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Presenter Disclosure Information Debra K Moser Health Promotion Strategies to Prevent Health Promotion Strategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: none UNLABELED/UNAPPROVED USES DISCLOSURE: none

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Page 1: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Presenter Disclosure Information

Debra K Moser

Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion Strategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: none

UNLABELED/UNAPPROVED USES DISCLOSURE: none

Page 2: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to

Prevent Heart FailureRehospitalizationRehospitalization

Debra K. Moser, DNSc, RN, FAANf G C fProfessor and Gill Chair of Nursing

University of Kentucky, College of NursingDirector, Center for Biobehavioral Research in Self-

Care of Cardiopulmonary [email protected]

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Funding:NIH NINR R01 NR08567 RO1 NR007952 dNIH, NINR R01 NR08567, RO1 NR007952, and Center grant P20NR010679

American Association of Critical Care N rsesAmerican Association of Critical Care Nurses Philips Medical Systems Outcomes for Clinical Excellence Research GrantExcellence Research Grant

Page 4: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Heart failure incidence and prevalence i i i l d i d l d dincreasing (tripled) in developed and developing countries

Mainly among women in U SMainly among women in U.S.McCullough et al., 2002; Mendez & Cowie, 2001; Roger et al. JAMA 2004;292:344; AHA, 2009; Butler et al., 2008

R h it li ti   t   i  hi hRehospitalization rate remains highIncreasing in women at a faster rate than men

Zannad et al., 1999; Stewart et al., 2001; Koelling et al., 2004, 999; , ; g , 4

Mortality still extremeRates increasing in women and elderlyg y

Stewart et al., 2001; Cleland et al., 1999; Koelling et al., 2004

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27% readmitted within 90 days7% ead tted t 90 days29% of these are readmitted more than once6‐month readmission rates are 44%‐47%.In patients aged over 65 years who have three or more risk predictors, 6‐month all‐cause readmission is nearly 60%readmission is nearly 60%

~ 70% of costs associated with HF  attributable to hospitalizationsatt butab e to osp ta at o s~ 50%‐66% of hospitalizations preventable

O’Connell, 2000; Starling, 1998;  Krumholz et al, 1997; Massie & Shah, 1996

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Hospitalizations rates increasingRates increase sharply with agep y gMore than 80% of hospitalizations among patients ≥ 65 years p 5 y

Hospitalizations resulting in transfers to long‐term care facilities increasing

Fang et al., 2008

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700

s

400

500

600

Thou

sand

s

200

300

400

char

ges

in T

0

100

79 80 85 90 95 00 06

Dis

c

79 80 85 90 95 00 06

Years

Male Female

Hospital discharges for heart failure by sex.Hospital discharges for heart failure by sex.(United States: 1979(United States: 1979‐‐2006). 2006). Source: NHDS/NCHS and NHLBISource: NHDS/NCHS and NHLBI..

A i H t A i ti H t d St k St ti ti 2010American Heart Association Heart and Stroke Statistics, 2010

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American Journal of Health Promotion, 1986f , 9“The science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal y phealth" Health Promotion is "aimed at informing, ginfluencing and assisting both individuals and organizations so that they will accept more 

ibili   d b     i  i    responsibility and be more active in matters affecting mental and physical health

Page 9: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Commonly viewed as simply education and promotion of self carepromotion of self‐careUltimately ineffective without multi‐

d  hpronged approaches

Page 10: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Mutual Aid

Self‐Care Healthy EnvironmentsEnvironments

Health Promotion

Epp, 1986, Canadian Minister of  National Health & Welfare

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Fiscal Measures Organizational Change

Legislation Community Developmentp

Health Promotion

Self‐Care

Spontaneous Local Action 

Against  Health Promotion gHazards

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Local ActionsCommunity DevelopmentOrganization ChangeOrganization ChangeFiscal MeasuresL i l tiLegislationSelf‐Care

Page 13: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Local ActionsLocal patient and family efforts (web pages)

No evidence of effectivenessCommunity Development & Organization Change

H  f il  di  Heart failure disease managementClear benefit for reduction of rehospitalization

