Questions for discussion

Petrol prices1. What issues were raised in the Petrol prices story?2. What do some experts predict will happen to the price of petrol over the next

few weeks?3. Why are petrol prices going up?4. Where are most of the world’s oil reserves?5. How are petrol prices linked to supply and demand?6. Apart from drivers, who else is affected by increased petrol prices?7. In the past, what action have people taken in response to paying more for

petrol?8. How could your family reduce the amount of petrol they use each week?9. Apart from saving money, what would be the other benefits?10. What is a fuel cycle and which is the cheapest day to buy fuel in most places?

Is petrol the way of the future? Investigate alternative energy sources for cars and state which is the best option and why.

One and a half men1. Discuss the BtN story with another student.2. About how many viewers watch Two and a Half Men each week?3. How much per season does the show make?

a. 100 millionb. 310 millionc. 420 million

4. Why is Charlie Sheen an important part of the show?5. Name another show that relied on one actor for its survival?6. How were his bosses keeping Charlie Sheen interested in working on the

show?7. Describe the difficult decision the makers of Two and a Half Men had to

make.8. The TV bosses were worried that Charlie Sheen’s misbehaving could ruin the

______________of the show.9. What is syndication?10. Who has been affected by the decision to stop the show?

Write a message about the story and post it on the BtN guestbook http://abc.net.au/btn/guestbook.html

TV text1. Summarise the TV Text story.2. What are closed captions and who uses them?

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EPISODE 6

15TH MARCH 2010

3. It is not compulsory for closed captions to be used in prime time TV, news and current affairs. True or false?

4. What is the problem with the quality of some closed captions?5. Describe the job of a stenocaptioner.6. What accuracy rate do they need to have?7. How is a stenograph keyboard different to a computer keyboard?8. Why are some companies using voice recognition technology?9. What are some of the problems with it?10. What do you understand more clearly since watching the BtN story?

Apart from deaf and hearing impaired people, who else might benefit from closed captions?

Dumb dogs1. Choose five key words from the BtN story.2. Researchers have found that over the years, the intelligence of dogs has

a. Increased b. Decreasedc. Stayed the same

3. Why were wolves and dingoes used in the dog intelligence research?4. How successful were domestic dogs at problem solving?5. How did the dingo perform in the tests?6. What did the researchers found out about the social intelligence of dogs and

wolves?7. What has happened to the size of dogs’ brains over time?8. Why do scientists think this has happened?9. Do you think all dogs can be trained to solve problems? Explain your answer.10. What was surprising about this story?

Why is basic obedience training important? What are some commands that all dogs should be taught? Create an advertisement that encourages all puppy owners to teach their dog important commands.

Ice hockey1. Retell the Ice hockey story.2. How many teams are in Australia’s National Ice Hockey League?3. Describe the training the players do.4. List the protective clothing they need.5. What is the aim of an ice hockey game?6. The rubber disc used in an ice hockey game is called a ____________.7. Why is it frozen before a game?8. Describe the dangers involved in playing ice hockey.9. Where are the under 18 World Championships being held next month?10. Name three facts you learnt watching the BtN story?

Test your knowledge in the online ice hockey quiz. Go to the BtN website and follow the links.

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Petrol pricesFocus Questions

11. What issues were raised in the Petrol prices story?12. What do some experts predict will happen to the price of petrol over the next

few weeks?13. Why are petrol prices going up?14. Where are most of the world’s oil reserves?15. How are petrol prices linked to supply and demand?16. Apart from drivers, who else is affected by increased petrol prices?17. In the past, what action have people taken in response to paying more for

petrol?18. How could your family reduce the amount of petrol they use each week?19. Apart from saving money, what would be the other benefits?20. What is a fuel cycle and which is the cheapest day to buy fuel in most places?

Petrol prices

Word warm-upWorking in pairs, students record key words from the Petrol prices story (they can either watch the story again or look at the transcript).

Record what they think each word means Write two or three sentences about how each word was used in the story. Are there any antonyms or synonyms for the key words?

With petrol prices rising, alternative energy sources for cars are being explored. Students will create a brochure or poster advertising the car of the future. The advertisement will need to include what the issues are with petrol/diesel powered cars, what the best alternative energy source is for powering cars and why. They need to include both words and pictures in their ad.

