health effects of combustion generated...

Conference on Air Pollution AQM Teheran January 12, 2016

Peter Gehr Prof. em. University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Conference on Air Pollution, AQM, Teheran, 12.1.2016, P. Gehr 1

HEALTH EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION GENERATED PARTICLES HOW COMBUSTION GENERATED NANOPARTICLES (UFP) CAN ENTER THE HUMAN ORGANISM – SIZE MATTERS

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

Hours (from start of exposure)

% c

hang

e in

FEV

1

p < 0.001

LUNG FUNCTION OF ASTHMATICS WHILE WALKING ALONG THE DIESEL BUS ROUTE OXFORD STREET, THROUGH HYDE PARK

Hyde Park

Oxford Street

McCreanor et al, NEJM 2007

Courtesy: Nino Künzli Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel, Switzerland

WHO (IARC): • Diesel exhaust is carcinogenic, June 12, 2012

• Air pollution is carcinogenic, October 17, 2013


MAIN PORTAL OF ENRTRY: LUNG

Alveolus

Alveolus

Alveolus

Alveolar duct Alveolar air

Alveolar air

3 Conference on Air Pollution, AQM, Teheran, 12.1.2016, P. Gehr

Ewald R. Weibel, University of Bern

Gehr et al., Respir. Physiol. 1978

Interalveolar septa

Alveolar Air

Alveolar Air

ALVEOLI, INTERALVEOLAR SEPTA


Alveolus

Alveolus

Alveolus

Alveolar duct

Alveolar air

Alveolar air

Gehr et al., Respir. Physiol. 1978

DID YOU KNOW THIS ABOUT THE HUMAN LUNG?

Tennis field 450 Mill. alveoli (M. Ochs, Univ. of Bern)

with a surface area of 140 m2

(diameter ¼ mm, gas- exchange region 80-90%)

Red wine glass Volume of capillary blood

involved in gas exchange: 210cm3 1/50 of the thickness of a women‘s hair

Thickness of tissue barrier: <1µm

(B. Rothen-Rutishauser, Universität Bern) E.R. Weibel, Universität Bern

Gehr et al., Respir. Physiol., 1978

5 > Conference on Air Pollution, AQM, Teheran, 12.1.2016, P. Gehr

SURFACTANT, AQUEOUS HYPOPHASE

Surfactant (Surface active agent)

Aqueous hypophase

Type II pneumocytes


LB

Type II P: Type II P:

Airways

3 µm Alveoli

1 µm

PARTICLES DEPOSITED IN THE LUNGS →DISPLACEMENT

Gehr et al., J. Aerosol Med., 1990 Schürch et al., Respir. Physiol., 1990


Displacement physics

S. Schürch, S. Tschanz,

Univ. Bern

Surfactant Flüssigkeitsfilm

Zilien

Flüssigkeitsfilm (+Surfactant) Zilien

STRUCTURE AND DISPLACEMENT (FILTER FUNCTION: SURFACTANT)

Gehr et al., J. Aerosol Med., 1990 Schürch et al., Respir. Physiol., 1990

Gehr et al., J. Aerosol Med., 1996


1µm 0.1µm

(and smaller)

E.R. Weibel, University of Bern

TRANSLOCATION OF NANOARTICLES (UFP) FROM AIR INTO BLOOD


Capillaries

Erythrocytes

Interalveolar septum

Alveolar air

Alveolar air

Alveolar air

Capillary blood

Erythrocyte

Blood Plasma

Air-blood tissue barrier

10

agarose

epithelial cell layer

surfactant + nanoparticles injected here

cell medium

glass chamber

plunger

air bubble

IN VITRO MODEL: BREATHING MOVEMENTS MAY STIMULATE NANOPARTICLE UPTAKE BY CELLS Courtesy David Schürch, Adolphe Merkle Insitute, University of Fribourg

epithelial cell layer

surfactant + nanoparticles

membrane

static dynamic

0

4

8

12

16

20

static dynamic control

captive bubble surfactometer

5x increase of intracellular NPs

Schürch et al., Lanngmuir, 2014

Courtesy: Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg

Switzerland

Nanoparticles

Nose

Lung Skin GI-Tract

Blood

Degenerative Changes

Bone Marrow Spleen Wall Blood Vessels

Liver Heart Placenta Fetus

Brain

Brain

TRANSLOCATION WITH BLOOD TO OTHER ORGANS


198Au55 cluster 1.4 nm

Intratracheal instillation in WKY rats 1-10 µg 198Au particles in 50 µL saline, negative ionic surface charge # of particles: 1 1014 (1.4 nm cluster) 2 1011 (18 nm colloid) G. Schmid, Univ. of Essen, Germany

