hepato-biliary imaging by - ssr egypt · 2014-05-04 · 8% of all hepatic tumours 2nd most common...
TRANSCRIPT
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HEPATO-BILIARY IMAGING
BY MAMDOUH MAHFOUZ MD
PROF.OF RADIOLOGY
CAIRO UNIVERSITY
www.ssregypt.com
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Indications
Patient preparation Fasting 4-6 hours
Patient position Supine
Scanogram Frontal
• To assess equivocal imaging findings
• Staging of hepatic neoplasms
• Metastatic workup of primary malignancies
• Diagnosis of diffuse hepatic diseases
• Assessment of biliary problems
• Assessment of suspected post-traumatic injury
CT ABDOMEN
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CT ABDOMEN
Indications
Patient preparation Fasting 4-6 hours
Patient position Supine
Scanogram Frontal
No required preparation unless the patient is going to be sedated
or injected with contrast material
FASTING FOR 4 - 6 HOURS
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Scanning techniques
Standard Examination
Spiral, Helical, volumetric CT
Multi-Detector, Multi-Slice CT
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Normal pulmonary vascularity
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Detailed examination of the Superior Mesenteric Artery and Celiac Artery. Scan time = 9.4 seconds. 1mm slice thickness
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Non- contrast Study
The inherent difference between attenuation value
of normal liver parenchyma and most of the lesions is low
Old indications for NCCT
Hypervascular metastases
Quantification of liver iron in cases of hemochromatosis
Detection of confluent fibrosis in cirrhotic liver
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Value of precontrast study
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Hypervascular deposits
Arterial phase
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Single phase CECT
80% of hepatic parenchymal blood flow is supplied by portal vein
Lesions are detected in the portal phase of enhancement [60 seconds
after bolus contrast injection]
Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Dual- phase CECT
Scanning the liver twice with a single contrast bolus
Arterial phase [the 1st 20-30 seconds of contrast injection]
20%of liver parenchymal blood flow comes from the hepatic artery
Most of hepatic tumours receive their main blood supply from the hepatic artery
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CT Portal venography in a
56Y Male with portal vein
thrombosis
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LS
MS
AS
PS
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Hepatic pathology
Focal lesions
Cystic
Solid
Mixed
Diffuse lesions
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Judgment is based only on either
Contrast enhanced CT
Contrast enhanced MRI
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Hepatic cysts Congenital lesions but detected late
Isolated or associated with congenital cystic disease
Usually asymptomatic
Complications [ rupture or hage ] lead to symptoms
Few mms to several cms in size
Cystic lesions of the liver
Hepatic cysts
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Hepatic cysts Typical cyst criteria Sharply defined margin
Paper-thin wall
Clear water contents 0-15 HU
Absent
Septations
Calcification
Enhancement
Mural nodules
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Cystic lesions of the liver
Liver abscess [Pyogenic]
Frequently indolent with no signs of infection
May present with profound septicemia
Microabscesses (>2cm) cluster or widely scattered
Macroabscesses :Hypo dense lesion, unilocular or multilocular
Marginal enhancement 6% ?!
Gas containing abscesses uncommon
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Gas containing hepatic abscess
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Multiple Pyogenic hepatic abscesses
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Cystic lesions of the liver
Liver abscess [Amebic ] Entameoba Histolytica 10% world wide
Patients are more often acutely ill
Single or multiple near the liver capsule
Enhancing wall is evident with peripheral zone of edema [ Common findings in amebic abscess]
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Amebic abscess
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Benign lesions of the liver
Hemangioma
20% of hepatic tumours
The most common benign liver tumour
85% are asymptomatic Female: male = 5:1
50% are multiple
Giant hemangioma 6-10 cm in diameter
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Hemangioma with central area of fibrosis
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Hemangioma
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Hemangioma
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Giant hemangioma
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Cystic lesions of the liver
Echinococcal disease [Hydatid cyst]
• Larval stage of E. granulosus
• Well defined unilocular or multilocular cyst
• Central and peripheral calcification
• Daughter cysts can be inside the large cyst
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Hydatid cyst
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Hydatid cyst
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Hydatid cyst
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Cystic lesions of the liver
CT FEATURES TO DIGNOSE HYDATED CYST
• Other cysts specially in the lung
• Unilocular or multilocular cyst with
marginal calcification
• Internal floating shadows
• Daughter cysts within the large cyst
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35Y Male patient with lung
cancer suspected to have liver
deposits by US
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Rare cystic lesions
Biliary cystadenoma / carcinoma
Cystic deposits
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Biliary cystadenoma , cystadeno carcinoma
