Health and Education

Link to syllabus

Link to WDI

Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

R&W Chapter 5 (to p. 133)

(File Education_Health.ppt)

Table 5.1 p. 100 (R&W). Health Indicators

Life expectancy upInfant mortality down virtually everywhere.

Life Expectancy by Regions, WDILlife Expectancy, Regional Averages

0102030405060708090

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Middle East & NorthAfricaHigh income: OECD

Latin America &CaribbeanSouth Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Source: WDI

Life Expectancy, by countries

Life Expectancy at Birth

0

20

40

60

80

100

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Algeria

BahrainEast Asia & Pacific

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq

Jordan

Kuwait

Lebanon

Libya

Morocco

Oman

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Syrian Arab Republic

Tunisia

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

West Bank and Gaza

Yemen, Rep.

Source: WDI

Figure 5.2 p. 102 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates, by Region

Figure 5.1 p. 101 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates, MENA

Infant Mortality, by Regions

1960

1968

1976

1984

1992

2000

2008

1

10

100

1,000

Middle East & North Africa (all income levels)

East Asia & Pa-cific (developing only)

Latin America & Caribbean (all income levels)

OECD members

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa (all income lev-els)

1960

1971

1982

1993

2004

020406080

100120140160180 Middle East &

North Africa (all income levels)

East Asia & Pa-cific (developing only)

Latin America & Caribbean (all income levels)

OECD members

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels)

(semi-log graph)

Source: WDI

Infant Mortality

1960

1963

1966

1969

1972

1975

1978

1981

1984

1987

1990

1993

1996

1999

2002

2005

2008

0

50

100

150

200

250

300 AlgeriaBahrainEgypt, Arab Rep.Iran, Islamic Rep.IraqIsraelJordanKuwaitLebanonLibyaMoroccoOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaSyrian Arab RepublicTunisiaTurkeyUnited Arab EmiratesWest Bank and GazaYemen, Rep.

Source: WDI

R&W Fig 5.5 p. 107. Infant Mortality and GNI/Capita

Figure 5.3 p. 102 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates, Rural/Urban Differences in MENA

Physicians per ThousandPhysicians per Thousand (Semi-log

graph)

0.0

0.1

1.0

10.0

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Middle East & NorthAfricaEast Asia & Pacific

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America &CaribbeanHigh income: OECD

Source: WDI data

Physicians/1000: MENA

Physicians per 1,000 People

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

BahrainEgypt, Arab Rep.Iran, Islamic Rep.IraqIsraelJordanKuwaitLebanonLibyaMoroccoOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaSyrian Arab RepublicTunisiaTurkeyUnited Arab EmiratesWest Bank and GazaYemen, Rep.Algeria

Medicine & Farmacies; Maqamat ~1200 a.d.

Hospital Divrigi, Turkey. 1228

Part of a complex, centered around a mosque, including an Old People’s Home

Al-Mansouri Hospital, Cairo. 1284

Qasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo

~1837

Public library of Hulwan, Baghdad

From the Maqamat

Presumably ~1200 a.d.

Arabic text states:

“During an exam, a person is either honored or disgraced.”

Astronomers~1600

Source: World of Islam p. 200

House of Wisdom 1. Baghdad 1004 a.d.

House of Wisdom II

Baghdad 2004

Al-Azhar University, 1880s

Source: Focus East p. 69. Photo attributed to G. Lekegian

Courtyard of Al-Azhar mosque

Source: Nassar Rabat course, http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www

Al-Azhar Mosque.

Begun 970.

Main facade of the mosque from Northwest with the three Mamluk minarets of Aqbugha, Qaytbay, and the double-headed minaret of al-Ghuri from (L to R). 

