Helping Students Persist

History of Advisement & Counseling

Benefits, misconceptions, and differences…

Prepared for NAU CC620 (Feb. 2006) Liz Dorland - Mesa Community College (now WUSTL)

History of Academic Advising

• Early American (British) model: instruction by paternalistic clergy to be clergy

• American Revolution: Evolution to "students as free thinking gentlemen"

• Confined to law, theology or medicine• 1800s: Expanded to journalism, chemistry, art,

music, business, and engineering• 1st "Faculty Advisors": Johns Hopkins in 1877

NACADA: History of Academic Advising

• Progressive Education Movement (1920s)

• focus on self-direction of student• emphasis on role of educators as

"mentors"

www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/History-of-academic-advising.aspx

NACADA: National Academic Advising Association

Statement of Core Values: Provides a framework to guide professional practice and reminds advisors of their responsibilities to students, colleagues, institutions, society, and themselves.

www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Core-values-of-academic-advising.aspx

And then there was Counseling...

The Early Days of Vocational Guidance

Origins of the Debate: The Politics of Ability Testing

Diverse Views on the Value and Meaning of IQ and Other

Tests

Psychology, Society, and Ability Testing (1859-

2002):

Transformative alternatives to Mental

Darwinism and Interactionism

Paul F. Ballantyne 2002©(an online book in 9

chapters)

www.igs.net/~pballan/

Frank Parsons: "Choosing a Vocation"

(1909)

Three Imperatives for personal development

• clear understanding of yourself, aptitudes, abilities, interests, resources, limitations, and other qualities

• knowledge of the requirements and conditions of different professions

• opportunities and advantages of each field

archive.org/details/choosingavocati00parsgoog

World War I: Industrial Psychology

Recruit testing: Occupations in U.S. Army based on skills and intelligence

www.igs.net/~pballan/C3P1.htm

And meanwhile, on the Advising front...

Things were getting progressive.

And Industrial Psychology marched along.

Does this sound familiar?“It is a common topic to repeat that our

teaching, on the whole or very nearly, needs to be changed...

“Workers accuse it of being too much abstract, not taking the real life into consideration…”

Early Applied Psychology: Carpintero & Herrero, 2002: www.deepdyve.com/lp/psycarticles-reg/early-applied-psychology-BUhoHPhOFT

Quoting Fontègne: Manualisme et Éducation, 1923

The Additive Educational Ladder

(1920s)Meanwhile...• Universities:

adopt study of psychometrics in personnel placement

• Vocational guidance centers: use occupational aptitude assessments

The Hawthorne Effect (192x-193x): www.igs.net/~pballan/HAWTH.htm

…the tendency under conditions of observation for worker productivity to steadily increase...

Ballantyne, P.F. (2000) Hawthorne Research. Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.

The Goose Step: A Study of American Education

• Upton Sinclair (1922)• "Interlocking Dictatorships"• Censoring novel or critical

thought• 'American college system

covertly run by and for a "bandit crew" of capitalist cronies’

• www.igs.net/~pballan/C4P1.htm

Who is this man?

“... People with great passions, people who accomplish great deeds, people who possess strong feelings, even people with great minds and a strong personality, rarely come out of good little boys and girls.”

from Educational Psychology(a practical manual for teachers)Lev Vygotsky (1926)

marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/vygotsky/

Beginning the Modern Era

American Council on Education

Student Personnel Point of View (1949)

www.acpa.nche.edu/student-personnel-point-view-1949

American Council on Education

"Student Personnel Point of View" (1949)

www.acpa.nche.edu/student-personnel-point-view-1949

"The central purpose of higher education is the preservation, transmittal and enrichment of culture by means of instruction, scholarly work, and scientific research." Student Personnel Point of View

• Education for a fuller realization of democracy in every phase of living

• Education directly and explicitly for international understanding and cooperation

• Education for the application of creative imagination and trained intelligence to the solution of social problems and to the administration of public affairs

Post-World War II Student Population Explosion

• 1950s: Gis and the GI Bill• 1960s: growth of the community

college movement• Increase in 1st generation and lower

income students, some underprepared• 1970s: Carnegie Commission on

Higher Education recommends enhanced emphasis on advising

• Developmental Advising: concept spreads

Origins of Developmental Advising: Crookston and

O'BanionIcons of the Student Services

Movement

Burns B. Crookston

• “A Developmental View of Academic Advising as Teaching" (1972)

• Journal of College Student Personnel(now J of Coll. Student Development)

• Advising as teaching• Differences from prescriptive advising• Student takes responsibility

Crookston: Advising is...

