health wellness agriculture - ac laurena

8/12/2019 Health Wellness Agriculture - AC Laurena

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Health and WellnessAgriculture

for UP Los Banos

Antonio C. Laurena, PhD

Research Professor, Inst itute of Plant Breeding

andConstancio C. de Guzman, PhD

Professor, Crop Science ClusterCollege of Agriculture

University of the Philippines Los Banos


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Topic Outline

Aggie Crops for Health and Wellness

Rice, Corn, Coconut, Sugarcane and Banana

Fruits and Vegetables

Tuber Crops and Seed Legumes

Specialty Crops for Health and Wellness

Herbs

Pharma Crops and other GM Crops

Source of Natural Products

Summary and Conclusion

Introduction and Background


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Definition of Terms

functional foods

nutraceuticals

phytochemicals and zoochemicals

health supplements

wellness

pharmacogenomics and nutrigenomics

bioactives


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Functional foods foods, that by virtue of the

presence of biologically-active components,provide a health benefit beyond basic

nutrition. (ILSI, North America).

Nutraceutical any substance that is a foodor a part of a food that provides medical or

health benefits, including the prevention and

treatment of disease.

US Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (1989)

nutrients pharmaceuticalnutraceutical


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Rice, Corn and Coconut

Brown rice, rice bran oil andfermented rice with red yeast

High lysine corn (low glycemic index)

Virgin coconut oil (VCO)and monolaurin


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Sugarcane and Banana

Sugarcane-- source of alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs)

-- source of the phytoalexin piceatannol

(a stilbene)

Banana-- complex genome (A and B)

-- table bananas and plantains (cooking type)-- major source of potassium, tryptophan and

oligofructans

-- polyphenols and oligofructans


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Papaya as AntiCancer and Health DrinkBionormalizer and BioEnzyme

Mangosteen as Health Supplements(xanthones)

Watermelon(with High Citrulline)


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Bio-Catalyzer

Improved food digestion andnutrient absorption

Increased egg production in

ducks


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VegetablesAmpalaya against diabetes

Malunggay vegetable for all seasons

glucosinolates and bioflavonoids

Other indigenous vegetables

Alugbati, Pako, Saluyot, Katuray

Himbabao,Kulitis and Labong

Polypeptide P


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Source: K Becker 2003


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Source: K Becker (2003)


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Jed W. Fahey, Sc. D.

Co-Founder of Brassica Protection

Products (BPP)

Moringa oleifera: A Review of the Medical

Evidence for its Nutritional, Therapeutic and

Prophylactic Properties. Part 1.Funding: Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Foundation

American Institute for Cancer Research

National Cancer Institute


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Six different phytochemicals in malunggay seeds and leaves


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Zija (zee-jah) is a nutritional supplement beverage

with a unique 100% natural blend of five parts of

the Moringa oleifera tree with over 90 naturally

occurring nutritional compounds.

A Healthy Drink

from Malunggay!!!


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Moringa oleifera is the most nutrient-rich

plant discovered todate with 90 substances

essential for propernutrition and good

health. Out of the

total 90, 46 areanti-oxidants

and 36 are

anti-inflammatories.

http://www.zijamoringahealth.com/index.html


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Tuber Crops

Purple yams with bioflavonoids(antioxidant activity)

Sweet potatobeverage/health drink (Japan product)

source of bioactives

Cassava

(substrate for probiotics)

Yacon(oligofructans)


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Seed Legumes

Soybean good sources of nutraceuticalsbioflavonoids, protease inhibitors and

anti-cancer bioactives

Velvetbean good source of L-DOPA

Other seed legumes

winged bean and malunggay seeds

(potential sources of anti-cancer bioactives)


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ISOFLAVONES

TRYPSIN

INHIBITORS

BIOACTIVE

PEPTIDES

VITAMINS MINERALS

PHYTOSTEROLS

SOY

PROTEINS

SOY OIL AND

FATTY ACIDS

LUNASIN

SOY FIBER

SAPONINS

PHYTIC ACID

OTHERS


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Herbs/Sources of Natural Products

Banaba

Lagundi


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Herbs/Source of Natural Products

Luyang Dilaw

-- cucurmin

Star Anise

shikimic acid


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Pharma CropsTobacco production of proteinaceuticals

Tomato production of anti-HIV oral vaccine


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HIV-1 is an RNA virus and during infection stably integrates

an equivalent DNA into the human host genome. It staysthere dormant for a long time until it awakens to wreak havoc

on the human host. The viral protein responsible for the

activation is the Tat protein.