Complex includes the “world’s

first university”

Source: Nassar Rabat course, http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www

Religious Students in Isfahan, Iran

Illiteracy, Percent

1950s 1970s 2000 1950s 1970s 2000 Algeria 83 74 33 Bahrain 87 60 12Egypt 75 62 45 Iran 87 64 24Iraq 89 76 44 Israel - 12 5Jordan - 46 10 Kuwait 66 40 18Lebanon - 37 14 Libya 87 50 20Morocco 86 79 51 Oman - 81 28Qatar - 42 19 Saudi Arabia - 67 24Sudan 88 85 42 Syria - 60 26Tunisia 84 62 29 Turkey 68 40 15UAE - 44 24 WB & Gaza - - 14Yemen - 86 54

Illiteracy is declining everywhere in MENACurrently, highest levels in Yemen, Morocco, Egypt, Iraq, Sudan, Algeria.It’s very hard to eliminate illiteracy of adults.

Source: WDI and UNESCO

Youth Illiteracy, by countryMENA: Illiteracy among Youths

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

Perc

enta

ge (l

ogar

ithm

)

AlgeriaBahrainEgypt, Arab Rep.Iran, Islamic Rep.IraqIsraelJordanKuwaitLebanonLibyaMoroccoOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaSyrian Arab RepublicTunisiaTurkeyUnited Arab EmiratesYemen, Rep.

Iraq

Yemen

Morocco

Egypt

Table 5.2 p. 113 (R&W). Adult Literacy, 1990-2003

R&W don’t give separate data for illiteracy among youths

R&W Figure 5.7 p. 114. Adult Literacy and GNI/Capita

Table 5.3 p. 115 (R&W). Primary School Enrollment

Improvements everywhere. Marked increases for females in Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Room for improvement for females in Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen.

Gender Parity Indices, 1970, 2003

Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled

Gini Coefficient of Average years of Schooling, 1975 and 2000

Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled

Becoming more equal in all countries!

Secondary School EnrollmentsSecondary School Enrollments,

by Region and Gender (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1990 1995 2000 2005

East Asia female

East Asia male

OECD female

OECD male

Latin America female

Latin America male

MENA female

MENA male

South Asia female

South Asia male

Sub-Saharan Africafemale Sub-Saharan Africamale

MENA Males

MENA Females

OECD

Private and Social Returns to Education. R&W p. 119

Social is less than private (U. level) because of subsidies, opportunity cost of students’ time.Note: This table refers to a broad mix of countries, in and out of MENA.mt believes that this argument is getting less play in recent writing.

Rates of Return on Educational Investment. 2nd edition of R&W p. 118

Argues that there is over-subsidization of higher education, both because individuals should pay, and because ultimate return of more education, to society, declines.

Suggested Conclusions

Nearly complete coverage of primary schools

Gender gap, building in secondary levels

Contemporary system built off previous system, linked to mosques

Rapid changes in the population scarce, oil rich kingdoms of Arabia

Debate on bias against primary, for upper level schooling

Curricula don’t look that different from ours

Suleyman Demirel

Born: 1924, into a peasant family.

P.M. 1965-1971, late 1970s, 1991-2President of Turkey 1993 - 2000

Studied engineering.

During his presidency hesupported NATO but opposed EU.Was forced to resign by military, whowere worried about terrorism (PKK).

Demirel: Higher Education. Address at SUNY Binghampton, 2003. (selections)

Demirel ii

Demirel iii

Tertiary Education. 2001 or most recent dataEnrolment Data % Enrolled

Algeria 456,358 15Bahrain 11,048 21Egypt 2,447,088 38Iran 1,566,509 20Iraq 317,993 14Israel 299,716 58Jordan 162,688 31Kuwait 32,320 21Lebanon 142,951 45Libya 359,146 58Morocco 315,343 10Oman 19,864 7Qatar 7,831 23Saudi Arabia 444,800 22Syrian Arab Republic 94,110 6Tunisia 226,102 23Turkey 1,677,936 25United Arab Emirates 21,000 10Yemen 173,130 11