Mass fractions of gold nanoparticles in different organs after 24 h

198Au colloid 18 nm

lung instillation

1,E-06

1,E-05

1,E-04

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

lungs

GIT+fece

sliv

er

splee

n

kidney

bloodurin

ebrai

n

24-h

rete

ntio

n

1.5nm cluster 18nm colloidlung instillation

1,E-06

1,E-05

1,E-04

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

lungs

GIT+fece

sliv

er

splee

n

kidney

bloodurin

ebrai

n

24-h

rete

ntio

n

1.5nm cluster 18nm colloid

lung instillation

1.E-06

1.E-05

1.E-04

1.E-03

1.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

lungs

GIT+fece

sliv

er

splee

n

kidney

bloodurin

ebrai

n

24-h

rete

ntio

n

1.5nm cluster 18nm colloid

Semmler-Behnke et al., Small, 2008

1.4 nm 18 nm

HelmholtzZentrum münchen German Research Center for EnvironmentalHealth

Courtesy: W.G. Kreyling Helmholtz Zentrum Munich

Focus Network Nanoparticles and Health

TRANSLOCATION OF GOLD-NANOPARTICLES: EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE


WHAT HAS TO BE CONSIDERED OF NANOPARTICLES FROM COMBUSTION AEROSOLS

• Size of particles (nanoparticles)

• Displacement of nanoparticles towards epithelial layer (surfactant, surface forces)

• Distance to capillaries (translocation)

• Distance to sensitive cells (interaction), effect: immune modulation?

• Interaction with cells (uptake/penetration, effect: immune modulation, oxidative stress, inflammatory reaction a.o.?)


MAIN ACTORS ARE CELLS EPITHELIAL CELLS, MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS …

Nat. Geogr., ~2000 Nat. Geogr., ~2000


Epithelial Cell Dendritic Cell

Macrophage

Basal Lamina

Macrophage

Dendritic Cells

Epithelial Cells Monolayer

Membrane

Surfactant

Dendritic cell

Epithelial cell monolayer (A549 or 16HBE cells) Macrophage

… DO THEY COLLABORATE? THE CELL MODEL TO TEST THIS THE TRIPLE CELL CO-CULTURE MODEL

Rothen-Rutishauser et al., Am. J. Respir Cell Mol. Biol. 32: 281-899, 2005 Rothen-Rutishauser et al., Expert. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 4: 1075-1089, 2008


STRUCTURAL VICINITY OF DENDRITIC CELLS AND MAKROPHAGES (THROUGH THE EPITHELIAL CELL LAYER)

Blank et al., AJRCMB 36: 669-677, 2007

Deconvolution technique IMARIS 3D&4D Image Analysis Software Bitplane AG, Scientific Software


CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS CELLULAR INTERPLAY ->THE CELLS DO COLLABORATE!

Blank et al., Am. J. Respir. Cell Molec. Biol., 2007


A BURNING QUESTION: HOW DO NANOPARTICLES ENTER CELLS?

B: Macropinocytosis C: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis D: Clathrin and caveolae independent endocytic pathways E: Caveolae-mediated endocytosis F: Adhesive interaction (entering): interaction of nanoparticles with cell membrane, effect on fluidity, nanoparticles may slip into cell between phos- pholipid molecules (→ U. Nienhaus, KIT)

Brandenberger et al., Small, 2010

X A: Phagocytosis ( )


… AND AN ANSWER: ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND SURFACE-ENHANCED INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY ON MODEL MEMBRANES (DAP-QDs)

Electrochemistry: voltammograms indicate that lipid layers do not conduct current upon DPA-QD exposure no holes formed!