Disease Progression of HIV


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Gene Gun TechniqueGene Gun TechniqueDNA coated

golden particles

Gene gun

Cell division

A plant cell with

the new gene

Transgenic plant

Plant cell

Cells DNA

Marni Cueno made a synthetic Tat

gene and transferred it to tomatousing the gene gun.

The transgenic tomato was able to

express the Tat gene derived from

HIV-1.

Tomato extracts injected at mouse

skin (intradermal) cause both the

humoral and cellular immune

responses.


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Transient expression and immunogenicity of HIV-1 Tatfusion protein in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Marni E. Cueno, Yurina Hibi, Katsuo Karamatsu, Yasuhiro Yasutomi,

Antonio C. Laurena and Takashi Okamoto

Paper submitted to Transgenic Research (2010?)

Extracellular secretion of transiently expressed HIV-1

Tat-Gus fusion protein affects cytokinin metabolism in

stunted tomato calli/plantletsMarni E. Cueno, Yurina Hibi, Antonio C. Laurena and Takashi Okamoto

Paper submitted to Nature Biotech (???)


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"Containment of herbicide resistance through

Genetic engineering of the chloroplast genome

Nature Biotechnology, April 1998, 16:345-348.

"Engineering Cytoplasmic Male Sterility via the

Chloroplast Genome by Expression of

-Ketothiolase Plant Physiology, July 2005,

138:1232-1246.

http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~daniell/

Chlorogen's proprietary chloroplast transformation

technology (CTT) facilitates hyper-expression of

recombinant proteins in tobacco chloroplasts.

CTT is based on the inherent nature of chloroplasts

to hyper-express genes during plant leaf development.

Each plant cell contains approximately 100

chloroplasts, each of which can have up to 100 copies

of the total plant genome (all the genes within the plant

and the proteins they produce). Therefore, a single cell

can produce up to 10,000 copies of a specific protein,as opposed to only one or two in the single cell nucleus.

The chloroplast has the capability to assemble complex

proteins such as monoclonal antibodies and human cell

regulators. Therefore, CTT has potential to be a most

efficient method of producing important therapeutic

proteins in plants.

http://www.chlorogen.com/technology.htm


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Prof. Robert Birch

GM sugarcane Sugarbooster

This produce isomaltulose without affecting

sucrose yield resulting in a two-fold increase

in total sugar yield in the harvested juice.

The sucrose isomerase gene from Pantoea

dispersa was inserted into sugarcane


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Q117 N3.2 N3.2H

Sugarcane plants were 16 months old with 59 internodes

in the third vegetative generation.

GM sugarcane

Ref. Wu L and RG Birch.2007. Doubled sugar content in sugarcane plants

modified to produce a sucrose isomer. Plant Biotech J 5:109-117


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Why Isomaltulose?

10x the value of sucrose

Low glycemic index

Anti-acariogenic

Potential raw material

for other chemicals


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Can the Philippines develop its

own GM sugarcane?


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Multiple genes, simple traits

6 Genes: fatty acid ACP thioesterase

acyl carrier protein

acetyl CoA carboxylase

Sources: coconut

Trait: modification of FAs

Strategy: over expression

antisense

Present Status:

A lot of coconut genes

but no available

reliable tissue culture

regeneration system


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THE FRENCH PARADOX

The French Paradox was

the term coined for the fact

that there was low incidence

of heart disease among the

French people, who ate a

relatively high fat diet.

The active ingredient in red wine with the

French Paradox attributes was ascribed

to resveratrol.


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Chemical Structure of Resveratrol

Resveratrol

(trans-3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene)

Phytoalexin antimicrobial compound

Other attributes inhibits lipid peroxidation,

scavenges free radicals, alters eicosanoid

metabolism, inhibits platelet aggregation,

anti-inflammatory activity, modulates lipid

metabolism, and anti-cancer activity


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CHSRS

Biosynthesis of Resveratrol


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RS GENE from peanut

KNOWN RS GENE

cys1693

AHRES-1 EXON 1 INTRON 1 CATALYTIC SITE AHRES-2

EXON 25

MISSING LINK

5

3

Resveratrol Synthase Gene

AHRES-2

AHRES-INT


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Entomopathogenic bacterial chitinaseSerratia marcescens BizioStrain LPC BIOTECH 1748 (11 Sm)