Students begin with a partner/small group discussion about what they know about alternative energy sources for cars. Ask them to report back to the class with what they know. They can then generate key questions to research in order to determine what alternative fuel source is best to power the car of the future. Some possible questions include:

What are the issues with continuing fossil fuel use?

What types of alternative energy sources are being developed for future cars? (consider solar, hydrogen, biofuels)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Which energy sources seem most likely to be commonly used in cars of the future? Why?

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EPISODE 6

15TH MARCH 2011

Learning Area

Society and Environment

Key learning

Students will develop a deeper understanding of alternative energy sources for future cars.

Clarify students’ understanding of renewable and non-renewable energy and fossil fuels.

Students will need access to the internet to research the topic. They may find the following website a useful starting point http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/transportation/index.htmlWhen students have a clear understanding of what the alternatives are and the advantages and disadvantages of each, they can make a decision about what the car of the future could be. Discuss the different ways they could publish their final product.

Reflection

What worked well with your `car of the future’ advertisement?

What would you change about your advertisement? Why?

8 Related Research Links

ABC News – Petrol prices at 29-month highhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/07/3157301.htm

ABC News – Consumers told to brace for petrol price spikehttp://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/02/27/3150062.htm

ABC News – Libyan unrest fuels price gouging: NRMAhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/08/3158410.htm

ABC News – Fuel costs force Qantas to lift fares againhttp://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/03/09/3159463.htm

Energy quest – A student’s guide to alternative fuel vehicleshttp://www.energyquest.ca.gov/transportation/index.html

© ABC 2011

Dumb dogsFocus Questions

1. Choose five key words from the BtN story.2. Researchers have found that over the years, the intelligence of dogs has

a. Increased b. Decreasedc. Stayed the same

3. Why were wolves and dingoes used in the dog intelligence research?4. How successful were domestic dogs at problem solving?5. How did the dingo perform in the tests?6. What did the researchers found out about the social intelligence of dogs and

wolves?7. What has happened to the size of dogs’ brains over time?8. Why do scientists think this has happened?9. Do you think all dogs can be trained to solve problems? Explain your answer.10. What was surprising about this story?

Dog IQAsk students to think about and record the relationship between dogs and humans.

Explain what an interdependent relationship is. Humans give dog’s food and shelter and dogs give humans companionship, affection and work. How does this relationship compare to those between humans and horses, cats, fish or birds? What makes the relationship between humans and dogs unique?

Students can then choose one or more of the following activities:

Investigate working dogs and the jobs they do. The following website has a slideshow with images of working dogs http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/dogs/working.html . What are the different breeds that are typically used as working dogs? What makes them suited for the type of work they do? Choose one type of working dog to focus on and write a narrative about the day in the life of a working dog.

Why is basic obedience training important? What are some commands that all dogs should be taught? Create an advertisement that encourages all puppy owners to teach their dog important commands.

Write a persuasive argument responding to the statement: `Dogs are better pets than cats’. The following website has information about how to structure an exposition

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EPISODE 6

15TH MARCH 2011

Learning Area

Society and Environment

Key learning

Students will develop an understanding about domestic and wild dogs including working dogs and the jobs they do.

(persuasive argument) and an option to write it online http://www.writingfun.com/writingfun2010.html

How do you know if owning a dog is for you? Brainstorm the responsibilities of owning a dog. Does it fit in with your lifestyle? Consider factors such as who will look after it when you go on holidays and the time required to exercise it. Interview dog owners about why they chose to get a dog, what they like and don’t like about it.

Creature Feature. Choose a breed of dog (including wolves or dingoes) and create a profile. Include information about physical and behavioural characteristics.

8 Related Research Links

ABC Catalyst – Dog brainhttp://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/3154393.htm

ABC Behind the News – Wolveshttp://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s3045575.htm

ABC The World Today - Dingoes deemed top dogs, domestics dissed as dunceshttp://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2010/s2928438.htm

ABC The Animal Attraction – Dog IQ testhttp://www.abc.net.au/animals/dog_test/default.htm

Library Thinkquest – Wolf intelligencehttp://library.thinkquest.org/CR0212280/intelligence.htm

© ABC 2011

BtN: Episode 6 Transcript 15/3/11

On this week's Behind the News:

We look at why the price of petrol is heading up.

