Health and Medicine

Muhammad Faizan JAmil

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Health and SocietyHealth in HistoryHealth in low-income countriesHealth in high income countriesEating DisorderHIV AIDSThe Rise of Scientific MedicineMedicine in socialist societies

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Theoretical analysis of health and illness

Structural-functional analysis Symbolic-interaction analysis Social-conflict analysis

Health and medicine in the twenty-first century

Health and Society

Society shapes people’s health in major four sways.

Cultural patterns define health.

Cultural standards of health change over tiem.

A society’s technology effect people’s health.

Social in-equality effects people’s health.

Health in HistoryFood shortage in Hunter and gatheres societies faced frequent food shortage

Most of the humans were died under 20 years of age and few lived to the age of 40.

Era of AgricultureSocial in-equalities:Eliet Enjoyed better health and peasants and servants those were lived in crowded shelters were often get hungry.

Lack of proper wastage sanitation caused serious infacious deseases periodically wiped out entire towns.

Health in low-income countriesAccording to wealth health organization, 1 billion people around the world are suffering from serious illness due to poverty.

Illness does’nt resultss only by eating heavy food, it also happen by havingg to little to eat.

Health in low-income countries (cont.)

Overview of our Rural areas.

Lack of health infrastructure

Less professional scope as health worker

Low paid vacancies

Health in low-income countries (cont.)

In poor Nations,

10 percents of childs die with in the year of their birth.

Half of the children does not reach adulthood.

Health in high income countries Due to Industrialization

Over crowded papulation.

Sanitation problrms

Factories fouled he air with smoke.

Health in high income countries (cont.)

Industrialization gradually improved health by providing better nutriation and safe housing for most people.

Medical advancment begin In 1950 to control infectious deseeases.

e.G > Cholera vaccine and Penicillin

Health in high income countries (cont.)

According to researchers

73% Adults of those famillies with income over $35,000 thisnk their health is very good or exellent.

53% Adults of those famillies with income over $20,000 thisnk their health is very good or exellent. ANDOnly ‘5%’ of higher icome people describe their health is low or poor.

Eating Disorder

Eating Disorder

• Eating disorder is an intense form of dieting or other unhealthy method of weight control driven by the desire to be every thin.

• Bulimia is an eating disorder diseases which induce vomiting to prevent weight gain.

HIV AIDSHIV is a virus that gradually attacks the immune

system, which is our body’s natural defense against illness. If a person becomes infected with HIV, they

will find it harder to fight off infections and diseases. The virus destroys a type of white blood cell called a T-helper cell and makes copies of itself inside them.

People who suffering with HIV

In Europian countries 8000 people suffering with Aids and hepatitis ,and its become exceed that much that how Aids become common disease in Europian countries.It also happen mostly if people get sexual relation with other people and it also happen in mosly gentically .In the family one people have AIDS he/she transmitted from one to other genration automatically.

The Rise of Scientific Medicine

Holistic Medicine

1.Patients are people2.Responsibility not dependency

3.Personal treatment

Medicine in socialist societies

1.The people’s Republic of china

2.The Russian Federation

Medicine in capitalist societies

1.Sweden 2.Great Britain 3.Canada 4.Japan

Global SociologyMedicine in Capitalist societies:

Sweden :-Comprehensive system of ` medical .Citizens pays for these programs with taxes.Socialized medicine(in which a govt owns and operate medical facilities, and give jobs to physicians.

CANADA

• Single payer model:-• Single-payer means that most of the funds used to

pay for medical care are public, that is, they are paid with taxes.

• The government, through a public authority, is the most important payer for medical care services and uses this power to influence the organization of health care.

• Provides health care to all canadians.• Canadians pointed out that lower income people

are not being denied medical care .

Great Britain

• Two-tier health care system:-• Two-tier healthcare is a situation that arises

when a basic government-provided health care system  provides basic, medical necessities while a secondary tier of care exists for those who can pay for additional, better quality or faster access.

United states• 85% of the US population has some medical care coverage.• Private Insurance:-• In 2002 61 % received some medical care benefited from family

members employee.• 70% of people in US have private insurances.• Public Insurance:-• Medicare is an insurance program. Medical bills are paid from trust

funds which those covered have paid into. It serves people over 65 primarily, whatever their income; and serves younger disabled people and dialysis patients.

• Medicaid is an assistance program. It serves low-income people of every age.

Theoretical analysis of health and illness

Three major theoretical paradigms1: Structural-functional analysis2: Symbolic-interaction analysis

3: Social-conflict analysis

Structural-functional analysis:

• Talcott parson viewed medicine as society’s strategy to keep its members healthy.

The sick role.• Illness exempts people from routine responsibilities.• A sick person must want to be well.• A sick person must seek competent help.

The physician role.

Structural-functional analysis:

Critical evaluation:

• Broader organization of society• Resources availability• Positive consequences

Symbolic-interaction analysis:

• Health and medical care are socially constructed by people in everyday interaction.

Social construction of illness:Social construction of treatment:

‘‘we can say that when health and illness is defined as real, it becomes real in its consequences’’

Symbolic-interaction analysis:

Critical evaluation:

Social-conflict analysis:

• Draws a connection between health and social inequality.

Researchers have focused on three main issues:• Access to care• The profit motive• Medicine as politics

Social-conflict analysis:

Critical evaluation:

‘‘health depends less on bacteria than on the social environment in which the bacteria are found’’ --- Louis Pasteur

Health and medicine in the twenty-first century

• At the beginning of twentieth century• People’s initiative• Life expectancy