-- Gram-negative bacterium belonging to thefamilyEnterobacteriaceae

-- an enteric insect pathogen

-- one of the most efficient bacteria for chitin

degradation

-- produce up to 5 different chitinolytic enzymes

upon induction with chitin


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2.1 kb

chitinase gene

Partial DNA sequence

of the chitinase gene

(T7 orientation)

ccctttaccc tgactaaaac ttgcgctcga

cgccctccgt gaaggatatc tgccgaatcc

gcccttatcc tctcggaata aaggaatcag

ttatgcgcaa atttaataaa ccgctgtgcg

ctgttgatcg ggcacgctgt gtaccgcggg

aaggtcgacg cccgggcaag ccgaccatcg

cctggggcaa caccaagttc gccatcgttg

aattgaccag gcggctaccg cttataataa

A full length novel chitinase gene was isolated

from a local strain of Serratia marcescens.


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Unlike the genome, the proteome is dynamic.

Extensive modulation of protein expression

and function at multiple levels

Post-translational modification makes protein

more diverse and complex

Proteolysis for processing and/or cleavage ofproteins into new fragments with often

unique bioactivities


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Proteases account for a significant

proportion of the total genomeIn the human genome, 2% of all human genes

are proteases and protease inhibitors.

The potential for generating a vast array of

proteolytically cleaved peptides with diverse

bioactivities (yet to be discovered)

The greatest number of cryptic peptides dis-

covered so far is derived via cleavage of

extracellular matrix and milk proteins


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Bioactive peptides with a biological activity inaddition to the nutritional value

specific protein fragments that have a positiveimpact on body functions or conditions and

may ultimately influence health

Korhonen and Pihlanto, 2006


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Cryptome was proposed to represent the cryptic

subset of peptides residing within the proteome.

Crypteins were defined as cryptic peptides withvarying bioactivities liberated from the parent

protein via proteolytic cleavage

Food proteins as a potential source of

bioactive peptides

Autelitano et al, 2005 Drug Discovery Today

Cryptome Pharmaceuticals

Melbourne, Australia


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Hypo-

cholesterolemic

Anti-

microbial

Anti-

microbial

2.antagonistAnti-

thrombotic

Cyto-modulatory

Anti-appetizing

1.agonistAnti-oxidative

Immuno-

modulating

Mineral-

binding

OpioidAnti-

hypertensive

Cardiovascular Nervous Gastrointestinal Immune

Types of Peptide Bioactivity


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Food proteins as a potential source of

bioactive peptides

Animal proteins Plant proteins

MilkEggs

Meat

PlasmaGelatin

Fish

SoybeanSunflower

Rapeseed

CerealsOther legumes

Moringa


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ISOFLAVONES

TRYPSIN

INHIBITORS

BIOACTIVE

PEPTIDES

VITAMINSMINERALS

PHYTOSTEROLS

SOY

PROTEINS

SOY OIL AND

FATTY ACIDS

LUNASIN

SOY FIBER

SAPONINS

PHYTIC ACID

OTHERS


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Maruyama and others

2003

immuno-modulatorytrypsinsoy protein

isolate

Allison and others

2003

anti-obesitynonesoy proteinisolate/flakes

Yoshikawa and others

2000

hypocholesterolemic

nonesoybean

glycinin

Wu and others 2000/

Kodera and Nio 2002

hypotensivealcalase enzyme/

Protein D3

defatted soy

meal/soy protein

Kim and others 2000anti-cancerthermolasedefatted soy

protein

Pena-Ramos and

Xiong 2002

antioxidantpepsin, papain

and chymotrypsin

soy protein

isolate

ReferencesActivityPreparationSource

Bioactive Peptides from Soybean Protein


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Lunasin is a small subunit of the

2S albumin in soybean


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Regulatory networks affected by genes

upregulated by lunasin


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Historical Background

A dividing mammalian cellshowing the separation of

the daughter chromosomes.

