health planning and management
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Health planning and Management
Dr.Sahithyaa Assistant Professor
Dept. of Community Medicine
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Health planning and Management
• Planning is for tomorrow and management is for today.
- match limited resources but many problems. - eliminate waste and duplication. - develop best course of action.
• Planning needed since health care cost is up.
• Essential for higher standard of health.
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Planning• 3 steps• A) Plan formulation.• B) Execution.• C) Evaluation.
• Team work and consultation involves inter-sectoral coordination.
• National development via sectoral planning
• Continuous, systematic, co-ordinated
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Health planning
• Part of nation development.
• Orderly process of defining community health problems.
• Identifying unmet needs.
• Surveying resources.
• Establishing priority goals and projecting feasible administrative action.
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Health needs, Demands and Resources
• Deficiencies in health that calls for preventive, curative , control or eradication measures.
• People perceive needs which experts do not identify.
• Manpower, money, materials , skills, knowledge etc.
• Wastage of resources if there is poor planning.
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Objectives, Targets and Goals.• An objective is precise- achieved or not, • and is the planned end point of all activities.
• A target is discrete activity – number of anything.
• Target concerns with factors in a problem while objective deals with problem directly.
• Goal is ultimate state towards which objectives and resources are directed.
• Goal is not constrained by time, nor necessarily attainable.
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Prevention• Over – ambitions hopes of eradication in short time
usually fails.
• Change will be slow.
• Legal approach: legislation,ban and restriction at various levels.
• Prohibition of ads, sale to minors, in public places
• Use of health warnings on packs.
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Plan• Blue print for taking action.
• Programme: sequence of activities designed to implement policies and accomplish objectives.
• Schedule: time sequence for work to be done.
• Procedures: set of rules for carrying work.
• Policies: Guiding principles, stated as an expectation, not a commandment.
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Pre-planning
• Government interest.• Legislation• Organization for planning.• Administrative capacity.
• Planning cycle: planning involves succession of steps.
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Planning cycle• Analysis of Health situation:• - collection, assessment and interpretation of
information.
• Data needed such as,• The population, its age and sex structure.
• Statistics of morbidity and mortality.
• Knowledge, attitude and practice of people
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Establishment , assessment and priorities. • Objectives are essential.
• They are broad at upper level but get more specified at lower levels.
• Objectives are short term and long term.
• Balance is needed for resource allocation.
• Priorities need to be established and then alternate plans should be formulated.
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Plan, Programming and Implementation
• Prepare detailed plans with inputs and outputs.
• Plan with working guidance and built in evaluation.
• Implementation considerations• - definition of roles and tasks.• - selection, training, motivation and
supervision.• - organization and communication• - efficiency
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Monitoring and Evaluation• Day to day follow up of activities.
• Continuous process of observing, recording and reporting.
• Keeping track of activities and identifying deviation.
• Evaluation is concerned with final outcome.
• Measures the degree to which objectives, targets and quality are fulfilled.
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Management• Highly confusing.. term
• The purposeful and effective use of resources for fulfilling predetermined objectives.
• 4 basic activities• - Planning• - Organizing• - Communicating• - Monitoring• • Who emphasizes modern management techniques.
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Management methods and techniquesBased on behavioural science• Organizational design: Must meet demands of the
people, reviewed every few years.
• Personnel Management: Skill full use of human resources. Like incentives, promotions, teams etc.
• Communication: Effective functioning of organisation. Blocks exist at various levels.
• Information systems: Collection, classification, transmission, storage etc.
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Management methods and techniques• Quantitative Methods:• Cost-Benefit analysis: economic benefits are
compared with cost of the programme.• - Benefits are expressed in monetary terms.• - Scope limited
• Cost effective analysis: benefits are expressed in terms of results achieved.
• Cost-accounting: cost structure of every activity accounted. 3 important purpose- cost control, planning, pricing of reimbursement.
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Management methods and techniques
• Input-Output analysis: Input is resources and output is outcome.
• How much input for a unit change in output.
• Model and systems analysis:• Model is basic concept in management.• It is an abstraction of reality.
• Systems analysis: helps to find the const effective alternative
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Management methods and techniques• Network analysis: Graphic plan of all events and
activities.
• PERT: Programme evaluation and review technique.• -involves arrow diagram• - it furnishes continuous, timely progress reports.
• Critical Path Method:• Longest path of any network
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Management methods and techniques• Planning – Programming Budgeting system: helps to
allocate resource.
• Work sampling: Systematic observation and recording of activities at predetermined or random intervals.
• Decision Making:
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• Thank you