Hemopoietic System

Spring 2012

FINAL

2

Hemopoietic System

1)

2)

3)

4)

3

Three Types of Blood Cells• ______________

– Red blood cells– Responsible for transferring oxygen and CO2 to &

from various organs in the body

• _______________– White blood cells– Formed within bone marrow– Play an important role in body’s defense system

• _______________– Platelets– Necessary for blood to clot properly

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Erythrocytes

• Very small cells in relation to other blood cells

• Don’t contain a ___________– Live approx _____________

• Individuals with less than 12g per 100ml of blood have anemia

• Contain various ___________ or lack of which determines blood type

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Blood Types

i.This rebuttal has been covered in point number 2 above.

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____________________

• Rejection of cells due to antigens– Can cause immediate shock– Delayed symptoms

• _______________________________– Universal donor (does not have antigens)

• _______________________________– Universal recipient

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________________________

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Pathologies of RBC’s

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Erythrocytes

• http://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/objects/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s03l0101_p1/11s03l0101_p1.html

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Leukocytes

• May be classified as _______&___________– Granular has _________granules and irregular _____– Non-granular does not contain granules & has a

__________nucleus

• Mainly formed in __________& ____________

• Able to move out of capillaries and attack foreign substances

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Leukocytes

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Leukocytes

• http://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/objects/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s04l0101_p1/11s04l0101_p1.html

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Thrombocytes• Necessary for blood to

___________________

• Formed in ____________

• Live for __________ days

• Critical for preventing ___________

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Thrombocytes

• http://coursewareobjects.elsevier.com/objects/mroradpath_v1/mod11/media/11s05l0101_p1/11s05l0101_p1.html

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Lymphatic System

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Lymphocytes

• Most _________________________ blood cells• Most important in the development of ________

• Derived from lymphatic tissue (T) and bone marrow (B)– Both work together to ingest foreign substances and

process the specific foreign antigens– With transplants- these cells along with macrophages

see it as a foreign substance• Try to destroy the foreign antigens resulting in rejection of

graft or organ

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Spleen

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Spleen• Largest ______organ

• Produces ______________and ______________

• Cleanses _______ & lymphocytes to fight infectious blood-borne microorganisms– Removes

_________________

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Anemia

• ______________________________________– Results in improper formation of new RBC’s– Increased rate of RBC destruction– Or a loss of RBC as a result of prolonged bleeding

• Person appears_____________________

• Has muscle weakness, fatigue, & SOB

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Types of Anemia

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

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_______________________

• Most common type

• Results from ___________________________– From an ulcer, malignant tumor, or menorrhagia– Inadequate iron intake– Pregnancy

• Treatment– _________________________________– _________________________________

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________________________

• Shortened life span of the red blood cells with resulting hemolysis and the release of hemoglobin into the plasma

• 3 hereditary defects1)

2)

3)

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____________________

• Hemoglobin molecule is abnormal and RBC’s are __________________– Tend to rupture

• X-ray demonstrates biconcave indentations on both the superior & inferior margins– _____________________

_– _____________________

_

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Thalassemia• Defect in hemoglobin

formation

• Occurs in persons living near Mediterranean Sea

• ___________________

• Extensive hyperplasia

• X-ray demonstrates widening of medullary spaces and thinning of the cortices– _____________________

_______________________

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____________• A deficiency of

______&__________

– Can be from __________, strict vegetarianism & alcoholism

– Leads to defective DNA synthesis

– Decreased number if __________________

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_____________________

• Failure of _________________ to function

• Results in a decrease in RBC’s, leukocytes, and platelets– Cannot _______________ and have a

______________________________

• Causes include exposure to chemical agents, drugs, infections and invasion of bone marrow by cancer

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______________________

• Infiltration of bone marrow by ____,________, &___________________

• Causes cortical thickening and can cause a severe decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets in the bone marrow

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AIDS• It is caused by HIV 1 and HIV 2

• HIV 1 more virulent– Paralyzes the normal immune mechanisms

resulting in severe immunosuppression– In the majority of cases in western hemisphere

• HIV 2– Converts viral RNA to a DNA copy– Each time cell divides retroviral DNA is

duplicated

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HIV and Tissues

• One major sign in the presence of unusual opportunistic infections

• Symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, malaise, joint pain w/in 1-4 weeks of infection

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______________

Contrast enhanced lesions

Will be shown via CT and MRI

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_______________

Most common malignanancyIn AIDS pts

Especially in homosexual malesCo-infected with herpes

Present in 25-30% of AIDS pts

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AIDS

X-rays demonstrate hilarAdenopathy

Nodular pulmonary Infiltrates

Pleural effusion

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Case StudyREVIEW

• _______________

• Chest radiograph of patient with dyspnea, hypoxia, and HIV infection.

• The pattern of diffuse interstitial infiltrates as seen suggests a diagnosis of PCP.

Neoplastic Diseases

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______________

X-ray plays an important role as ____ of cases has bone involvement

X-ray demonstrates ___________withDiscrete punched out _______ lesions

MRI can be useful in early stage

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Multiple Myeloma

• Disease of plasma cells that results in cell proliferation

• Usually confined to _________________

• Forms tumors with weakened bone

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Leukemia

• Neoplastic disease of leukocytes

• May lead to anemia, bleeding & infection

• All forms require destruction of cells through radiation therapy or chemotherapy– Leaves pt severely immunosuppressed– Survival rates depends on complete remission– May bone marrow transplant

• Radiography plays limited role

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LeukemiaAcute

• Quick onset

• May have hemorrhage

• Children primarily– 33% of all cancer deaths

in children under 15

• Without treatment die in 6 months

• Poor differentiated cells

Chronic• Slow onset

• Non specific signs– Fatigue & weakness

• Over age 60 years

• Mature differentiated cells

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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Around aorta and mesentary

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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

• CT of abdomen & pelvis is used to stage disease

• Treatment consists of chemo and/or Rad therapy

• Symptoms vary– Lymphadenopathy

and anemia

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Case study:Hodgkin’s Disease

• CT exams show enlarged retroperitoneal nodes

• NM and MRI can be useful in staring of this disease as well

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Hodgkin’s Disease

Treatment includes RAD therapyAnd chemotherapy

Symptoms include malaise, fever,Anorexia, enlarged lymph nodes

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Infectious Mononucleosis

• Viral disease

• Often associated with Epstein Barr syndrome

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Infectious Mononucleosis

X-rays can demonstrate this by Demonstrating _______________&____________________________

Hilar lymph node enlargement bilateral

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Hemophilia

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Hemophilia

• Inherited anomaly of ____________________ that only affects males

• X-ray demonstrates recurrent bleeding in _____– Most commonly ______,______, &_____________– Soft tissue prominence– Synovial hypertrophy– Causes destruction of bone leading to segments of

severe osteoporosis

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Hemophilia

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Imaging Considerations

• X-ray plays a limited role– Except in cases of multiple myeloma, some types of

leukemia and AIDS

• CT is valuable in determining lymph node involvement of neoplastic disease

• CT and MRI of brain can assist in diagnosis and treatment of CNS problems associated with HIV

• MRI useful in diseases of the blood marrow