90% occur intrahypatic
• With ovarian stroma [seen in females+ good prognosis]
• Without ovarian stroma [males and females + bad prognosis]
Large [3 – 40 cm] cystic multilocular tumour with mural nodularities [seen better by US]
Distinction between cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma may not be possible by imaging and is not clinically critical, both will be excised
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Biliary cystadenoma
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Biliary cystadenoma
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Malignant Hepatic Lesions
Hepatocellular carcinoma
The most common primary malignant hepatic neoplasms
3rd – 4th decades
male: female 8:1
80% of HCC occur in cirrhotic liver
Serum AFP and ultrasound [screening]
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Single or multiple masses that are hypo dense to normal liver
Calcification may be seen
After contrast injection [ better triphasic study]
• Arterial phase heterogeneously enhancing lesion with hypo dense capsule
• Portal phase hypo dense lesion
CT
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
CT [arterial phase]
Detects a greater number of HCC than usual scanning
Detects intravascular thrombosis [ portal vein]
Better delineation of tumour capsule in capsulated lesions
Detects early arteriovenous shunting [ sign of malignancy]
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Poorly differentiated Hepatocellular carcinoma
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HCC
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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M 49Y with elevated AFP
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M 59 Y with liver cirhhosis , splenomegaly and suspected focal lesion on US
Arterial
Portal
Delayed
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Hepatoblastoma
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Malignant Hepatic Lesions
Cholangiocarcinoma
The 2nd most common primary malignant tumour
Arise from bile duct epithelium [ 3 TYPES ]
Intrahepatic tumour arised from small peripheral ducts
Or the major ducts near the helium
Orat the bifurcation of the common hepatic ducts [ Klatskin tumour]
HCC: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma = 10:1
No strong association between the lesion and cirrhosis
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Cholangiocarcinoma
CT
Hypo dense lesion that shows heterogenous enhancement
Portal vein invasion is rarely seen
Small dilated ducts around the lesion may be seen
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Cholangio carcinoma
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Lymphoma
Primary hepatic lymphoma is rare compared to the 2ry type
AIDS and organ transplant patients have an increased risk
Non specific CT and MR appearance
Diffuse hepatic lymphoma hypo dense liver similar to fatty infiltration
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Lymphoma
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Lymphoma
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Hepatic deposits
Liver is the 2nd most common site for deposits after nodes
30% - 70% of patients who die of cancer have liver deposits
CT
NCCT hypodense lesions ,calcification in mucin producing metastases
CECT Dynamic bolus contrast injection with helical scanning in
a single breath hold of 15-30 seconds
Single phase
Dual phase
Triphasic study
CTHA & CTAP
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Contrast enhanced CT
Single phase [portal phase]
Maximal enhancement of liver tissue 150ml. Pump injector 3ml/sec delay time 70
sec
Dual phase [arterial & portal phase]
150ml. Pump injector 4ml/sec delay time 25/60 sec
CTHA Selective enhancement of tumour
CTAP Selective enhancement of liver tissue
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Hepatic deposits
Most of hepatic deposits are hypovascular
Hepatic neoplasms receive most of their blood supply via hepatic artery
Hypervascular deposits should be assessed by dual phase CT or dynamic MRI
At present CTAP and intra operative US are the most sensitive methods for detection of hepatic deposits
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Hyper vascular deposits
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Hepatic deposits
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M 54Y with liver deposits and cyst portal
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Calcified hepatic metastases in a patient with mucinous adenocarcinoma of the colon
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Multiple discrete hepatic metastases
From segmoid cancer
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M 83Y with abdominal pain , US showed 2 focal hepatic lesions
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36Y Male with testicular tumor evaluated postoperatively
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Benign solid lesions of the liver
Rare lesions
Hepatic adenoma
Focal nodular hyperplasia [ FNH ]
Angiomyolipoma Fat containing lesion occurs in
patients with tuberous sclerosis where other lesions are present in the kidney
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Focal nodular hyperplasia FNH
8% of all hepatic tumours
2nd most common benign hepatic tumour after hemangioma
80%- 90% in women 3rd – 5th decades
80%- 90% are solitary lesions <5cm in diameter
Central fibrous scar is a characteristic feature
Focal nodular hyperplasia
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Focal nodular hyperplasia FNH
Precontrast CT iso or hypodense lesion
Arterial phase CT Marked enhancement
Focal nodular hyperplasia dual phase helical CT
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Hepatocellular adenoma
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سبحانك اللهم و بحمدك نشهد ان ال اله اال انت نستغفرك و نتوب اليك
Thank you