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Heart Disease and the Aging Population Rudy Chow UBC Division of Cardiology and Geriatrics

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Page 1: Heart Disease and the Aging Populationcdn-cms.f-static.com/uploads/185405/normal_59496be98184d.pdfHeart Disease and the Aging Population Rudy Chow UBC Division of Cardiology and Geriatrics

Heart Disease  and the Aging  Population

Rudy Chow

UBC Division of  Cardiology and  Geriatrics

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OUTLINE

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Scope of the Problem

• As more baby  boomers age,  growing number of 

older adults has  created major 

demographic  imperative

• US (2010‐2050) # >  65 years expected 

to double from 40  million to > 80 

million

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• One of fastest  growing segments 

of population is  individuals >85

• Expected to more  than triple

over 

same period 

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PROJECTED PERCENTAGE OF CANADIAN  POPULATION OVER THE AGE OF 75

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Portion of working‐age 

population declined to 

66.5% from 68.5%

Portion of working‐age 

population declined to 

66.5% from 68.5%

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• Huge population shift is of particular  significance  aging

= most potent risk factor 

for CV diseases

• Older patients already make up 60%

of all CV  pts

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Impact of age and the heart? 

• CV disease = disease of  aging 

• CAD, HTN, stroke,  arrhythmias, valvular 

disease all become  more common with  each passing decade

Why?

•Fundamental biological  changes

•Cumulative effects of  lifestyle

•Comorbidities

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AGE RELATED CHANGES…

Stiffness

Thickness/size

Loss

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Age‐Associated Changes in the 

HeartClinical Consequences

↑ Collagen, changes in elastin, ↑

left ventricular wall thicknessImpairs passive left ventricle 

filling

Prolonged availability of 

intracellular calciumDiastolic dysfunction

↑ Left atrial size ↑ Susceptibility to atrial 

arrhythmias

↓ Number of pacemaker cells in 

sinoatrial node↓ Ability to elevate HR in 

response to exercise

↓ Sensitivity to β‐adrenergic 

receptor stimulationImpaired ability to ↑

heart rate 

and contractility in exercise

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Recent Decade,  Expanded 

Armentarium…

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Recent Decade,  increased 

procedures

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PROBLEMS we see

• Despite technological advances….

• Risk of both medication‐related adverse  events and procedural complications remains 

high among older adults 

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POLYPHARMACY

• Concurrent use of multiple  medications increases potential for 

adverse drug reactions 

• Age‐related pharmacokinetic changes – many elderly renal impairment 

• Compliance

with medication regimens  may decrease

– BID regimens– NTG patch– Hydralazine (QID?)– Metolazone (30 mins before)

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• Patients may be treated by multiple  physicians

• May be prescribing drugs without knowledge  of other medications the patient is taking

– Medication reconciliation

– Pharmanet

– Bring in your meds

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Procedural Complications

• Estimated  Octogenarians 

represent 12% of the  cath lab referral base

• Challenges: – Bleeding risks– Higher rates of co‐

morbidities– Renal dysfunction CIN– Supine position – chronic 

back pain

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<65 >75 P 

value

Hematoma 1.5 2.4 0.073

Pseudoaneurysm 0.9 2.4 0.29

Retroperitoneal 

bleed0.4 1.2 0.14

Transfusion 1.6 3.0 0.02

Procedural complications

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DEMENTIA

Eur J Heart Fail 2007;9:440‐9. 

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• Lower tolerances to  sedation 

– oops too much 

diazepam

• High risks for  procedural and post 

procedural complications

• Issues surrounding  consent

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Ann Intern Med 2004;141: 186‐95Ann Intern Med 1998;128:194‐203Stroke 2001;32:1508‐13. JAMA 2013;310:2078‐85. 

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• Typical patients routinely  present with coexisting 

geriatric syndromes that  affect health care goals,  care processes, and 

outcomes

• Should we do this?• Do they want this?• How can we do this 

safely?

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ARE WE REDIRECTING OUR RESOURCES  TO THE WRONG GROUPS?

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Who Stands to gain from a  medical intervention?

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Case 1 – SOB in the ER• 82M DM2, HTN, otherwise 

independent brought in by  EHS with SOB and confusion

• Troponin T 36 100• Now symptom free

A) Admit to 5A and treat  medically

B) Admit to CCU and refer for  cath

C) Admit to CTU and treat  medically

D) admit to CTU and treat for  noncardiac etiologies

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Prevalence of myocardial infarction by age and sexPrevalence of myocardial infarction by age and sex

Prevalence of Myocardial InfarctionPrevalence of Myocardial InfarctionNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: 2009–2012.

