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Health 12
¡ Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells in the body grow out of control.
http://youtu.be/LEpTTolebqo
¡ Leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood.
¡ Two major types of leukemia are: § Lymphocytic leukemia – increase of white blood cells known as lymphocytes
§ Myelogenous leukemia – increase of white blood cells known as granulocytes
¡ Leukemia can be acute or chronic. Acute progresses rapidly, whereas chronic forms of leukemia progress slowly, leading to different approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
¡ Chronic exposure to benzene ¡ Exposure to large doses of radiation ¡ Cancer-‐causing chemicals in tobacco
¡ 36,273 people in the United States were diagnosed with leukemia, including 20,629 males and 15,644 females.
¡ 21,928 people in the United States died from leukemia, including 12,434 males and 2,494 females.
http://youtu.be/-‐cR6ZCtYo_s
¡ Lymphoma is a general term for a group of cancers that originate in the lymph system.
¡ Two primary types of lymphoma are: § Hodgkin lymphoma – spreads in an orderly manner from one group of lymph nodes to another
§ Non-‐Hodgkin lymphoma – spreads through the lymphatic system in a non-‐orderly manner
¡ Main causes of lymphoma are unknown. ¡ Research has shown that people infected with HIV are at much higher risk of developing lymphoma.
¡ Some other studies suggest that specific ingredients in herbicides and pesticides can cause lymphoma
¡ 58,393 people in the United States were diagnosed with non-‐Hodgkin lymphoma, including 31,351 men and 27,042 women.
¡ 20,528 people in the United States died from non-‐Hodgkin lymphoma, including 11,004 men and 9,524 women.
http://youtu.be/6TnO474Zou0
¡ Myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells. ¡ The cells overgrow, forming a mass or tumor that is located in the bone marrow.
¡ Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found in the center of the bone, where red cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made.
http://youtu.be/a51T_BEsrg
¡ People under the age of 45 years rarely develop the disease.
¡ Those who are 67 years or older are at the greatest risk of developing myeloma.
¡ Men are more likely than women to develop myeloma.
¡ Myeloma is twice as common among African Americans than Caucasians.
¡ 16,776 people in the United States were diagnosed with myeloma, including 9,240 men and 7,536 women.
¡ 10,872 people in the United States died from myeloma, including 5,810 mean and 5,062 women.
¡ Many conditions can cause lumps in the breast, including cancer.
¡ Two most common causes of breast lumps are fibrocystic breast condition and cysts. § Fibrocystic condition causes noncancerous changes in the breast that can make them lumpy, tender, and sore.
§ Cysts are small fluid-‐filled sacs that can develop in the breast.
¡ Sometimes breast cells become abnormal, these cells grow, divide, and create new cells that the body does not need and that do not function normally.
¡ The extra cells form a mass called a tumor. Sometimes tumors are benign or not cancer. These tumors usually stay in one spot in the breast and do not cause big health problems.
¡ Other tumors are malignant and are cancer.
¡ Breast cancer often starts out too small to be felt, as it grows it can spread throughout the breast or to other parts of the body.
¡ The kind of breast cancer depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer.
¡ Cancer can begin in different parts of the breast, like the ducts or the lobes.
¡ Ductal carcinoma – The most common type of breast cancer. Begins in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast. § Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – The abnormal cancer cells are only in the lining of the milk ducts, and have not spread to other tissues in the breast.
§ Invasive ductal carcinoma – The abnormal cancer cells break through the ducts and spread into other parts of the breast tissue. Invasive cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body.
¡ Lobular Carcinoma – In this kind of breast cancer, the cancer cells begin in the lobes, or the lobules of the breast. (Lobules are the glands that make milk.) § Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) – The cancer cells are found only in the breast lobules. Does not spread to other tissues.
§ Invasive lobular carcinoma – Cancer cells spread from lobules to the breast tissues that are close by. The invasive cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body.
¡ The most common cancer in women, no matter your race or ethnicity.
¡ The most common cause of death from cancer among Hispanic women.
¡ The second most common cause of death from cancer among white, black, Asian/Pacific, and American Indian.
¡ In 2007, there were 202,964 women diagnosed with breast cancer. And 40,598 women died from breast cancer.
¡ Men can get breast cancer. In men, breast cancer can happen at any age, but is most common in men between 60 and 70 years old. Male breast cancer is not very common. For every 100 cases of breast cancer, less than 1 is in men.
¡ Getting older. ¡ Being younger when you
had your first menstrual period.
¡ Starting menopause at a later age.
¡ Being older at the birth of your first child.
¡ Never giving birth. ¡ Not breastfeeding. ¡ Personal history of
breast cancer.
¡ Treatment with radiation therapy to the breast/chest.
¡ Being overweight. ¡ Long term of hormone
replacement therapy. ¡ Having changes in the
breast cancer-‐related genes.
¡ Using birth control pills. ¡ Drinking alcohol. ¡ Not getting regular
exercise.
¡ Get screened for breast cancer regularly.
¡ Control your weight and exercise. ¡ Know your family history of breast cancer.
¡ Find out the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy.
¡ Limit the amount of alcohol you drink.
¡ New lump in the breast or underarm ¡ Thickening of swelling of part of the breast. ¡ Irritation or dimpling of breast skin. ¡ Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or breast. ¡ Pulling in of the nipple or pain in the nipple area. ¡ Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including blood.
