heavy metals remediation design- temporary or long...
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PRESENTEDBY:LOWELLKESSELEMAIL : [email protected]
HeavyMetalsRemediationDesign:TemporaryorLongTermSolutions?
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Whatismetalsstabilization?Addchemicalreagentstoformmineralsinsoilandaquiferstoreduce:◦ Leachingfromsoil◦ Groundwaterconcentrations◦ Toxicity
Reagentsaretypically:◦ Commonagriculturalandindustrialchemistriescombinedinproprietaryblends
◦ Poselittletonohazardtotheenvironment
◦ Requiressimple(lowtech)equipmentthatislowincost
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StabilizationisaGreenRemediationAlternativeTRADITIONALAPPROACH GREENALTERNATIVE
Excavationofmetals-contaminatedsoilfromsite
Backfillsitewithcleanfill
Disposeashazardouswaste
Haulhazardousmaterialstolimitedlandfilllocations(increasedcarbonfootprint)
Chemicallystabilizemetalstorendernon-hazardous
Potentiallyreuse stabilizedsoil
Disposeasnon-hazmaterial
Moredisposaloptionslocallyforsolidwastemanagement(non-hazardous)
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StabilizationChemistryIn-HouseChemicalEngineering+LeachabilityLaboratory:◦ Demonstrateshort- andlong-termstability
◦ Supportreuseofremediatedsoilon-site
◦ Resolvesourceandgroundwaterplumeimpacts
◦ Guidefieldimplementationanddesign
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QuickOverviewofProcess1. SiteCharacterization2. TreatmentGoalsIdentification/Establishment3. Treatabilitystudies4. RemedyDesign5. PerformanceTesting/VerificationImplement!
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TestingforRemedyDesignStabilizationdesign◦ Sitecharacterization◦ Treatabilitystudies◦ Enduseevaluation
RemediationgoalsExposurerisksCostimplications
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StabilizationObjectivesDevelopmentSoil/Waste
Off-SiteDisposal On-SiteReuse
Non-hazardousHazardous Covered
/LeachingDirect
exposure
$$$ ReagentSelection*
ReagentSelection*
ReagentSelection*
* Reagent selection based on appropriate leaching lab test procedure, and the best performing, most cost-effective chemistry.
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TreatabilityStudyProgram1. Prepareaworkplan2. Collecttestsamples3. CharacterizetheInitialSample
1. HomogenizerawmaterialsoPerformphysicaltesting2. Performchemicaltesting
4. Performtreatabilitytesting1. Identifyappropriatereagents2. Conducttestingbymixingreagentswithcontaminatedmaterialandprepare
formulationsforfurthertesting3. Optimizemixdesign4. SelectionofmixdesignverificationphaseoPreparefinalmixdesignandtest
5. Analyze,AssessandValidateData6. Preparetreatabilitystudyreport
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ApplicationApproachesMethods◦ Injection◦ Mechanicalmixing◦ Permeablereactivebarriers
Reagentscanbeappliedinsitu orexsitu in◦ Dry,granularform◦ Asasolution,orslurry
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TestMethodsvToxicityCharacteristicLeachingProcedure(TCLP).USEPA,SW-846Method1311
vState-specificprocedures(i.e.,CAWET)
vSyntheticPrecipitationLeachingProcedure(SPLP).USEPA,SW-846Method1312
vMultipleExtractionProcedure(MEP).USEPA,SW-846Method1320
vSite-specificleachingprocedures(e.g.SSLPwithgroundwater,wastewater)
vInvitroBioaccessibility (IVBA,EPA9200.2-86,April2012)
vParallelBatchExtractionProcedures(PBEP).USEPA,SW-846Pre-Methods1313,1314,and1315(L:SpartitioningasafunctionofpH)
vASTMMethods.e.g.D3987-85(neutralleaching),D4842-89(monolithleaching),D6234-98(miningwastes)
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TestMethodsandTreatmentGoalsToxicityCharacteristicLeachingProcedure(TCLP)SyntheticPrecipitationLeachingProcedure(SPLP)Site-specificleachingprocedures(SSLP)ParallelBatchExtractionProcedures(PBEP)MultipleExtractionProcedure(MEP)- 1,000yrsPhysiologicallyBasedExtractionTest(PBET)
LandDisposal
Usedwhenstabilizedsoilisplacedabovethewatertable
SSLPandPBEPmaybeusedforPRBs/GWorwastewater
PBEBusedinresiliencedesign
Long-termstabilization(1,000yearsorlonger)
Risktohumangastro-intestinaltract
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DesignPlanningfortheFutureLongtermsustainabledesignincludesevaluationofpossiblescenarios.v Howwellhaveyoucharacterizedthesite?v Howlikelyareconditionstochange?vWhataboutunforeseencatastrophicevents?v Areyouconsideringresilienceinyourdesign?
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Genericbehaviorsofseveralinorganiccontaminanttypesshowinggeneralizedminima/maximaasafunctionofpH
B-7
Figure B-3. Generic behaviors of several inorganic contaminant types showing generalized minima/maxima as a function of pH.