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Atypical symptoms

• Occur more among elderly

patients with NSTE ACS

• GRACE• avg age with atypical 

sx’s 72.9 yrs• typical sx’s 65.8 yrs

• 40% >85 yr had CP on 

presentation– c/w 77% of those <65 

• Elderly more likely  to present w/

• dyspnea

(49%)• diaphoresis

(26%)

• nausea

and  vomiting

(24%)

• syncope

(19%) 

• Elderly more likely  to present w/

• dyspnea

(49%)• diaphoresis

(26%)

• nausea

and  vomiting

(24%)

• syncope

(19%) 

Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:533–7.

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– Atypical presentations portend worse prognosis 

– 3‐fold higher risk of in‐hospital death 13% vs 4%

– Silent MI/Unrecognized MI

• 25% of all MIs

• up to 60% of MIs in pts >85 yr

– Delays in diagnosis and treatment 

– Less use of evidence‐based medications

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Elderly ECG

• Elderly pts more likely nondiagnostic ECGs

• Proportion of NSTE ACS  pts with nondiagnostic 

ECGs increased from  23% to 43% for those  <65 vs >85 yrs

• Lack of CP on presentation 

likely contributes to delays 

• Delays in ACS recognition = 

lower use of early 

antithrombotic therapy for 

ACS in elderly pts

• Cardiac cath: mean time 

from arrival 

• 34.4 hrs in pts <65 • 59 hrs for pts >85 yrs 

• Lack of CP on presentation 

likely contributes to delays 

• Delays in ACS recognition = 

lower use of early 

antithrombotic therapy for 

ACS in elderly pts

• Cardiac cath: mean time 

from arrival • 34.4 hrs in pts <65 • 59 hrs for pts >85 yrs 

J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005; 46: 1479–1487.

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Should we give them a kick at the  can…

should we send them for cath?

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•Early coronary angiography •VS conservative strategy (OMT alone)

•primary outcome: composite of MI, urgent  revascularisation, stroke, and death 

•Early coronary angiography •VS conservative strategy (OMT alone)

•primary outcome: composite of MI, urgent  revascularisation, stroke, and death 

Lancet 2016 Mar 12;387(10023):1057‐65

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• 47% Reduction in Primary Outcome!– Largely driven by reduction in MI and need for urgent 

revascularization

• 47% Reduction in Primary Outcome!– Largely driven by reduction in MI and need for urgent 

revascularization

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What was the price to pay?

NO Difference in Major or Minor Bleeding!Invasive strategy is superior to a conservative 

strategy 

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REASONS?

• ?healthier population

• Equal rates of  antithrombotic use

• More radial approaches  (~90%)

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Case 2 – the frequent flyer, the  frequent faller

• 85F recently discharged  for failure to thrive, found 

to have recurrent UTI

• Multiple comorbidities,  polypharmacy

• History of Dementia

• History of AF on Warfarin• Labile INRs in the 

community

• History of 3 mechanical  falls in the last year

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Would you consider

A.ASA alone

B.Warfarin

C.NOAC

D.Nothing

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JAMA. 2001;285(18): 2370–5.

Prevalence of Atrial fibrillationPrevalence of Atrial fibrillation

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CHALLENGES WITH ANTICOAGULATION  IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH AF 

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Time in Therapeutic Range

Chest 2006;129(5):1155‐66.

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Warfarin Interactions

Acetaminophen Carbamazepine Disulfiram Haloperidol

Allopurinol Cephalosporins ErythromycinInfluenza virus 

vaccine

Anabolic steroids Cimetidine Fluconazole Metronidazole

Azathioprine Ciprofloxacin Fluorouracil (5‐FU) Macrolide antibiotics

Antithyroid drugs ClofibrateFluoxetine Nafcillin

Aspirin Clopidogrel Glucagon Omeprazole

AmiodaroneDicloxacillin

GlutethimideOral contraceptives

Capecitabine Diclofenac Griseofulvin Phenobarbital

Acetaminophen Carbamazepine Disulfiram Haloperidol

Allopurinol Cephalosporins ErythromycinInfluenza virus 

vaccine

Anabolic steroids Cimetidine Fluconazole Metronidazole

Azathioprine Ciprofloxacin Fluorouracil (5‐FU) Macrolide antibiotics

Antithyroid drugs ClofibrateFluoxetine Nafcillin

Aspirin Clopidogrel Glucagon Omeprazole

AmiodaroneDicloxacillin

GlutethimideHormone 

replacement

Capecitabine Diclofenac Griseofulvin Phenobarbital

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Risk of Falls 

• Risk of falls and ICH with warfarin often  quoted as reason to  avoid 

anticoagulation

Multivariate analysis• N = 515 

• High falls risk NOT  significantly assoc with 

risk of major bleed 

• Risk of falls and ICH with warfarin often  quoted as reason to  avoid 

anticoagulation

Multivariate analysis• N = 515 

• High falls risk NOT  significantly assoc with 

risk of major bleed 

Am J Med. 2012 Aug;125(8):773‐8.