UNESCODatahttp://www.unesco.org/

College Enrollment Rates, by Region & Gender

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1970 1980 1990 2000

Year

Per

cent

of a

ge g

roup

Middle East & NorthAfricaMENA-Women

MENA Men

East Asia & Pacific

Latin America &CaribbeanSub-Saharan Africa

High income: OECD

Low income

Middle income

Source: WDI data

Percentage Enrollment at Universities, early 2000s

Algeria Israel Libya Saudi Arabia

Female 23 Female 66 Female 55 Female 35

Male 19 Male 50 Male 51 Male 23

Overall 21 Overall 57 Overall 53 Overall 28

Egypt Jordan Morocco Tunisia

Female Female 42 Female 10 Female 35

Male Male 38 Male 13 Male 25

Overall 34 Overall 40 Overall 11 Overall 30

Iran Kuwait Oman West Bank & Gaza

Female 26 Female 27 Female 21 Female 44

Male 23 Male 11 Male 19 Male 40

Overall 25 Overall 18 Overall 20 Overall 42

Iraq Lebanon Qatar Yemen

Female 12 Female 49 Female 34 Female 5

Male 20 Male 43 Male 9 Male 14

Overall 16 Overall 46 Overall 19 Overall 9

Gender Parity Index of Tertiary Schooling, 1970, 2003

Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled

Significant improvements for women everywhere

Timelines of Higher Education in Egypt, Turkey, Iran

Ottom.Turkey Egypt Persia/IranMilitary School 1770 /1840 Muh.

AliEngineering 1884 1820 1851Medicine 1827/ 38 1827 1851/78Sending Students Overseas

1830s 1820

Allowing Foreign Schools

“

National Univ. (free)

1908 1930

Universities in Lebanon

Lebanon has 15 universities of which the American University of Beirut (AUB) and the Lebanese American University (LAU) are internationally acknowledged. AUB is the first English university to open in Lebanon, while the first university to open was the French, Université Saint Joseph. The 15 universities, public or private, are mainly in Arabic, French, or English since the most widely used languages in Lebanon are: Arabic (official), French (official), English, and Armenian. Four of them are French, seven English, and one Armenian. Almost all these colleges teach in Arabic too.

American University of Beirut, Beirut. Beirut Arab University, Beirut Islamic University of Lebanon, Khaldeh. Lebanese American University, Beirut. Notre Dame University, Zouk Mosbeh, Keserouan.• Université Antonine - Hadath-Baabda. Université Libanaise – Beirut.• Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik Liban, Jounieh.

Université Saint-Joseph – Beirut. University of Balamand Tripoli

Palestinian Higher Education Institutions, 2001/02

Source: http://www.usaid.gov/wbg/reports/asessmentfinal.pdf - no longer functioning

US-Palestinian University Partnerships

In 2000-2003, eight U.S.-Palestinian university partnerships were established to develop a new curriculum and better research methodology:

- Four partnerships - the University of Oklahoma and Bethlehem University, Purdue University and Islamic University of Gaza, Calvin College and Birzeit University, University of Maryland Eastern Shore and Palestine Polytechnic Institute - concentrate on developing water resources.

- Other fields of focus are law (University of Georgia and Birzeit University), public policy (Georgia State University and An Najah University), public health (Johns Hopkins University and Al Quds University) and university administration (Utah State University and Arab American University in Jenin).

Riyadh: King Saud University

Source:Guise, Riyadh p. 79

Riyadh: King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital

Source: Guise, Riyadh AAL DS 248 R7 G85 1988 Page 88

News Item (2004): Kuwait to build American University

Generally, ‘American University’ means that a school is certifiedas having the academic qualifications of schools in the US.

Classes are often given in English. These are private schools, and fundingcomes from tuition and local donors.

The best-known schools are AUB in Beirut, and AUC in Cairo.

In addition to this one in Kuwait, they also exist in Sharjah and Dubai.

The Feminisation of Iranian EducationMitra Shavarini

Review of Education 2005 p329

Link to listing of Iranian Universities

Higher Education in Iran

1.Public Universities and Higher Education Centers • Tehran University was the first university founded in Iran in 1934.

Site lists 18 others, totaling 189 campuses, 450,000 students, 64 % male.

2.Distance Education (Payam-e-Nour University)• Payam-e-Nour University established in 1987, offers distance

education courses at undergraduate level. Has 147 centers and a total of 146,990 students 1998-99; 52% were female and 48% male.