For organic contaminants, measured LSP concentrations are associated with partitioning between organic and aqueous phases, as well as complexation with dissolved carbon in the aqueous phase. The organic-aqueous partitioning of a contaminant is described in the literature using the octanol-water partitioning coefficient, Kow. This partitioning is relatively tolerant of changes in pH; however, the dissolution of organic carbon, and hence the complexation with organic contaminants, are strongly dependent on pH, especially in the alkaline range. In Figure B-4, the relative concentrations of DOC and total PAHs in a leachate are shown before and after removal of the organic carbon through flocculation.
Figure B-4. pH-dependent leaching of DOC and associated PAH concentrations from contaminated sediment. Source: After Roskam and Comans 2003.
B.4.2 PreMethod 1314
This percolation column method (EPA 2010b) is designed to provide the LSP of constituents as a function of L/S under conditions where water percolates through the solid material.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Con
cent
ratio
n (lo
g sc
ale)
pH
CationicOxyanionic
Amphoteric
Highly Soluble
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15pH
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
DO
C (m
g/L)
PAH
PAH after flocculation
DOC
DOC after flocculation
Σ16
PAH
s[µ
g/L]
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 5 10 15pH
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
DO
C (m
g/L)
PAH
PAH after flocculation
DOC
DOC after flocculation
PAH
PAH after flocculation
DOC
DOC after flocculation
Σ16
PAH
s[µ
g/L]
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ParallelBatchExtractionProcedure(Arsenicinpre-treated(a)andpost-treated(b)coalflyash
TreatedUntreated
by the Missouri University of Science & Technology (CTIS News, vol. 7, no. 2).
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LessonsLearnedPOORCSMDEVELOPMENT◦ Lowresolutionsampling◦ Spatialandverticaldelineation
◦ Wronglaboratorytestingprocedures
◦ Sampleintegrity◦ Impropergoalsetting◦ Baselinevsconfirmationsamplingdesign
◦ Materialpropertiesnotconsidered
POORIMPLEMENTATION◦ Notreatabilitystudyorpoorlyperformed◦ Samplecollectionmethod◦ Sampleintegrity
◦ Wrongchemistryorproduct◦ Onesizefitsallsolutionshavehigherfailurerates
◦ PoorMixingDesign/Equipment
◦ PerformanceSamplingandsamplingprocedure
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CaseStudyReviewSustainablelongtermheavymetalsdesign.Goal:ManyhundredsofyearsHeavyMetal:ZincResult:Success!Immediatetreatmentgoalsachieved
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CaseStudy:BrownfieldsRedevelopment - ZincFormerlargeindustrialsiteredevelopedintoresidentialusePetroleumhydrocarbon,chlorinatedsolvent,andzinccontaminationinsoilandgroundwaterNofurtheractionforsoil,continuedgroundwaterandsurfacewatermonitoringPost-development,surfacewaterexceededdischargestandardsforzincInsituremedydevelopedforsaturatedsoilandgroundwater
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CaseStudy:BrownfieldsRedevelopment- ZincBench- scaletestswereperformedtodecreasezincfrom30mg/Lto:◦ <0.020mg/Linthebenchstudy
Demonstratedstabilityequivalenttoover400yearswithmodifiedmultipleextractionprocedure(MEP)
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MultipleExtractionProcedurePermeableReactiveBarrier.Goalof2mg/Lfrom20mg/L.
Represents480yearsofgroundwaterflow
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CaseStudy:BrownfieldsRedevelopment- ZincPilotTesting(6injections,5borings,3monitoringwells)◦ Visualobservationsofreagentdistributioninsoilcores◦ SoilpHandSPLPmeasurementsincores◦ Monitoringwellsgroundwatersamplestoassess“integrated”effectofheterogeneousreagentdistribution
Only2-daysallowedforreagenteffectstopermeatetheinjectionzoneRESULTS- 0.61mg/Linthepilotstudy
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CaseStudy:BrownfieldsRedevelopment– ZincPilotstudydeterminationofreagentdistribution
pH in soil
Visual reagent observation
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CaseStudy:BrownfieldsRedevelopment - Zinc
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CaseStudy:BrownfieldsRedevelopment- ZincFull-scaleimplementationof45,000gallonsofdilutedreagentinjectedin63locationsovera4-weekperiodWithin1yearsurfacewaterzincconcentrationsdecreasedby50to70percentandwithin3yearssurfacewatergoalachieved
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LessonsLearned:BrownfieldsRedevelopment- ZincSoilsamples:◦ pH“halos”aroundtheheterogeneousreagentdistribution
◦ 83percentofpost-injectionsoilsamplesSPLP<0.020mg/Lofzinc
Groundwatersamples2of3noted>97percentreductioninzincconcentration1of3notednoconcentrationreduction
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ConclusionsSignificantcostsavingscanbeachievedthroughmetalsstabilizationOptionsareavailableforrecyclingandreuseofsoilDesigncanconsiderlongtermsustainabilitySite-specificchemistriesandappropriatetestmethodsmayberequiredtocreategreaterprojectdesignflexibility
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ObrigadoLowellKessel
President
CERESCorporation
714.709.3683
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