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Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:677–85.

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AVERROES

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What’s the downside?

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Apixaban 

(N=2808) Aspirin 

(N=2791) HR with Apixaban 

(95% CI) P Value 

Major  1.4  1.2 1.13 (0.74–1.75)  0.57

ICH 0.4 0.4 0.85 (0.38–1.90)  0.69

GI 0.4 0.4 0.86 (0.40–1.86)  0.71

Non‐GI 0.6 0.4 1.55 (0.77–3.12)  0.22

Fatal 0.1 0.2 0.67 (0.19–2.37)  0.53

Minor  6.3 5.0 1.24 (1.00–1.53)  0.05

Apixaban

did NOT

increase the risk for  major bleeding!

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BAFTA

• N= 973 • >75 yrs (mean 81.5 yrs) with afib

– 20% of pts >85

• Randomly assigned to warfarin

(INR 2–3) or ASA

(75 mg)

• F/U mean of 2.7 yrs  

• Primary endpoint: fatal or 

disabling stroke, ICH, or clinically 

significant arterial embolism

Lancet. 2007;370:493–503. Lancet. 2007;370:493–503. 

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Yearly risk  Warfarin  1∙8% vs 

3∙8%• RR 0∙48, 95% 

CI 0∙28–0∙80, 

p=0∙003

• Absolute  yearly risk 

reduction 2% 

And the Risk risk of  Hemorrhage…

Warfarin Aspirin p

Major 

extracranial 

hemorrhage 

1.4% 1.6% 0.67

Other hospital 

admission for 

hemorrhage

1.8% 1.5% 0.52

All major 

hemorrhages (ICH 

and hemorrhagic 

stroke)

1.9% 2.0% 0.9

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Although overtreatment is a concern…

• Older adults may also  be undertreated 

because of potentially  “ageist”

attitudes 

• Belief

that  chronological age = 

contraindication to  treatments

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KEY POINT #1 – False Equivalence

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INVASIVE MANAGEMENT for NSTEMI

ACUTE KIDNEY  INJURY: 3% 

invasive group vs  2% conservative  management

REDUCTION in  MYOCARDIAL  INFARCTION or  URGENT REVASC

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70% of strokes result in 

death or major disability

Most patients survive 

major hemorrhage 

without long‐term effects 

Stroke 2013;44:99‐104.Stroke 2013;44:99‐104.

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KEY POINT #2 Greater Benefit of the  intervention

• Higher Event rate• Potential greater 

response to  treatment

• Number needed  to treat in older  patients lower 

compared to  younger 

counterparts

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MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: Number Needed to Treat by Age and Risk

Efficacy (RRR)

Efficacy (RRR)

Num

ber N

eede

d to

Tre

at

Patient Age (Yrs)

REF: Alter DA, Manuel DG, Gunraj N, Anderson G, Naylor CD, Laupacis A. Age, Risk-Benefit Tradeoffs, and the Projected Effects of Evidence-based Therapies. Am J Med. 2004;116:540-5.

*Mortality Estimates based on AMI patients treated in Ontario from 1997-2000

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How about the >75 with NOACs vs  ASA?

Age Ageing. 2016 Jan;45(1):77‐83.

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• Older pts with AF = particularly high risk of  stroke if given ASA

• Substantially greater benefits from apixaban  c/w younger pts with NO greater risk of 

hemorrhage  

Age NNT to prevent stroke or  systemic embolization for  apixaban vs ASA

<85 59

>85 15

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Death from worsening Heart Failure

Systolic Heart Failure

Eur Heart J 2004; 25:1300

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Hypertension Management – SPRINT TRIAL

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TYPICAL CARDIAC Patient?

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Geriatric Cardiology

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Keeping in Mind, Major Geriatric  Components 

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What the Future Holds

• Increased Research:– Inclusion of geriatric 

patients– Increased research into 

afib/HFPEF– “Non‐invasive”

Cardiac 

Procedures –

Structural 

heart program– Validated and agreed 

upon FRAILTY TOOLS

• Increased cross‐ pollination between 

the specialties– ACC/AHA geriatric 

cardiology section– Increased partnership 

with Canadian geriatric 

society– TAVI (SPH/VGH)– High Risk Heart Failure 

in the Elderly (MSJ)

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In Summary

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Summary Continued