Professional organization initiatives, e.g. Get with the Guidelines± evidence± evidence

Fiscal MeasuresChange in Medicare reimbursement

No evidence of effectiveness (yet)No evidence of effectiveness (yet)Legislation

noneSelf‐CareSelf‐Care

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S lf  i   h     h b  i di id l  Self‐care is the process whereby individuals and/or their informal caregivers perform the daily activities that serve to maintain health daily activities that serve to maintain health and well‐being, prevent illness, manage chronic illness, or restore healthchronic illness, or restore healthprevention or early detection of health problemsbetter overall health and quality of lifebetter overall health and quality of lifeimproved clinical outcomes and reduced healthcare costs

Deakin, McShane, Cade, & Williams, 2005; Jovicic, Holroyd‐Leduc, & Straus, 2006.

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A naturalistic decision‐A naturalistic decisionmaking process involving…

the choice of behaviors that maintain physiologic p y gstability (self‐care maintenance)th    t  the response to symptoms when they occur (self‐care fmanagement)

Riegel, Carlson, Moser, Sebern, Hicks, Roland, 2004, J Card Fail

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Most heart failure care done by patients and their families at home;in fact, community dwelling individuals can’t avoid self‐care

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Medication takingMedication takingTake, don’t stop, identify side effects and differentiate them from other effectsdifferentiate them from other effectsAverage of 9‐13 pills per dayComplex instructions for someComplex instructions for some

Following a low sodium dietF ll i    di b ti  di t  l  f t di t   thFollowing a diabetic diet, low fat diet, othersKnow levels, know how to calculate, shop, cook  follow when not at home  adapt family cook, follow when not at home, adapt family customs

Page 20: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Monitoring symptoms of worsening heart failureD il   i hi   d  h t t  d   t   iti  Daily weighing and what to do; symptom recognition and what to do; which symptoms are important, which are not; when to act with symptom escalation; y p

Physical activityHow much, how, what if never done, rest?How much, how, what if never done, rest?

Alcohol and smoking restriction

Page 21: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Manage co‐morbidities, emotional problems, cognitive impairment, functional impairment, 

i l i l ti  l k  f fi i l   social isolation, lack of financial resources Flu shots, other prevention activitiesNegotiate the health care systemKeep appointments, transitions, multiple care 

idprovidersAverage Medicare HF patient sees 15 providers/year; 50%  prescribe medsproviders/year; 50%  prescribe meds

Page et al., 2007, Circulation; Bayliss et al., 2007, Chronic Illness

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 70% of costs  Factors Contributing to HF Hospitalizations~ 70% of costs associated with HF  attributable to 

i d t  d  th

iatrogenesis

Factors Contributing to HF Hospitalizations

hospitalizations~ 50%‐66% of h it li ti   h h

social issues

inadequate drug therapy

hospitalizations preventable

most of these HTN

arrhythmias

ost o t eseattributable to failed self‐care 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

poor self‐care

Ghali JK et al. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2013-6.

O’Connell, 2000; Starling, 1998;  Krumholz et al, 1997; Massie & Shah, 1996; Vinson 1990; Bennett et al., 1998; Michelson et al., 1998; Morgan et al., 2006; Hope et al., 2004; Opasich et al., 2001; Tsuyuki et al., 2001; Jovicic, Holroyd‐Leduc, & Straus, 2006.

Ghali JK et al. Arch Intern Med 1988;148:2013 6.

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Lee, Moser, Lennie, Riegel, 2010

Page 24: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Adherence to prescribed prescribed medications produces better outcomes in patients with heart failure

Wu, J.R., Moser, D.K., Chung, M.L., Lennie, T.A. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2008:14(3); 203‐10.