3. Islamic Azad University(IAU)• The first private university, established in 1982, IAU has over 126

branches in Iran with more than half a million students (68% male).

4. Non-profit Higher Education Institutes• At the moment,some 33 "Non-profit Higher Education Institutes",

offering both undergraduate and postgraduate courses,with about 23,000 students are active in Iran. (apparently science oriented)Wikipedia’s list of Iranian Universities, by location

Link to Egyptian Universities

A web site listing Egyptian public universities, and private Universities and research institutions.

Wikipedia’s list of Egyptian universities

American University of Cairo: http://www.aucegypt.edu/

International Comparisons of Scientific Output, 1990-2007

Apparently, data are numbers of articles in international journals

Source: Zahlan Contemporary Arab Affairs (2011) “Science and the Arabs: Opportunities and Challenges”

Number of Research Publications

Source: Zahlan (2011)

Title page

(Photo of author)

Table 2. Technology Indicators-MENA

Source: Samia Satti Nour (2003) “S&T Development Indicators in the Arab Region,”

Technology Indicators-R.o.W. continued

Source: Samia Satti Nour (2003) “S&T Development Indicators in the Arab Region,”

Number of Scientists working in R&D, per million

Source: UN Arab Human Development Report, 2003

Number of Scientific Research Centers

Source: UN Arab Human Development Report, 2003

Number of US Registered Patents, from Arab and non-Arab Countries

Source: UN Arab Human Development Report, 2003

Indicators of Digital Divide: AHDR 2002

Dubai Internet City

Source:AHDR,2002

Findings Summarized (i)Inputs:R&D spending (as % of GDP or Gov’t spending) is lower in Gulf and Mediterranean countries than advanced LDCs and OECD. 0.2% compared to 3% of GDP. But Ed/GDP is quite similar. Mediterranean slightly higher than Gulf. (Table 2). Number of S&T workers is low in Gulf and Mediterranean and Gulf, compared to advanced LDCs and OECD. Mediterranean slightly better than Gulf, in numbers and ‘skill indices’; MENA behind advanced LDCs and OECD (Table 3). Most R&D done in public (gov’t) institutions in Arab countries (Table 5). Universities second in importance, private sector weak.

Findings: ii

Output indicators

Scientific publications. Growth in Gulf and Mediterranean, although behind others. Egypt and Morocco relatively high. (Tables 4 and 6). Numbers of citations show mixed trends.In terms of joint publications, there is limited cooperation among Arab countries, but it is strong between North Africa and Europe (ex-colonies). Patents: low levels, compared to other LDCs; highest in Egypt, north Africa, Syria (Tables 2 and 8). Again, Gulf is behind Arab Mediterranean.Technological change (tfp-Table 9) is higher in Mediterranean than Gulf. Gulf is more unstable.

Conclusion

Youth Literacy Rates

Table E.5 Youth Literacy Rate (age 15-24), 1970-2005        1970 1980 1985 19901995 2000 2001 2002 20032004 2005

Algeria 41 61 69 77 84 88 89 90  .. .. Bahrain 79 90 93 96 97 98 99 99 97.. .. Egypt 43 52 57 61 66 71 73 .. 85.. 85Iran 56 73 80 86 91 94 94 ..   .. 97Jordan 79 91 95 97 98 99 99 99  .. 99Kuwait 71 80 84 88 90 92 93 93  .. 100Libya 57 79 87 91 94 96 97 97  98.. Morocco 33 42 48 62 62 67 68 70  70.. Oman 34 60 74 86 94 98 98 99  .. .. Qatar 74 83 87 90 93        96.. Saudi Arabia 56 74 80 85 90 93 93 94 96 96.. Qatar 58 71 76 80 84 87 88 95  92.. Tunisia 52 72 78 84 90 93 94 94  94.. UAE 68 75 80 85 88 91 91 91  97.. WBG                   99.. Yemen 21 31 41 50 59 65 66 68 92 75.. Average 55 69 75 81 85 88 89 91 93 91 95MENA 43 64 73 81 88 86 87      EAP 82 91 94 95 96 98 .. .. .. ..  ECA 99 99 99 99 100 99 .. .. .. ..  LAC 83 89 90 92 93 95 .. ..      SAS 45 54 58 62 66 70 .. .. .. ..  SSA .. .. .. .. .. 77 80 80 .. ..  

