Healthy, Airside Solutions to Significantly Healthy, Airside Solutions to Significantly Reduce Your BuildingReduce Your Building ’’s Carbon Footprint s Carbon Footprint

and improve its IEQand improve its IEQ

Bank of AmericaLargest LEED Plat.

ASHRAE HQ, AtlantaASHRAE HQ, Atlanta

Gordon P. Sharp, Gordon P. Sharp, AircuityAircuity

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Grand Mosque, MeccaGrand Mosque, Mecca

Presentation Overview For Building Energy SavingsPresentation Overview For Building Energy Savings

Overview of ventilation & IEQ� IEQ – Indoor Environmental Quality

Demand Control Ventilation (DCV)�Research on DCV effectiveness and problems

� “Healthy” DCV

Multiplexed Sensing: A better sensing approach

DCV & DOAS DCV case studies

IEQ IEQ –– Energy Dynamics of Green BuildingsEnergy Dynamics of Green Buildings

Contaminant sources:� Human pollutants� Non Human Pollutants

Outside Air Ventilation:� Source dilution

Control Approaches:� Furnishings selection� Green cleaning, etc.� Filtration

Control Approaches:� Demand Control

Ventilation (DCV)

How do we optimize & validate ventilation performan ce for health and energy efficiency?

IEQ & Energy Efficiency Performance

Applications for Classroom, Offices, & Other SpacesApplications for Classroom, Offices, & Other Spaces

Optimize Building Ventilation ControlOptimize Building Ventilation Control

Room/Zone LevelAirflow Control

Building/AHU LevelOutside Air Control

Conventional DCV & Healthy DCVConventional DCV & Healthy DCV

What about Demand Control Ventilation?What about Demand Control Ventilation?

Measures the rise of CO2 in the building�Measures amount of ventilation

�CO2 is a good proxy for human pollutants

Reduces ventilation when occupancy drops�Can save substantial energy when loading varies

�Even optimizes the ventilation for constant loading– Most buildings are designed with more air than normally needed

Is DCV a good approach then for saving energy while also improving and validating IEQ?

LBNL* COLBNL* CO 22 Field Sensor Study Paper ResultsField Sensor Study Paper Results10% Dead

81% Read High(avg. 39%!)

9% Low(½ by 50%)

No trends observed with 44 sensors vs site, mfg, or age!

* Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Operated by the University of California for the U.S. Department of Energy

Typical DCV Performance Based on LBNLTypical DCV Performance Based on LBNL

-100%

-50%

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

300%

350%

400%

>20% OA Error ≤20% OA Error Average Over-Ventilaton

Outside Air CFM Error % of Required

64%

27%7%

Average Over-Ventilation

COCO22 Sensor Study Results Sensor Study Results -- Iowa Energy CenterIowa Energy Center

15 Models – 13 Manufacturers

2 models - 2/3 units met factory spec

4 models - 1/3 units met factory spec

9 Models - 0/3 units met factory spec

New LBNL CO2 Study of 165 sensors in 25 New LBNL CO2 Study of 165 sensors in 25 bldgsbldgs

Summary of report:� “Together, the findings from the laboratory studies of the Iowa Energy

Center and current field studies indicate that many CO2 based demand controlled ventilation systems will fail to meet th e design goals of saving energy while assuring that ventilation rates meet code requirements.”

� “The Iowa Energy Center …recently released the resul ts from a laboratory-based study of the accuracy of 15 models of new single-location CO2 sensors. …. Many of the new CO2 sensors had errors greater than 75 ppm, and errors greater than 200 pp m were not unusual. Maximum errors of new sensors approached 5 00 ppm.”

� Forty seven percent of sensors had errors greater t han 75 ppm at a concentration of 760 ppm and 40% of sensors had erro rs greater than 75 ppm at a concentration of 1010 ppm. A significant fraction of sensors have much larger errors, e.g., > 300 ppm. . .Thus, overall many CO2 sensors do not meet accuracy requirements. ”

Indian ASHRAE Research plans to replicate LBNL stud y to validate results here in India with CO2 sensors

And Conventional DCV Concept is Also FlawedAnd Conventional DCV Concept is Also Flawed

DCV only solves half of the problem� DCV varies O.A. based only on number of people in b ldg

DCV does not react to non-human pollutants� Odors, particles, CO, and formaldehyde

As a result: DCV can create complaints� Nonhuman pollutants can rise when DCV reduces O.A.

– New bldg, recent renovation, cleaning materials, vacuuming

Typical response: Disable DCV & increase O.A. RESULT: Increased Energy Costs

Solution: MultiSolution: Multi --parameter DCV or parameter DCV or ““ HealthyHealthy ”” DCVDCV

The goal is dilution of all pollutants in building:�Human based pollutants (odors, virus, bacteria, etc .)�Non human pollutants (TVOC’s, particles, CO, etc.)

