels will show on the

manometer scale.

3. If the levels are too low, release pressure fromthe top chamber by opening the vent valve or

increase static pressure of the system to be

measured by closing the system outlet valve. If

the levels are too high, open the outlet valve of

the system slightly more or increase the top

chamber pressure by hand air pump via airpressuring valve.

4. If differential pressure exceeds the watermanometer range. Close the water manometer

inlet valves and use the mercury manometer

only.

Notes :More than one pair of tubes may be used simultaneously if average pressure from one pair is not much different

from the other pairs. In this case, downstream average pressure is always lower than upstream average pressure. Thus, if

anyone pair of water levels are out of the manometer range, that pair cannot be used, simply close the inlet valves of

that pair or close the pressure tapping ports at the pressure source.

Multi-Tube ManometerTwo-Tube Manometer

Pressure inlet valve

Pressurizing valve for

hand air pump

Top chamber

Pressure line

Air bleeding valve


24/30

ADDENDUM 2

MERCURY MANOMETER


25/30

U-Tubes Mercury Manometer

Vent valve

Pressure inlet

valve (rear)

Pressure inlet

valve (rear)

MERCURY MANOMETER

1. Description:

This manometer employs clear acrylic tubes with top reservoirs for

mercury overspill and vent valves. Pressure ports are at the top.Range : 500 or 950 mm

Graduation : 1 mm

Application : High differential pressure of water or air

The manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes connected as a U-tube. The top

part of each tube has a chamber which acts as the mercury reservoir in case

of a pressure surge. Connected to the chamber is pressure inlet port with avalve and a vent valves. These valves are used to bleed out air in the system.

2. Instruction for Use:

2.1 Differential pressure for air

2.1.1 Make sure there is nothing but air above the mercury. If there is

any water in any tube, empty the manometer tubes and refill with

mercury about half full.

2.1.2 Close both vent valves.

2.1.3 Connect the pressures from the pressure sources to themanometer inlet valves using flexible hoses.

2.1.4 The differential pressure is the difference in height of the two

manometer columns. The equivalent height of water column forthe differential pressure is calculated as follows:

Equivalent water column height = 13.6 mercury column height difference.

2.2 Differential pressure of water

2.2.1 Connect the pressure inlet valves to the differential pressure

source to be measured.

2.2.2 Slightly open one of the valves at the pressure source and at the

mercury manometer. Water will flow into the connected tube of

the manometer and push the mercury to a higher level in the

other tube.

2.2.3 Slowly open the vent valve of the second tube to allow airbubbles in the system (if any) out. Continue 2.2.2 until all air

bubbles in this tube are removed, then close the vent valve.

2.2.4 Repeat 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 for the other tube of the manometer. Nowonly water remains on top of the mercury in the manometer. The

manometer is ready to record differential pressure. Equivalent

height of water column for the differential pressure is calculated

as follows:

Equivalent water column height = (13.6-1) mercury column height difference.

= 12.6 mercury column height difference.

3. Mercury Manometer Filling

Mercury is removed from the manometer during shipment. Filling of

the manometer with mercury is to be done at site as follows;


26/30

MERCURY MANOMETER FILLING

3.1 Carefully remove the

outer cap and the inner

cap of the mercury bottle.

3.2 Close the bottle with the outer

cap (one with a short hose)

3.3 Remove left (or right) side vent tube from the

mercury mano vent valve by pushing and

holding red or blue plastic shoulder of quick

coupling and use the other hand pull the tube

out.

3.4 Connect the tube from the mercury containerto the mercury mano vent valve then open

the valve.

3.5 Slightly tilt the panel to inclined position and fill the

mercury only half of the manometer height. If the

test set is too heavy to be tilted, lightly knock the

manometer panel to make sure all mercury flows

down to the bottom.

3.6 Remove the tube of the mercury container from the

mercury mano vent valve the same method as 3.3.

3.7 Connect the left (or right) side vent tube back to

the mercury mano vent valve then close the valve.

Tube

Valve open

Mercury

container

Mercury level

Mercury mano right

side vent tube

Mercury

Manometer

Mercury mano left

side vent tube

For hand air pump

Water

Manometer

Mercury mano vent valves

Water mano vent valve


27/30

ADDENDUM 3

ACRYLIC CYLINDER ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION


28/30

ACRYLIC TANK ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION

1. Install compressive ring and O-ring on acrylic tank.

Acrylic tank

Compressive Ring

O-ring

2. Install the tank to the support and screw the compressive ring until it is hand tight.

3. Put the diffuser plate into the acrylic tank with caution and adjust the over flow tube until the height equal tothe top of diffuser plate.

Diffuser plate

4. Put the glass balls into the acrylic tank on the over flow pipe side

Diffuser plate

Glass ball


29/30

ADDENDUM 4

PROPERTIES TABLE OF WATER IN SI UNITS


30/30

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE OF WATER IN SI UNITS

Temp, C

Specific

weight

,N/m3

Density

, kg/ m3

Viscosity

, kg/ms

10-3=

Kinematic

Viscosity

,m2

/s10

-6=

Surface

Tension

,N/m100=

Vapor

Pressurehead

/,m

Bulkmodulus

of elasticity

K, N.m2

10-2

K =

0

5

10

15

2025

30

35

40

45

5055

60

65

70

7580

85

90

95

100

9805

9806

9803

9798

97899779

9767

9752

9737

9720

96979679

9658

9635

9600

95899557

9529

9499

9469

9438

999.9

1000.0

999.7

999.1

998.2997.1

995.7

994.1

992.2

990.2

988.1985.7

983.2

980.6

977.8

974.9971.8

968.6

965.3

961.9

958.4

1.792

1.519

1.308

1.140

1.0050.894

0.801

0.723

0.656

0.599

0.5490.506

0.469

0.436

0.406

0.3800.357

0.336

0.317

0.299

0.284

1.792

1.519

1.308

1.141

1.0070.897

0.804

0.727

0.661

0.605

0.5560.513

0.477

0.444

0.415

0.3900.367

0.347

0.328

0.311

0.290

7.62

7.54

7.48

7.41

7.367.26

7.18

7.10

7.01

6.92

6.826.74

6.68

6.58

6.50

6.406.30

6.20

6.12

6.02

5.94

0.06

0.09

0.12

0.17

0.250.33

0.44

0.58

0.76

0.98

1.261.61

2.03

2.56

3.20

3.964.86

5.93

7.18

8.62

10.33

204

206

211

214

220222

223

224

227

229

230231

228

226

225

223221

217

216

211

207

hb017(e) pipe friction

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