SEIRAS: Membrane flexibility is enhanced in the presence of DPA-QDs

DT

DT + lipid (outer)

DT + lipid + DPA-QDs

DT + lipid (inner)

DT + lipid + DPA-QDs

1-Dodecanethiol (DT)

IR beam

Lipid composition of the inner or outer RBC membrane leaflets

Wang et al., ACS Nano 6 (2012) 1251-1259

Courtesy: G.U. Nienhaus, Institute of Applied Physics, KIT

(Rothen-Rutishauser et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 2006) (Rothen-Rutishauser et al., In Donaldson and Borm,Taylor&Francis, 2007)

Conference on Air Pollution, AQM, Teheran, 12.1.2016, P. Gehr

Presenter

Presentation Notes

SEIRAS experiments to study the interaction of DPA-QDs with preformed planar membranes. (a) Spectra of a monolayer of DT adsorbed on the gold surface (black), vesicles containing the lipids of the outer (upper panel) and inner (lower panel) lipid leaflet of RBCs adsorbed on the DT-modified gold surface (red), and DPA-QDs adsorbed on the lipid/DT modified gold surface (blue), including Gaussian bands obtained by curve fitting (the individual bands are shown underneath the blue spectrum). (b) Spectra of DPA-QDs adsorbed on the lipid/DT modified gold surface (blue) are plotted together with the transmission spectrum of DPA in a KBr pellet (black).

NANOPARTICLES IN CELLS

Brandenberger et al., Small 2010

Plain Au nanoparticles

PEG coated Au nanoparticles → more nanoparticles in cytosol

Membrane bound (in vesicles/lysosomes)

Free (in cytosol)


Particle-cell interaction

20

EFFECTS OF DIESEL EXHAUST ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

• Opel Astra X20DTL, 35 km/h

• Fuel: low sulfur diesel (>10mg/kg, Greenergy SA)

• Lube oil (V10.237, Motorex)

• Exhaust dilution 1:10

⇒Without particle filter ⇒With a silicon carbide

diesel particle filter

Filter from Peugeot Filter Producer Ibiden

Müller et al. Environ Sci Technol 2009; Steiner et al. Tox Letters 2012

Courtesy: Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Switzerland

Exhaust system

Exposure system


DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, FILTER EFFECT

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1.00E+08

10 100 1000

coun

ts d

N/d

log

Dp

[1/c

m3]

d [nm]

Without Filter With diesel particle

filters

0.5µm

Courtesy: Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg Switzerland Conference on Air Pollution, AQM, Teheran, 12.1.2016, P. Gehr 22

Steiner et al., Atmos. Environ., 2013

DIESEL EXHAUST INFLAMMATORY REACTION, FILTER EFFECT

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Standard Roh-AbgasDPF LPS Standard Roh-AbgasDPF LPS

TNF-α Sekretion, an inflammatory cytokine

2h 6h

Confocal light micrograph (blue: nuclei, red: actin)

*

* Reference

Exhaust

Without filter With diesel

particle filter

Courtesy: Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Adolphe Merkle Institute University of Fribourg

Switzerland


Steiner et al., Atmos. Environ., 2013

WHAT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED

• Diesel exhaust, air pollution were declared carcinogenic (many UFP) • Distance to source of air pollution (e.g. traffic) is crucial • Filters contribute substantially to reducing adverse health effects from

diesel exhaust particles (>99% removed form exhaust) • UFP enter cells and tissue very easily • UFP can translocate into blood in the lungs, translocation to secondary

ofrgans -> lung is main portal of entry for UFP • Effects on lungs:

- Reduced pulmonary function in adults (asthmatics) (1st slide) - Reduced development and function of lungs in neonates (not shown)

• Speculations (Translocation through internal tissue barriers) e.g.: - Blood-brain-barrier (Altzheimer’s disease?) - Blood testis barrier (Development/maturation of sperms?) - Blood thymus barrier (Development of T-lymhocytes?)

SIZE MATTERS! UFP CAN TRANSLOCATE INTO BLOOD IN LUNGS!