The business behind show business why one man's bad behaviour matters.

And how smart is a man's best friend? We put it to the testHi I'm Nathan Bazley. Welcome to Behind the News.

Also on the show today, Tash gets her skates on and meets some kids who want to be ice hockey world champions.

But before all that let's have a look at the latest on the terrible earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan last week.

The Wire

INTRO: Japan is facing one of the biggest disasters to ever hit the area after a massive earthquake struck off the east coast on Friday afternoon.

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The quake itself was 8000 times more powerful than the one that hit Christchurch a fortnight ago and it shook buildings with violent force.

But the biggest devastation was yet to come.

A huge tsunami crashed across the coast two hours later, sweeping across whole cities, airports and farms in minutes.

The wave was 10metres high in some places and travelled towards Japan at 800km/hr.

Locals had little chance of escape.

The quake also caused an emergency at a nuclear power plant when the cooling systems failed and the reactor heated up to dangerous levels.

The next day it exploded creating fears of a radiation leak.

Rescue crews have been sifting through the huge areas of destruction, trying to find any survivors.

But with tens of thousands still reported missing this disaster could turn out to be one of the deadliest modern-day Japan has ever faced.

Petrol PricesReporter: Natasha Thiele

INTRO: If you parents drive a car you've probably heard them talk about petrol prices which are constantly changing.

© ABC 2011

At the moment petrol's the highest it's been in around two-and-a-half years and many people aren't happy.

So why is petrol so expensive right now?

NATASHA THIELE, REPORTER: Buying fuel is one of the biggest costs for people who own a car.

We need to fill up to get to places like school or work.

REPORTER: But at the moment, the cost of petrol is going up and up!

Unleaded fuel recently hit around the dollar fifty mark.

Many drivers think that's overpriced already!

But some experts reckon it could go up by even more over the next four weeks.

So why are the prices going up?

For the answer let's head overseas.

We've been telling you about the political problems in countries like Egypt and Libya in the Middle East.

There's been a lot of protesting going on, because people have been unhappy with the way their country's being run.

© ABC 2011

Most of the world's oil reserves are in the Middle East and millions of barrels of oil are produced in the region every day.

When there's instability in oil-producing countries, it makes the market a little nervous.

That means the price of oil goes up, because investors are worried about there being not enough oil to go around, so it's all about 'supply and demand'.

Expensive petrol doesn't just hit the pockets of drivers. It can impact other parts of our economy too.

If people are spending more money on petrol, retailers suffer because we're not spending as much at the shops.

Then there are the delivery trucks that need to take goods like fruit and veg to the retailers, so we could see a jump in the price of food.

So what can people do about high petrol prices?

In the past, drivers have protested when they felt the petrol companies and governments were taking too much profit.

In Europe truckies even blocked fuel depots so the petrol companies couldn't deliver.

It was controversial at the time because it caused chaos, with drivers panic buying at petrol stations.

But it succeeded in demonstrating that people would be prepared to fight if they felt they were being ripped off.

© ABC 2011

But there are less radical ways to cope with the high cost of petrol by simply using less of it!

You can do things like walk to school, use a bike or take public transport.

Think twice about using the air-conditioner because that eats up petrol too.

And you can make sure you fill up your car on cheap petrol days.

You see, petrol prices in cities across the country are constantly changing.

This is what's called a 'weekly fuel cycle'.

You can find out what the cheapest day is to fill-up in your state. It used to be on Wednesday, but now it's at the end of the week in most places.

Buying fuel on a cheap day and in a cheap area could save you as much as 20-cents a litre.

It's doesn't sound like much, but when you multiply it by the amount of petrol you go through in a year, it soon adds up.

Tash has the story.

Poll Results

© ABC 2011

Well last week it was the price of milk that was getting everyone hot under the collar.

Supermarkets are selling it really cheap and some people are worried that it could mean less money for the dairy industry.

In our poll we asked you if you'd buy cheap supermarket milk.

And you were split pretty much down the middle.

52 per cent said yes you would buy it and 48 percent said no.

TV TextReporter: Kirsty Bennett

INTRO: Now, imagine trying to watch BtN without being able to hear what's being said.

