helios - real-world open-audit voting
DESCRIPTION
Helios and the recent UCL election presented at the electronic voting workshop in Israel, Tel Aviv University, May 2009.TRANSCRIPT
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Heliosreal-world
open-audit votingBen Adida
Harvard University
Workshop on Electronic VotingTel Aviv University
18 May 2009
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http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/pictures/ 2
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Who countsthe votes?
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http://www.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/voting/pictures/ 4
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Democratizingthe Tallying Process
+ secrecy
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Bulletin Board
Public Ballots
Bob:McCain
Carol:Obama
6
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Bulletin Board
Public Ballots
Bob:McCain
Carol:Obama
Alice
6
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Bulletin Board
Public Ballots
Alice:Obama
Bob:McCain
Carol:Obama
Alice
6
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Bulletin Board
Public Ballots
Alice:Obama
Bob:McCain
Carol:Obama
Tally
Obama....2McCain....1
Alice
6
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Encrypted Public BallotsBulletin Board
Alice:Rice
Bob:Clinton
Carol:Rice
Tally
Obama....2McCain....1
Alice
7
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Encrypted Public BallotsBulletin Board
Alice:Rice
Bob:Clinton
Carol:Rice
Tally
Obama....2McCain....1
Alice
Alice verifies her vote
7
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Encrypted Public BallotsBulletin Board
Alice:Rice
Bob:Clinton
Carol:Rice
Tally
Obama....2McCain....1
Alice
Alice verifies her vote Everyone verifies the tally
7
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How can we verify operations on
encrypted data?
Mathematical Proofs.
8
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Zero-Knowledge Proof
Vote For:
Obama
President:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MouseVote For: Obama
9
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Zero-Knowledge Proof
Vote For:
Obama
President:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MouseVote For: Obama
9
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Zero-Knowledge Proof
This last envelope likely contains “Obama”
Vote For:
Obama
President:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MouseVote For: Obama
9
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Zero-Knowledge Proof
Open envelopes don’t proveanything after the fact.
President:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MouseVote For: Obama
President:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MousePresident:
Mickey MouseVote For:
Paul
10
McCain
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“And there are cryptographic techniques that can be used to
achieve software independence so that even if there's a bug in the
software, you'll detect if there's a problem. But those are not ready for
prime time in my opinion.”
Avi Rubin, 7/9/2008
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“But with cryptography, you’re just moving the black box. Few people really
understand it or trust it.”
Debra BowenCalifornia Sec. of State, 7/30/2008
(paraphrased)
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Where to Start?
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Most Open-Audit schemes
Complex voting process
In-person voting
Few can experience it
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Helios
Simplify
Low-coercion elections
Web-based: all can experience
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“Low-Coercion?”
- A more appropriate term might be“stratified coercion”
- If the voting public is a subset of the population, there may be inherent limits to coercion.
- e.g. university voting
- e.g. EFCA in the US
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Technical Concepts
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Technical Concepts
- Probabilistic Encryption & Threshold Decryption.posting ciphertexts safely on a bulletin board
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Technical Concepts
- Probabilistic Encryption & Threshold Decryption.posting ciphertexts safely on a bulletin board
- Homomorphic Tallying.no write-ins, proofs of correct plaintext
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Technical Concepts
- Probabilistic Encryption & Threshold Decryption.posting ciphertexts safely on a bulletin board
- Homomorphic Tallying.no write-ins, proofs of correct plaintext
- Benaloh Challenge.cast or audit, authenticate only upon cast
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Technical Concepts
- Probabilistic Encryption & Threshold Decryption.posting ciphertexts safely on a bulletin board
- Homomorphic Tallying.no write-ins, proofs of correct plaintext
- Benaloh Challenge.cast or audit, authenticate only upon cast
- In-Browser Encryption.plaintext only in user’s browser
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Probabilistic Encryption & Threshold Decryption
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Public-Key Encryption
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Public-Key Encryption
Keypair consists of a public key and a secret key .skpk
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Public-Key Encryption
Keypair consists of a public key and a secret key .skpk
"Obama" 8b5637Encpk
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Public-Key Encryption
Keypair consists of a public key and a secret key .skpk
"Obama" 8b5637Encpk
c5de34Encpk"McCain"
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Public-Key Encryption
Keypair consists of a public key and a secret key .skpk
"Obama" 8b5637Encpk
c5de34Encpk"McCain"
a4b395Encpk"Obama"
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Threshold Decryption
8b5637
Secret key is shared amongst multiple parties:all (or at least a quorum) need to cooperate to decrypt.