"...concerned not only with a specific personal or vocational decision but also with facilitating the student’s rational processes, environmental and interpersonal interactions, behavioral awareness, and problem-solving, decision-making, and evaluation skills."

Terry O'Banion: Dimensions of the Process of Academic

Advising"An Academic Advising Model"Community and Junior College Journal (1972)

Republished (1994) in NACADA Journal along with Crookston’s article

(1) exploration of life goals(2) exploration of vocational

goals(3) program choice(4) course choice(5) scheduling classes

Update from O'Banion (1999?)

...identify the skills, knowledge, and attitudes required of academic advisors for completing the five steps in the advising process...

Who first used those three terms? They're everywhere!!

Developmental Advising: Continuing Evolution

Grounded in theory: • cognitive developmental theory• psychosocial theory• person-environment interaction

theory

• But…the debate continues…

Is Theory Necessary?

Comments in “The Mentor” Advising Forum:

• “Scientific notions of a paradigm or theory do not work with academic advising.”

• “We’ve been advising students for decades without such theories.”

• “We have theories of advising whether we want them or not.”

• “Without an understanding of why and how we need to advise, how can we be effective advisors?”

The Hegemony of Developmental Advising?

dus.psu.edu/mentor/old/articles/991122ml.htm

• Marc Lowenstein (1999) in The Mentor

• “An Alternative to the Developmental theory of Advising”

• Prescriptive Advising as a “Straw Man”

• Developmental Advising is a “theory about the CONTENT of advising”

• Opposite of “Prescriptive” is “Colloborative”

Theory vs Style

Does embracing “Colloborative Style” require acceptance of “Developmental Theory” of CONTENT?

Lowenstein: “No”

Alternative:“Academically Centered Advising”

Academic vs Developmental Paradigms

• Academic: focuses on student’s academic learning

• Developmental: focuses on student’s personal growth and development

• Both are collaborative approaches

The Liberal Arts Focus?

Lowenstein: • “Granting that advising can be

enhanced by some knowledge of student development is a far cry from saying that facilitating the student’s growth and development is the PURPOSE of advising.”

Modern Counseling Trends

Career CounselingAdvisment Counseling

ICAN: Advising Model for Central Piedmont

Community College (2006)

ICAN Model: Role of Advisor• helps students with program planning, course

selection and scheduling;• helps students plan strategies or approaches to

successful goal achievement;• helps students gain an understanding of the

complete requirements of a program;• helps students maintain satisfactory academic

progress;• refers students as needed to Counseling

Services for educational, personal or emotional difficulties;

• assists students in the development of functional educational action plans; and

• interprets placement tests results and recommends appropriate classes.

http://www.cpcc.edu/ican

ICAN: Role of Counselor• helps students clarify goals;• offers career exploration and college success

classes;• makes students aware of the wide range of

educational and career options available to them;

• assists students with program planning, course selections, and scheduling;

• helps students deal with issues that may be adversely affecting them in attaining their goals;

• connects students to the total resources of the College, and provides referrals for resources in the community;

• helps students understand the relationship of program requirements to transfer requirements;

• provides orientations to the College and general information.

www.cpcc.edu/ican

Reforming Education(presentation adapted for

#FutureEd)

• Who is part of the conversation?

Hyperlinks• http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/History-of-

academic-advising.aspx• http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Core-value

s-of-academic-advising.aspx• www.igs.net/~pballan/• archive.org/details/choosingavocati00parsgoog• www.igs.net/~pballan/C3P1.htm• www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/History-of-acade

mic-advising.aspx• www.deepdyve.com/lp/psycarticles-reg/early-applied-psychology-BUhoHPhOF

T• www.sudoc.abes.fr/xslt//DB=2.1/SET=2/TTL=1/SHW?FRST=2• www.igs.net/~pballan/HAWTH.htm• www.igs.net~Epballan/C4P1.htm• marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/vygotsky/• www.acpa.nche.edu/student-personnel-point-view-1949• dus.psu.edu/mentor/old/articles/991122ml.htm• archive.org/details/choosingavocati00parsgoog• www.cpcc.edu/ican