It would be really hard to make sense of what was going on.

That's why many TV programs also come with closed captions so that deaf or hearing impaired people can read the words as they're written on the screen.

But lately there's been some criticism that the service isn't as good as it used to be.

Kirsty looks into it.

© ABC 2011

KIRSTY BENNETT, REPORTER: Imagine turning on your TV and trying to unravel this!

NEWS REPORTER: As consular - sounds lors, are provided. This is the first of many Darbs. 40 experts boarded. Dashes. Nice to be back.

REPORTER: You'd have no idea what they're saying but unfortunately that's how it can come across at times for the deaf or hearing impaired.

It's compulsory for closed captions like these to be used in prime-time television programs and all news and current affairs. But recently there's been some criticism that the quality of the captions is getting worse. Before we get into why let's look at how captioning works.

They use a special type of speed writing called stenography. They can type more than 200 words per minute, which is faster than most people can speak! And they need an accuracy rate of at least 98 per cent. It's a technique that's been around for a long time. Stenographers have been used in courts for years to record what's going on in a case and there's no room for error there!

REPORTER: They use a special keyboard called a stenograph machine. It's different to a keyboard you'd have at home that has each letter on an individual key. Instead they use the sounds of words. So this is the start of a word, the end of a word, the vowels and numbers.

They use a combination of the keys to make the sounds of the words. So if you type out a sentence like "the cat sat on the mat" it would come out like this. So "the" is T and "mat" is actually PHAT. Sounds confusing but stenographers have learned to understand this unusual language in the same way that most kids would now know what LOL means. The

© ABC 2011

same speedy technique is used in live TV to make captions. That's Jim's job. He's about to start his shift writing everything that is said on ABC News 24.

JIM, STENOCAPTIONER: So I'll take the headphones now and listen to what's being said and write it on the machine.

REPORTER: The tricky part for Jim is that during live TV he doesn't have time to go back to correct any errors. Not that he makes many, these guys are highly skilled. But remember some of those weird sentences we saw earlier? Many of those mistakes weren't made by a person but a computer.

Some captioning companies have started using voice recognition software on live TV. And that's where some of the more unusual captions have been creeping in. A computer is programmed to convert the sound into words that are turned into captions. The problem is, it's not as accurate or as fast as using a stenographer. The computer sometimes has trouble understanding accents, or unusual names so if it doesn't recognise a word or a place name it'll make a guess, which can often be nonsense.

So, while there are rules about when TV companies have to provide captions, there aren't any strict ones on quality but that could change if deaf or the hearing impaired, continue to make their voices heard.

Presenter: Let's stay with the subject of language and grammar with our next quiz.

Quiz 1

© ABC 2011

Which of the following words is an example of onomatopoeia?

Fly

Buzz

Phonics

Answer: Buzz

Onomatopoeia means a word that imitates the sound it makes like buzz, click, or thud!

All right, moving on.

One and Half MenReporter: Nathan Bazley

INTRO: Anyone following the news lately would have seen TV actor Charlie Sheen hit the headlines over and over again for all the wrong reasons.

And last week the makers of his hit TV show Two and a Half Men confirmed he'd been fired for misbehaving.

But where does that leave the cast and crew of his show?

And why do they need to stop making episodes?

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Well TV might have bright lights and famous actors but when it comes down to it, it's still just a business.

And this was one business that was all resting on one man.

NATHAN BAZLEY, REPORTER: It's the show that's seen in nearly 50 countries, under such names as "My Uncle Charlie", "A Pair and a Half of Nerds", and "Charlie Sheen's Harper Boys".

But it's best known by the name Two and a Half Men.

It's regularly the most watched comedy both here and in America, where it gets 15 million viewers each week.

All up, its creators and the TV station they work for make around 420 million dollars from it each season.

Making it one successful business!

But it's a business all centred on one man.

Anyone who's watched Two and a Half Men would know that the main character, Charlie Harper, and the person who plays him, Charlie Sheen, share more than just a first name.

The character was said to be loosely based on Sheen, and most storylines revolve around his central character.

But what would happen if he disappeared?

© ABC 2011

Well without him, it would probably feel like it has a big hole in it.

It's a common situation in TV where a whole show hinges on one person.