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 of p

atient

s

20

30

16.320.4

6rcen

tage o

109.5 11.6Pe

0

all of the time

most of time good bit some none

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60

69.6

50

60

 dos

es

30

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10

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Perce

0

≥ 89% <89%

Page 27: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Objectively Measured Adherence

6049.7

adherent nonadherent

adherent Over‐confident non‐adherers: thought theywere more adherent thanthey were

Realistic adherers:accurately assessedtheir adherence

40

50

of patient

s Patient‐AssessedAdherence

nonadherent

Realistic non‐adherers:  accurately assessed their non‐adherence

Under‐confident adherers: adherent, thought they were not

20

30

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Per

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under‐confident adherer

realistic non‐adherer

over‐confident nonadherer

realistic adherer

Page 28: Health Promotion Strategies to PreventHealth Promotion ...my.americanheart.org/idc/groups/ahamah-public/@wcm/...Health Promotion Strategies toStrategies to Prevent Heart Failure Rehospitalization

Event‐Free Survival Compared by Groupsurviva

l

under‐confident adherers, 15.6%

li i   dh   %

ulative Su realistic adherers, 54.1%

Cumu

realistic non‐adherers, 16.3%

overconfident non‐adherers, 14%

Days Follow‐up

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nicity

Aging StatusPsychosocial Status

r, ra

ce/eth

n

g g

Cognitive StatusSensory ImpairmentSymptom Status

Psychosocial Status

DepressionAnxiety

d l

 age

, gen

de

Symptom StatusChanging Symptom Intensity

Functional StatusComorbidities

Perceived ControlSocial Support/IsolationSocioeconomic StatusEducational Level

nd Fac

tors:  Educational Level

Health Literacy

d Bac

kgroun

Heart Failure Self‐Care

e Co

urse and

Heart Failure Self CareSelf‐Care Maintenance & Management

Life

Rehospitalization & Mortality

Quality of LifeMoser & Watkins, 2008

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HFHF CABGCABG MIMI Healthy Healthy EldersEldersEldersElders

% anxious% anxious 4242 3434 4242 1111

% depressed% depressed 6161 5151 5555 2929

CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; HF = heart failure; MI = myocardial infarctionea t a u e; yoca d a a ct o

Moser et al., 2006

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100 Depressed Non depressed

90

100

84

9085

93Depressed Non-depressed

nts

**

*

8081

84

of P

atie

n * *

60

70 66 68

rcen

tage

*

50

52Per

% Prescribed % Prescribed % % Days% Prescribed # Doses Taken

% Prescribed Doses Taken on Schedule

Therapeutic Coverage

% Days Correct #

Doses TakenMoser et al., 2007

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Do patients understandwhat we teach?p90 million in U.S. lack basic health literacyStudy of English speaking patientsStudy of English‐speaking patients (AMA, 1998)

27% could not read their appointment slipsld d d h d il h i42% could not understand the details on their 

prescription bottles

H  f ilHeart failure38% of patients unable to read and understand 

di i l b l i i i imedication labels → increase in ED visits

Hope et al., 2004

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Cognitive impairment far more prevalent than recognizedg23‐53% in community‐dwelling HF patients >65 years

f d dOften undetected28.6% (12/42) HF patients living independently identified as impaired by 1 of 4 screening testsidentified as impaired by 1 of 4 screening tests

Cacciatore et al, 1998; DeGeest, et al 2003; Riegel et al, 2002; Zuccala et al; 1997

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Electronic database search from 1966‐2006 for investigations of cognitive function in for investigations of cognitive function in heart failure22 controlled studies22 controlled studies2937 HF patients, 14,848 controlsOdds for cognitive impairment in HF = 1 62 Odds for cognitive impairment in HF = 1.62 (1.48‐1.79, p < 0.001)Characterized by: forgetfulness  attention and Characterized by: forgetfulness, attention and memory problems, decreased concentration

Vogels et al., 2006

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202 patients recently discharged from hospitalization for decompensated heart hospitalization for decompensated heart failure

75% had substantial symptom burden in prior 75 y p pweek70% NYHA class III or IV live alone live with someone

60

80

100

f pat

ient

s

Moser et al 200520

40

perc

ent o

f

Moser et al., 20050

I II III IVNew York Heart Association Functional Class

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Lack of supportInadequate 

livealoneandpoor*q

financespoorlivealone,notpoor

34% of 281 HF %patients lived alone

*Poor defined as <$15,000 annually

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Most heart failure patients have numerous comorbiditiescomorbidities