Benito O. de Lumen/ProfessorDepartment of Nutritional Science

and Toxicology

College of Natural Resources

Univ Calif Berkeley

The discovery of the anti-cancer peptide

lunasin by Prof. de Lumen owes a lot toMaria Jamela R. Revilleza

Alfredo Galvez


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4482%hydrolyzed soy protein

3884.2-88.2%isolated soy protein

2860-76%soy protein concentrate

14NDsoy powder

1250%soy flour

1350%soy flakes

1448%soy flour

Lunasin content of commercially

available soy proteinsSample protein mg/g flour

Source: De Mejia and others (2004)


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Multiple Uses of Moringa

Human food Functional food

Pharmaceutical/

nutraceuticals

WaterTreatment

Animal/fishfeed

Medicinal

Plants

Other Alternative

or New Uses


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Malunggay Beyond Nutrition:

Functional Food Promoting Wellness

Antibiotic Activity AgainstHelicobacter pyloriH. pylori is a bacterium discovered in the mid-1980s.

It is an omnipresent human pathogen prevalent in the

poorest of poor populations worldwide.

It is a major cause of gastritis, gastric and duodenal

ulcers and a major risk factor for gastric cancer.

H. pylori is susceptible to some compounds presentin Moringa oleifera.

Further clinical studies are being done to validate

this findings.


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An anti-microbial peptide (AMP) was isolated,

purified and characterized from the seeds of

Moringa oleifera.

This cationic 10 kDa peptide has bactericidal

activity againstEscherichia coli, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Reference: Suarez et al. 2005. Structure-function charac-

terization and optimization of a plant-derived antibacterial

peptide. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

49:3847-3858.

Bioactive Proteins/Peptides

in Malunggay


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We have cloned lunasin homologs

in two other plants:

Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus

Malunggay Moringa oleifera

We are interested in the gene structure oflunasin-like genes in winged bean and

malunggay and their biological role in

seed development.


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Application of Biomarkers

Measure symptoms of lifestyle-

related diseases (cancer, diabetes,

Atherosclerosis, etc.)

Development of novel type of

functional foods adapted forindividual health condition

urine,

blood

ingestionTailor-made

Disease Prevention


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Antibody chips

Add sample(saliva, urine or blood)

Add secondary antibody(enzyme-labeled)

Chemiluminescencedetection

Analysis


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How do we select appropriate markers?

A strategy is the combined use of accumulated

knowledge in genomics and DNA/protein chip

technology.

Prof. Toshihiko Osawa

Graduate School of Bio-

Agricultural SciencesNagoya University, Japan


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Animal Products for Health and Wellness

Milk, Meat and Eggs

PUFAs

Bioactive peptides

as products of

proteolysis

Shark Cartilage

as Anti-Cancer


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Cryptome was proposed to represent the crypticsubset of peptides residing within the proteome.

Crypteins were defined as cryptic peptides with

varying bioactivities liberated from the parentprotein via proteolytic cleavage

Food proteins as a potential source ofbioactive peptides


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SummaryAgricultural and specialty crops have broad

and/or specific diversity of biochemicals asnutrients and nutraceuticals

Some of these crops have already been exploited

fully or to a limited extent on a commercial scaleby individual countries

Plant genetic engineering will play a very important

role in the development of crops with enhancednutrition and health-promoting properties.

Peptides and proteins in agricultural and specialty

crops are rich sources of bioactive substances.


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Recommendations

The College of Agriculture should initiate anintegrated program for agriculture towards

health and wellness.

Such a program can focus on a very limitednumber of crops based on available human

resources, funding and existing infrastructure.

CA may need to link up with other collegessuch as the CAS, government agencies and

the private sector.


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International Initiatives by the Asian Vegetables

Research and Development Center (AVRDC)

Nutritional security, diet diversification,

and human health

To assess, improve, and promote the nutritional

and nutraceutical values of indigenous vegetables

(IVs) and to assist their adoption by resource-poor communities.

VISION

UUnder the 3-year Medium Term Plan (2007-2009):


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An Indigenous Vegetable Field Day at the Bicol

Integrated Agricultural Research Center (BIARC),

organized by DA-BAR

and AVRDC-The

World Vegetable

Center in Pili,

Camarines Sur onMarch 28, 2007.


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Field Day on Indigenous Vegetables at the Departmentof Agriculture -Eastern Visayas Integrated Agricultural

Research Center (DA-EVIARC) on October 25, 2006 in

Babatngon, Leyte.

Field Day on Indigenous Vegetables at the Department

of Agriculture Northern Mindanao Integrated AgriculturalResearch Center (DA-NOMIARC) on September 1921,

2006 in Bukidnon.


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The Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)

Crop Science Cluster

4031

Let food be thy medicineand medicine be thy food

Hippocrates 2500 BC

health wellness agriculture - ac laurena

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