Group and Interpersonal BehaviorChapter 9Organizational Behavior: ManagingPeople and Organizations,Ninth EditionGregory Moorhead, Ricky W. GriffinThe Interpersonal Nature of Organiations!Interpersonal relations and group processes pervade all organiations and are vital in "anagerial activitiesInterpersonal dyna"ics#types of Interactions!Bet$een individuals!Bet$een groups!Bet$een individuals and groupsOutco"es of Interpersonal BehaviorsNeed SatisfactionNeed SatisfactionConflictConflictSocial SupportSocial SupportSynergySynergyResults of Interpersonal RelationsResults of Interpersonal RelationsThe Nature of Groups!Group %efinedT$o or "ore people $ho interact $ith one another such that each person influences and is influenced &y each other person!'ategoriation of GroupsBy degrees of for"aliation!(or"al groups#esta&lished &y organiation!Infor"al groups#self)created &y "e"&ersBy degrees of per"anence!*er"anent!Te"porary'haracteristics of Groups!Me"&ers "ay identify a little or not at all $ith the group+s goal!Me"&ers "ay satisfy needs ,ust &y &eing "e"&ers!Behavior of individuals &oth affects and is affected &y the group!-cco"plish"ents of groups are strongly influenced &y the &ehavior of their individual "e"&ers!The $ork group is the pri"ary "eans &y $hich "anagers coordinate individuals. &ehavior to achieve organiational goals!The &ehavior of individuals is key to the group+s success or failureFigure 9.1- General Model of Group %yna"icsTypes of GroupsCategorization of GroupsCategorization of GroupsFormal Groups Commandas!"ffinityFormal Groups Commandas!"ffinityInformal GroupsFriendshipInterestInformal GroupsFriendshipInterest/tages of Group %evelop"ent!(our)/tage %evelop"ent *rocess of Groups0. Mutual acceptance1. 'o""unication and decision "aking2. Motivation and productivity3. 'ontrol and organiationGroup *erfor"anceCompositionCompositionCohesi#enessCohesi#enessSizeSizeNormsNormsFactors "ffecting Group $erformanceFactors "ffecting Group $erformanceGroup *erfor"ance (actors!Group 'o"positionThe degree of si"ilarity or difference a"ong group "e"&ers on factors i"portant to the group+s $ork!4o"ogeneity Degree to which members are similar in one or several ways that are critical to the groups work!4eterogeneity Degree to which members difer in one or more ways that are critical to the groups workGroup *erfor"ance (actors 5cont+d6!Group 'o"position 5cont+d67aria&les relating to group co"position!*roductivity!Type of task!Organiational diversity Cultural traits: distrust, stereotyping, and communication Efects of diversity on cooperation and understanding in organiational alliances across country and culture boundariesGroup *erfor"ance (actors 5cont+d6!Group /ieIs the nu"&er of "e"&ers of the group-ffects resources availa&le to perfor" the task-ffects degree of for"aliation of interactions, co""unication, and participation'an increase the degree of social loafingGroup *erfor"ance (actors 5cont+d6!(actors that %eter"ine Ideal Group /ieGroup "e"&ers+ a&ility to interact and influence each other 5"aturity of the group6Maturity of individual group "e"&ersGroup tasks-&ility of the group leader to deal $ith co""unication, conflict, task activitiesGroup *erfor"ance (actors 5cont+d6!Group Nor"s-re the standards against $hich the appropriateness of the &ehaviors of "e"&ers are ,udged%eter"ine &ehavior e8pected in a certain situationResult fro"9!*ersonality characteristics of "e"&ers!The situation!The historical traditions of the group-re enforced only for actions that are i"portant to group "e"&ersGroup *erfor"ance (actors 5cont+d6!*urposes of Nor"s4elp the group survive/i"plify and increase predicta&ility of e8pected &ehaviors of group "e"&ers4elp the group to avoid e"&arrassing situations:8press the group+s central values for "e"&ership identification and identify the group to othersGroup *erfor"ance (actors 5cont+d6!Group 'ohesivenessIs the e8tent to $hich a group is co""itted to staying togetherResults fro" forces acting on the "e"&ers!-ttraction to the group!Resistance to leaving the group!Motivation to re"ain a "e"&er of the groupGroup %ecision Making 5cont+d6!Group *olariationThe tendency for a group+s average post)discussion attitudes to &e "ore e8tre"e than its average pre)discussion attitudes 5risky ;shift< or to$ard a "ore conservative vie$6!Why *olariation OccursIncreasing confidence fro" shared opinions*ersuasive argu"ents convincing $eaker supportersIndividuals su&stituting group responsi&ility for individual responsi&ility for the decisionGroup %ecision Making 5cont+d6!Groupthink- "ode of thinking that occurs $hen "e"&ers of a group are deeply involved in a cohesive in)group and the desire for unani"ity offsets their "otivation to appraise alternative courses of action!:ffects of Groupthink'onsideration of and focus on fe$er alternatives(ailure to perceive non)o&vious risks and dra$&acks of an alternativeRe,ection of e8pert opinionsIgnoring potential for set&acks or actions of co"petitors in not developing contingency plans/y"pto"s of Groupthink!Illusion of invulnera&ility!'ollective efforts to rationalie=discount $arnings!>n?uestioned &elief in the group+s inherent "orality!/tereotyped vie$s of ;ene"y< leaders!%irect pressure on a "e"&er!/elf)censorship of deviations!/hared illusion of unani"ity!:"ergence of self)appointed ;"ind)guards