Source: WB (2004) The Road Not Taken: Educational Reform in MENA

Table C.13 Gender Parity Index of Youth Literacy Rate (15-24), 1970-2005  

  1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003/4/5Algeria 46 55 64 72 79 85 90 90 91 -Bahrain 78 87 93 97 99 100 100 100 100 -Egypt 48 53 60 67 72 77 - - - 88Iran 60 68 76 83 88 92 95 95 - 99Jordan 70 81 89 94 97 99 100 100 100 100Kuwait 84 90 94 97 99 101 102 102 102 100Libya 33 47 64 77 84 89 93 94 94 97Morocco 35 42 48 55 62 69 77 78 79 75Oman 21 30 43 62 79 91 97 97 98 99Qatar 92 100 103 105 105 105 - - - 103Saudi Arabia 48 60 71 80 86 92 95 96 96 98Syria 45 53 60 67 73 78 83 83 96 95Tunisia 49 59 68 74 81 88 92 92 93 96UAE 90 99 105 108 108 108 108 108 108 98WBG - - - - - - - - - 100Yemen 11 15 20 26 34 44 56 58 60 65Average 54 63 71 78 83 88 91 92 93 92

Table 3. Human Resources in S&T

Source: Samia Satti Nour (2003) “S&T Development Indicators in the Arab Region,”

Table 4 I R&D

Source: Satti Nour(2003) “S&T Development Indicators…”

More rapid growth of R&D & publications among Gulf Oil exporters, compared to other Arab countries.Nobody has very much high technology manufacturers.

Table 5. Distribution of R&D Units

Source: Satti (2003) “S&T Development Indicators…”

R&D performed in government locations, rather than universities or private firms

Rates of Return to Schooling

Source: World Bank/Farrukh Iqbal (2006) Sustaining Gains in Poverty Reduction..MENA Page 37

Table E.1 TIMSS Score in Math of 8th Grade,

Table E.2 TIMSS Score in Science of 8th Grade,

  1995 1999 2003    1995 1999 2003Bahrain - - 401  Bahrain - - 438Egypt, - - 406  Egypt, - - 421Iran, I.R. 428 422 411  Iran, I.R. 463 448 453Jordan - 428 424  Jordan - 450 475Kuwait 392 - -  Kuwait 430 - -Lebanon - - 433  Lebanon - - 393Morocco - 337 387  Morocco - 323 396Saudi Arabia - - 332  Saudi Arabia - - 398Tunisia - 448 410  Tunisia - 430 404West Bank &G - - 390  West Bank &G - - 435Regional Average 410 409 399 

Regional Average 447 413 424

International Average 513 487 467 

International Average 516 488 474

Top Country 643 604 605  Top Country 607 569 578             Notes: Top country in 1995 is Singapore for both math and science. Top countries in 1999 are Singapore for Math and Chinese Taipei for Science.

No data forAlgeria, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Sudan, Yemen

Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the MENA

R&D/GNP

Source: UN Arab Human Development Report, 2003

Distribution of University Students, by Field of Study. ~2005

Source: WB (2008) The Road Not taken p. 21

Public Spending per

Student, $

Source: WB (2008)The Road Not Takenp. 11

Al-Azhar Mosque.

Begun 970.

Main facade of the mosque from Northwest with the three Mamluk minarets of Aqbugha, Qaytbay, and the double-headed minaret of al-Ghuri from (L to R). 

Complex includes the “world’s

first university”

Source: Nassar Rabat course, http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www

Courtyard of Al-Azhar mosque

Source: Nassar Rabat course, http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www

Model of Education

Expenditures

Source: TodaroEconomic Dev.p. 384 of 9th ed.p. 391 of 6th ed.

Compare with R&W graph p. 119