25

Traffic related PM from Highway 405 cause atherosclerosis in mice Araujo et al, Circul Res 2008

Exposure: 40 days 5h / day 3 days / week

fine PM (PM2.5)

ultrafine PM

(PM0.1)

Picture from Nino Künzli, MD, PhD; MPH Professor and Deputy Director Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel Dean, Swiss School of Public Health, Zurich Switzerland Conference on Air Pollution, AQM, Teheran, 12.1.2016, P. Gehr

26

• Ischemic Heart Disease mortality in the Californian Teacher’s Study Ostro et al; Env H Perspect 2015

• Risk of mortality in association to long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution. European Studies

• Elemental carbon or Black Smoke are associated with all-cause mortality (8 cohort studies) Review by Hoek et al , Env Health 2013 • Life expectancy of reduction in PM2.5 mass …

• Lung growth was affected by home outdoor levels of PM2.5 (Southern Californian Children’s Health Study, Gauderman et al, NEJM 2004)

HEALTH EFFECTS UFP?

Courtesy Nino Künzli, MD, PhD; MPH Professor and Deputy Director Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland


27

CONCLUSIONS HEALTH EFFECTS CAUSED BY UFP

• Experimental evidence for long-term effects of UFP • Epidemiological studies: very few with UFP data, thus, no

final interpretation possible • New evidence for possibly high correlation of exposure to

UFP with exposure to other «classic pollutants» • Need to understand to what extent abundant evidence of

long-term effects of PM is (in part?) explained by UFP • Need state-of-the-art exposure assessment for UFP as well –

incl. consideration of exposure from outdoor origin while indoors

Courtesy Nino Künzli, MD, PhD; MPH Professor and Deputy Director Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland


KEEP IN MIND WHEN WORKING WITH NANOPARTICLES (UFP)

• risk = f(hazard, exposuretime) for a given size

• Interaction of nanoparticles with biological systems is primarily a function of size: size matters!): peneatration, translocation, effect/reaction

• Important are furthermore: material, corona, agglomeration, timeafter exposure etc.

• effect = f(dose, timeafter exposure) for a given size


Pictures from Nino Künzli Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel, Switzerland

0

5

10

15

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Residential distance from highway [m]

Wheezing with breathing problems Wheezing w/o colds Chronic cough Chronic cough or phlegm

Adju

sted

pre

vale

nce

[%]

0 100 200 300 m

Fine PM, homogenously distributed

Ultrafine PM – and other primary toxicants – strong dependance on distance from source

100%

80%

60%

Relative concentrations of fine particulates and ultrafines în relation to distance from highway 405 -

Los Angeles (at curbside = 100%)

Zhu et al, J Air Waste Manage Assoc, 2002; 52: 1032

Rel

ativ

e C

once

ntra

tion

HWY

CONCENTRATION OF PARTICLES AND HEALTH – DISTANCE FROM BUSY ROAD

Concentration of particles Health

29 VERT-Workshop Teheran, 13.1.2016, P. Gehr


1µm 0.1µm

(and smaller)

E.R. Weibel, University of Bern

Capillaries

Erythrocytes

Interalveolar septum

Alveolar air

Alveolar air

Alveolar air

Capillary blood

Erythrocyte

Blood Plasma


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser Today: Universities of Fribourg/Bern Martin Clift Today: University of Fribourg Fabian Blank

Christina Brandenberger Today: University of Michigan Loretta Müller Today: University of North Carolina Andrea Lehmann Today: RMS Foundation R. Mathys Michael Gasser Today: Fed. Dpt. Home Affairs David Raemy Today: Insel Hospital Univ. of Bern

Marc Wehrli Oliver Baum Sandra Frank Andrea Stokes Barbara Tschirren

University of Bern

Collaboration with: ETH: Zurich EMPA: St.Gallen IST: Lausanne Helmholtz Zentrum: München Universität Ulm: Ulm Universität Marburg: Marburg Heriot-Watt University: Edinburgh

University of Giessen, Germany Christian Mühlfeld Today: Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany

Sponsoring

University of Calgary, Canada Samuel Schürch

30

Nino Künzli, MD, PhD; MPH Professor and Deputy Director Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland


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