HTN 78%, diabetes 46%, lung disease or asthma 24%

P i  h i li d f  HF  b iPatients hospitalized for HF exacerbation

every patient had one or more comorbidities

Medicare sample of HF patients 

% h d        biditi40% had 5 or more comorbidities

Braunstein et al., 2003; Klapholz, 2004; Lien et al 2002

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Expert at selfExpert at self‐‐care, 10%care, 10% Poor at selfPoor at self‐‐carecarepp ,,Able to describe their symptoms, link them to HF pathophysiology, and manage 

Low HF knowledge and misconceptions

“If I  t  thi   lt  I t  pathophysiology, and manage them

“I came to realize that salt retains fluid.  I don’t feel good 

“If I eat something salty, I try to flush it out of myself by drinking lots of water…”

L k  kill t   bl lf f g

when I retain fluid so we don’t cook with salt or use salt.”

Verbalize understanding of 

Lack skill to problem‐solveNo action plan for managing symptomsg

treatments and their impactComprehensive understanding of medication regimen

“I didn’t know what to do… I waited to call the squad until it was almost too late.”

Bentley et al., 2005, Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs; Riegel et al., 2007, Nurs Res

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Expert at selfExpert at self carecare Poor at selfPoor at self carecareExpert at selfExpert at self‐‐carecare Poor at selfPoor at self‐‐carecareSubstantially less daytime sleepiness

Daytime sleepinessImpaired memory, attention 

Vigilance with self‐care“It is a routine..I feel like everyday my main 

t ti  i    it ”

p y,and cognitive processing

“..the little things that I can’t figure out right now..”concentration is on it…”

Experience either with another family member or in themselves

figure out right now..

Depression“Sometimes you just get fed up that day was a themselves

Actively sought information about heart failure

up…that day was a downward spiral and I just ate everything I wanted..I just didn’t care ”didn t care..

Bentley et al., 2005, Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs Riegel et al., 2007, Nurs Res

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Expert at selfExpert at self carecare Poor at selfPoor at self carecareExpert at selfExpert at self‐‐carecare Poor at selfPoor at self‐‐carecareGood family functioningEngaged family members 

Poor family functioning/lack of a support persong g y

who know when to helpPatient: “..sometimes I’m just a noodle and need help with 

Reported difficulty managing day to day tasks and feeling isolateda noodle and need help with 

everything..”Daughter: “..when she is feeling lousy you really need 

“At family parties, there was never anything for me to eat.”feeling lousy you really need 

someone else to help…”

Bentley et al., 2005, Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs ; Riegel et al., 2007, Nurs Res

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Suspect problems with HF self‐careSuspect problems with HF self‐careVery few patients are experts

Suspect misconceptions about basic conceptsp p pLook for factors that interfere with learning

Cognitive impairmentHealth literacy; education levelHealth literacy; education levelAnxiety

Look for factors that interfere with the willingness gor ability to engage in self‐care

Depression  □ Functional impairmentSleep problems □ Sensory impairment Sleep problems □ Sensory impairment No social support □ Lack of financial resources

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l d i b ffi iKnowledge is necessary but not sufficientBuild skill in self‐care 

H t   d l b l   d  h  hi h  d l   di  f dHow to read labels and choose high and low sodium foodsHow to remember to take medicines on time How to recognize and respond to symptoms g p y pWhen to call the providerHow to manage comorbiditiesHow to problem solveHow to talk to clinicians and navigate the healthcare systemy

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Knowledge is necessary but not sufficientKnowledge is necessary but not sufficientBuild confidence in self‐care

Encourage shared decision‐makingE  HF di   tEncourage HF disease management

Overcome barriers to self‐careAssess for and treat depression and anxietyAssess for and treat depression and anxietyAssess for cognitive impairment, treat “treatable” causes, and social networkAssess for and treat sleep disordersAssess for and address health literacy problems

Engage family and other informal caregivers

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Fiscal Measures Organizational Change

Legislation Community Developmentp

Health Promotion

Self‐Care

Spontaneous Local Action 

Against  Health Promotion gHazards