Control O.A. based on multiple parameters:�Use CO2 as a proxy for human based pollutants �EPA & LEED specify levels for non-human pollutants

– TVOC’s, particles, & carbon monoxide

�Sensing humidity also helpful to prevent mold

Vary outside air rates based on actual air cleanliness!

Break room 101 Large office 102 Conference 103

Supply Air Duct

Return/ Exhaust Duct

ToTo BMSBMS

Advisor Advisor Data CenterData Center

Outdoor Air

Air Data Air Data RouterRouter

ConnectivityConnectivity

Information Information Management Management

ServerServer

Vacuum Vacuum PumpPump

Room Sampling Room Sampling Port (RS)Port (RS)Duct ProbeDuct Probe

Web User InterfaceWeb User Interface

Sensor Sensor Suite with Suite with

TVOC, CO2, TVOC, CO2, Dewpoint & Dewpoint & Particulate Particulate

sensorssensors

Multiplexed Sensing OperationMultiplexed Sensing Operation

Sensed ParametersSensed Parameters

Air Cleanliness�Total Volatile Organic Compounds

– Photo-Ionization Detector

– Metal Oxide Sensor

�Particles– Laser based particle counter

�Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Comfort & Ventilation�Temperature

�Humidity or Dewpoint

�Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

New LBNL Report also Tested Multiplexed SensingNew LBNL Report also Tested Multiplexed Sensing

Summary of LBNL tests on Multiplexed Sensing � “The study results illustrate the advantage of

incorporating a measurement of outdoor air CO2 concentration with each sensor – offset errors cancel out in the indoor minus outdoor CO2 concentration difference.”

Construction Activity, Multiple SaturdaysConstruction Activity, Multiple Saturdays

Benefits of real time IEQ sensing: Discover poor construction dust controls

Total Volatile Organic CompoundsTotal Volatile Organic Compounds

Cleaning? Occurs at 8:20 PM

Benefits of real time IEQ sensing: Uncover improper cleaning materials

Dedicated Outside Air Systems (DOAS)

DCV used to control OA to higher occupancy spaces

Thermal and cooling load decoupled� Geothermal Heat Pumps

� Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) Systems

� Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems

Numerous VRV / VRF Manufacturers

DOAS Application Using DCV (K-12)

DOAS provides ventilation requirement�Fixed OA – wastes energy & requires larger DOAS

�Control OA via CO 2 (DCV) – supports energy savings AND can now take Diversity and Downsize DOAS

�Over 30 US schools have downsized DOAS by 67%!– “When CMTA dissected the data further, it discovered that the

outdoor air system was consuming half of the HVAC energy. The data led to changes in the outdoor air system to a variable flow, demand control ventilation system on the next WCPS project. “

-- ASHRAE High Performing Buildings Magazine – Fall 2009

Case Study Case Study –– LEED & Office DCV ProjectsLEED & Office DCV Projects

One Bryant Park� World’s largest, most green skyscraper

– Also known as Bank of America Tower

– 2nd tallest building in NYC – 1,250'

– $1.0 B, 2.1M sq. ft. building

� LEED Platinum

– Aircuity contributed points for CO2, IEQ

� Cost effective IEQ monitoring & DCV

– Total of over 800 locations monitored

Case Study Case Study –– LEED & DCV ProjectsLEED & DCV Projects

ASHRAE Headquarters Renewal – LEED CI Platinum

� Humidity monitoring, DCV control

� Sensing for AHU & Enthalpy wheel control

� Helping ASHRAE realize its living laboratory goal

� TVOC, particles, CO2, Dewpoint , T sensing througho ut

MultiMulti --parameter DCV Case Study: Arenaparameter DCV Case Study: Arena

New Jersey Devils – Prudential Arena, Newark, NJ � 100,000 sq. ft. sports arena; $310M budget

� Multi-parameter DCV control: CO2, CO, particles, & TVOC’s

� Dewpoint sensing & control for “Best Ice in the NHL ”

CO2 ~ 3 daysCO2 ~ 3 days

Concert

NHL Hockey

Indoor Soccer

DCV & Multiplexed Sensing SummaryDCV & Multiplexed Sensing Summary

DCV done correctly can increased savings & IEQ: � Use multiplexed sensing to solve sensor accuracy is sues

� Sensor “rental’ approach to solve maintenance concer ns

Applicable to new & existing building types� Office buildings� Classroom & Educational� Lab & Vivarium� Healthcare� Public Assembly & Arenas

Questions?Questions?For a copy of the presentation, contact:

Gordon Sharp, gsharp@Aircuity.com