Hannah Montana was a hugely popular show for Disney, but when Miley Cyrus decided to move on, the show had to stop.

And the stars of The Big Bang Theory have negotiated huge pay days for their work because their unique performances make the whole show.

But Charlie Sheen would be harder to replace than all of them, so keeping him working on the show was vital for business.

So vital, that his bosses were throwing an incredible 1.8 million dollars at him per episode to keep him interested, making him the highest paid actor on television!

But lately, he's been getting into lots of trouble, acting strangely, and saying bad things about his bosses.

It all left his bosses with a very hard business decision to make.

On one hand, keeping Charlie on the show is risky.

If he doesn't turn up to work one day, the studio still has to pay everyone else that did turn up.

It's kind of like everyone at your school being told to go home, because one person couldn't make it.

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Also, his bosses would have been worried that all his misbehaving could ruin the reputation of the show and their relationships with the other people that work on it.

But on the other hand, firing Charlie would be an expensive decision.

When a show is made by a network, they sell it off to other networks around the world to play, and charge them a lot for the privileged.

It's called syndication, and by firing Sheen, they were losing all those sales too, which would have cost them around 260 million dollars.

But in the end, they decided he was just too big a risk and fired him, shutting down the whole business in the process.

Back on the Two and a Half Men set, all these people who used to work on the show have basically lost their jobs.

And that doesn't just mean the other actors on the show, but the camera, sound and lighting people, the writers and even the caterers on set.

So Charlie's actions don't just affect him, they affect the whole business.

Which all goes to show - balancing a billion dollar business on the shoulders of one man, only works when he's stable.

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Dumb DogsReporter: Kirsty Bennett

INTRO: Dogs have been living with humans for a long time.

And over the years dogs have been taught lots of things from being house-trained to performing tricks.

So you'd think that dogs were getting smarter, right?

Well actually research shows that the opposite may be the case.

Kirsty explains.

KIRSTY BENNETT, REPORTER: Meet some of Australia's smartest dogs. They can perform in ways that make them seem more human, than animal.

JULIA, DOG OWNER: This is my dog Flick, she knows more than 50 words sit, high five and Peter Rabbit.

JUDY, DOG OWNER: He can push a pram, play dead, ring a bell.

REPORTER: Impressive stuff, so does that mean that dogs have got smarter over the years? Well, actually the opposite might be the case. These domesticated pooches are about to take an intelligence test against some dingoes and wolves. They're using wolves because they're a dogs’ oldest ancestor and the dingoes also have kept many of these wild characteristics.

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The first test is problem solving! The dogs need to work out how to get around this barrier to get to the food. Flick is the first contestant and she has no hassles.

DR JONICA NEWBY: That was pretty quick.

DR BRAD SMITH: Yeah that's awesome.

DR JONICA NEWBY: Four seconds.

DR BRAD SMITH: That's great.

REPORTER: But all of the dogs tested from there on take much longer or just turn to their owner in defeat.

KYLEY, DOG OWNER: Good problem solving skills here.

REPORTER: The dingoes know exactly what to do and they don't take very long to get to the food.

Onto the next test and it's all about social intelligence. They want to see which animal can follow the direction of a hand.

DR JONICA NEWBY: Straight away.

REPORTER: All the dogs passed even the pug! At this special centre overseas scientists used the same test for some hand-reared wolves. And they found that wolves didn't follow any hand gestures. They reckon this shows that domesticated dogs have developed an ability to read human signals.

The final test is to see which animal can break into this cage for food. Again, the dogs give up and turn to their owners. Whereas, the wolves just keep on trying. So what does all this mean for canine intelligence?

© ABC 2011

Well when it comes to their brain the news isn't good! Since dogs have been a part of our lives it seems their brain has shrunk proportionally by about 30 per cent. Scientists reckon there could be a few reasons for this. One is that they don't believe dogs need as much intelligence as if they were out in the wild. Another reason could be that breeding has changed the size of their heads. And it's this variation in head shape which could explain why some dogs have different skills and abilities. The brain is affected by being misshapen and distorted to fit into the different shaped skulls.

So overall the tests suggest our dogs are worse problem-solvers and are less determined than their ancestors and domesticated dogs have learned that they can rely on humans for help. But the pay-off is that they've developed an advanced social intelligence. So while they might not have the hunting skills of their ancestors they have some other tricks under their collar.