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Threshold Decryption
8b5637
b739cbDecsk1
Secret key is shared amongst multiple parties:all (or at least a quorum) need to cooperate to decrypt.
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Threshold Decryption
8b5637
b739cbDecsk1
261ad7Decsk2
Secret key is shared amongst multiple parties:all (or at least a quorum) need to cooperate to decrypt.
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Threshold Decryption
8b5637
b739cbDecsk1
261ad7Decsk2
7231bcDecsk3
Secret key is shared amongst multiple parties:all (or at least a quorum) need to cooperate to decrypt.
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Threshold Decryption
8b5637
b739cbDecsk1
261ad7Decsk2
7231bcDecsk3
8239baDecsk4
Secret key is shared amongst multiple parties:all (or at least a quorum) need to cooperate to decrypt.
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Threshold Decryption
8b5637
b739cbDecsk1
261ad7Decsk2
7231bcDecsk3
8239baDecsk4
Secret key is shared amongst multiple parties:all (or at least a quorum) need to cooperate to decrypt.
"Obama"
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Homomorphic Tallying
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Homomorphic Property
22
First: r’th residuosity [Benaloh85]Also: Paillier Cryptosystem [P99]
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Homomorphic Property
22
First: r’th residuosity [Benaloh85]Also: Paillier Cryptosystem [P99]
Enc(m1)! Enc(m2) = Enc(m1 + m2)
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Homomorphic Property
22
First: r’th residuosity [Benaloh85]Also: Paillier Cryptosystem [P99]
Enc(m1)! Enc(m2) = Enc(m1 + m2)
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Homomorphic Property
22
then we can simplyadd votes “under cover” of encryption!
First: r’th residuosity [Benaloh85]Also: Paillier Cryptosystem [P99]
Enc(m1)! Enc(m2) = Enc(m1 + m2)
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Vote for Adam
Vote for Bob
Vote for Charlie0000 0001 00000000
0001 0000 00000000
0000 0000 00000001
Vote for David0000 0000 00010000
0004 0001 0008 0002 Sample Tally
[B+2001, P1999]
Homomorphic TallyVote for None
Vote for Obama
Vote for McCain
0003 0006 0005
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BenalohCasting Protocol
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
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Alice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
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Alice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
"Obama"
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Alice
EncryptedBallot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
"Obama"
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Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
DecryptedBallot
EncryptedBallot
VERIFICATION
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
DecryptedBallot
EncryptedBallot
VERIFICATION
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
DecryptedBallot
EncryptedBallot
VERIFICATION
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
Alice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
DecryptedBallot
EncryptedBallot
VERIFICATION
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
Alice
"CAST"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
DecryptedBallot
EncryptedBallot
VERIFICATION
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
Alice
"CAST"
SignedEncryptedBallot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
DecryptedBallot
EncryptedBallot
VERIFICATION
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
Alice
"CAST"
SignedEncryptedBallot
Alice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
DecryptedBallot
EncryptedBallot
VERIFICATION
"Obama"
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"AUDIT"
Alice
EncryptedBallot
Alice
DecryptedBallot
Alice
"CAST"
SignedEncryptedBallot
Alice
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Barcode-scanner.jpg
SignedEncryptedBallot
DecryptedBallot
EncryptedBallot
VERIFICATION
"Obama"
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Helios System Details
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Helios System Details
- Python & JavaScript logic & crypto
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Helios System Details
- Python & JavaScript logic & crypto
- Free/Open-Source stack
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Helios System Details
- Python & JavaScript logic & crypto
- Free/Open-Source stack
- Deployed on Google App Engine
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Helios System Details
- Python & JavaScript logic & crypto
- Free/Open-Source stack
- Deployed on Google App Engine
- Deployed on Apache/Python/PostgreSQL
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Helios System Details
- Python & JavaScript logic & crypto
- Free/Open-Source stack
- Deployed on Google App Engine
- Deployed on Apache/Python/PostgreSQL
- Customizableauthentication, look-and-feel, translations
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So, does it work?
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 25,000 eligible voters
- University president election
- Helios 2.0, optimized
- customized for UCL (French, improved UI)
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ber
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s p
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2nd round
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of
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s p
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DAY 2
1st round
2nd round
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Time [h]
0
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l num
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of
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s
DAY 1 1st round
2nd round
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l num
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of
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s
DAY 2 1st round
2nd round
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Most Interesting Lesson: spurious claims
are easily countered
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brief demo