¡ Any change in the size or the shape of the breast.
¡ Pain in any area of the breast.
¡ Mammogram – an X-‐ray of the breast. Best method of detecting cancer early on.
¡ Clinical breast exam – an examination by a doctor or a nurse, who uses his or her hands to feel for lumps or other changes.
¡ Breast self-‐exam – when you check your own breast for lumps, changes in size, or any other changes.
¡ http://youtu.be/WUoqsBxgXWI
¡ Surgery – operation where doctors cut out and remove cancer tissue.
¡ Chemotherapy – using special medicines, or drugs to shrink or kill the cancer. Can be pills or given through an IV tube.
¡ Biological therapy – works with body’s immune system to help fight cancer or control side effects from other cancer treatments.
¡ Radiation – High-‐energy rays to kill the cancer cells. Rays are pointed in the area where cancer is located.
¡ The prostate is part of the male reproductive system.
¡ Prostate cancer cells spread to other parts of the body, they are called metastases.
http://youtu.be/rrMq8uA_6iA
¡ Most common cancer in men, no matter race or ethnicity.
¡ 2nd most common cause of death from cancer among men
¡ More common in African-‐American men compared to white men.
¡ In 2007, almost a ¼ of a million men were diagnosed with prostate cancer. 29,000 of them died from prostate cancer.
¡ Age – the older a man is, the greater the chance for getting prostate cancer.
¡ Family history – those with family members who had prostate cancer are two to three times more likely to develop the disease themselves.
¡ Race – more common in some racial and ethnic groups.
¡ Difficulty starting urination ¡ Weak or interrupted flow of urine ¡ Frequent urination, especially at night ¡ Difficulty emptying the bladder completely ¡ Pain or burning during urination ¡ Blood in the urine or semen ¡ Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis that doesn’t go away
¡ Painful ejaculation
SCREENING
¡ Digital Rectal Exam § Doctor or nurse checks the
size of the prostate
¡ Prostate specific antigen test (PSA) § Blood test that measures the
level of PSA in the blood
TREATMENT
¡ Surgery § Remove the prostate
completely ¡ Radiation Therapy
§ Destroy the cancer cells or prevent them from growing
¡ Hormone Therapy § Drugs, surgery, or other
hormones to remove male sex hormones or block them from working
¡ Chemotherapy
¡ Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the U.S.
¡ Common types of skin cancer: § Basal Cell § Squamous cell carcinomas § Melanoma – most dangerous, caused by exposure to ultraviolet light (UV)
¡ Ultraviolet A (UVA) – most common sunlight at the earth’s surface and reaches beyond the top layer of human skin
¡ Ultraviolet B (UVB) – most of these are absorbed by the ozone layer. Less common at earth’s surface
¡ Ultraviolet C (UVC) – very dangerous, but do not reach the ground due to the ozone layer
¡ Lighter natural skin color ¡ Family history ¡ Exposure to the sun through work and play ¡ A history of sunburns early in life ¡ Indoor tanning ¡ Skin that burns, freckles, reddens easily, or becomes painful in the sun
¡ Blue or green eyes ¡ Blond or red hair ¡ Certain types and a large number of moles
¡ Protection is important year around ¡ Seek shade ¡ Wear clothing to help cover up ¡ Wear a hat ¡ Sunglasses ¡ Sunscreen
¡ Cancer that begins in the lungs and can spread to other organs. When it spreads from one organ to another it is called metastases.
¡ Risk Factors § Smoking § Things around the house (radon gas or asbestos) § Personal traits
¡ In the United States, about 90% of lung cancer deaths in men and almost 80% of lung cancer deaths in women are due to smoking. People who smoke are 10 to 20 times more likely to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke.
¡ Shortness of breath ¡ Coughing that doesn’t go away ¡ Wheezing ¡ Coughing up Blood ¡ Chest Pain
§ Other changes that can sometimes occur with lung cancer may include repeated bouts of pneumonia and swollen or enlarged lymph nodes in the chest area
¡ Prevention § Don’t Smoke! § Avoid Secondhand smoke
§ Make your home or workplace safer
§ Eat lots of fruits and vegetables
¡ Screening 1. Chest X-‐rays 2. Sputum cytology 3. Spiral CT scans of the lungs
¡ http://youtu.be/z4Q-‐bnZRD9E
¡ Anemia ¡ Appetite Changes ¡ Bleeding ¡ Constipation ¡ Diarrhea ¡ Fatigue ¡ Flu-‐like symptoms ¡ Fluid Retention ¡ Hair Loss ¡ Infection
¡ Infertility ¡ Mouth and throat
changes ¡ Nausea and vomiting ¡ Nervous System changes ¡ Pain ¡ Sexual changes ¡ Skin and nail changes ¡ Eye changes ¡ Urinary, kidney, and
bladder changes
¡ Tingling, burning, weakness, or numbness in your hands or feet
¡ Feeling colder than normal
¡ Pain when walking ¡ Weak, sore, tired, or
achy muscles ¡ Being clumsy and losing
your balance ¡ Trouble picking up
objects or buttoning your clothes
¡ Shaking or trembling ¡ Hearing loss ¡ Stomach pain, such as
constipation or heartburn
¡ Fatigue ¡ Confusion and memory
problems ¡ Dizziness ¡ Depression