JULIA: Up, sore foot, left, right, say your prayers.

Presenter: Let's show that we can be smarter than those dogs. Here's a doggy quiz.

Quiz 2

The question is: How many toes does a dog have on its hind foot?

3

4

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5

Answer: 4

Dogs have five toes on each front foot but only four on the ones at the back.

Let's move onto sport now. Here's the score.

The Score

To soccer first and the A-League competition has ended in one of the most exciting games in the six season history of the competition.

It was nil-nil at full-time between the Central Coast Mariners and Brisbane Roar.

But the goals soon flowed in extra time with the Mariners scoring first from close range and then hitting a second on the break.

It looked all over for Brisbane, but with just three minutes of extra-time remaining, they pulled a goal back through substitute Henrique.

And with the final whistle looming the Roar struck again from a corner to send the game to a dramatic penalty shoot-out.

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Brisbane's goalkeeper stepped up to the occasion with two tremendous saves.

And Henrique slotted home the winning penalty to seal the game four penalties to two and send the Roar players and the home crowd into hysterics.

**********

In cricket, Australia has reached the quarter finals of the World Cup with a comfortable win against Kenya.

Australia batted first and started off strongly before a mid-innings collapse saw them at four for 143.

But vice-captain, Michael Clarke and the returning Mike Hussey combined for a powerful stand of 114 to help push the Aussies total to 324.

In reply the Kenyans never really looked in the match losing regular wickets to finish up 60 runs short.

The Australians will face Canada in the quarters.

Ice HockeyReporter: Natasha Thiele

INTRO: Our next story is about the unusual sport of ice hockey.

Although it doesn't have the popularity in Australia like the AFL and NRL codes, there are young people achieving great results.

© ABC 2011

Tash met a couple of guys who are off to the World Championships in Taiwan next month.

NATASHA THIELE, REPORTER: Determination. Speed. Victory.

This is what these guys stand for!

Jake and Alex have been playing ice hockey for more than 5 years.

Ice hockey is a team sport that's been in Australia for more than 100 years.It has a huge following in countries with freezing temperatures like Canada, where it's the country's favourite sport.

And a couple of years ago, Jake and Alex went over there to train with top hockey players.

JAKE: That was probably the hardest thing, like once we got off the plane and stuff we had to train and that was the first time I've ever travelled overseas.

Australia has its own national ice hockey league with 8 teams.

These guys have been training with the Adelaide Adrenaline, which involves 6am starts.

JAKE: You can never slack off, you can never just take a week off or a couple of days off 'cause you're fitness test will go straight down!

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There are five players on each side plus a goalie, which makes six.

At the start of a game, the puck's dropped between two players in what's called a 'face off'.

The players then speed skate around trying to hit a rubber disc called a 'puck' into the opponent's net.

The puck is frozen before a game to stop it from bouncing and sticking to the ice.

It makes the puck pretty hard and it can be hit as-fast-as 160 kays an hour.

While it can be dangerous if you've ever hit with one, there's also the sticks and the sharp blades on the skates to watch out for.

ALEX: You do get the odd slash on the wrists or behind the leg where there's no padding!JAKE: I got hit and my helmet came up and the stick came down and hit me right here!

With so many things that could hurt you it's important to wear protection.

You need shin pads, protection for your thighs, back, chest and shoulders, as well as elbow guards, headgear and gloves!

All together it's pretty heavy.

REPORTER: So what are the first things I need to know about playing ice hockey?

© ABC 2011

JAKE: Well puck handling to start off with, you just gotta make sure to keep it, you wanna keep it around the heel of the blade, you don't want to be puck handling like that, it's less controlled. You wanna get down low, so your blade's completely flat on the ice.

ALEX: You wanna have your left hand down the shaft like a 'v'.

JAKE: Make sure you keep your head up, otherwise if you look too far down you're going to end up (REPORTER: Falling over!) face first.

REPORTER: Ok, alright.

So after being taught the basics of how to play ice hockey, I thought I'd challenge them to a game.Jake and Alex have always wanted to represent their country and they'll get that chance, when they head to Taiwan next month for the Under-18 World Championships!

Closer

That’s it for today’s show. See you next time.

© ABC 2011