herbicide mode of action (.pdf)
TRANSCRIPT
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Herbicide Mode of Action
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Herbicide Mode of Action
How a herbicide worksUse herbicides more efficiently
Recognize and diagnose injury problems
Herbicide resistance management
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Herbicide –Plant Interactions
Absorption
Translocation
Metabolism
Mechanism of Action
Physiological response
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Requirements for Herbicide Activity
Contact with the target weed
Absorption into the plant
Accumulation of toxic levels at the site of action
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Herbicide Selectivity
Differential response of plant species to a herbicide
Selective
Nonselective
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Herbicide SelectivityApplication RateHerbicide PlacementSpray RetentionDifferential AbsorptionDifferential TranslocationMetabolismAltered Site of Action (Herbicide Resistance)
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Absorption of Soil-Applied Herbicides
Roots
Shoots
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Absorption of PostemergenceHerbicides
Leaf surface coverageLeaf surface propertiesHerbicide-spray propertiesTemperatureHumidityPlant Vigor
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Herbicide MetabolismChemical transformations of a herbicide in a plantMetabolism generally results in detoxification of a herbicide, but also can increase the toxicity of a herbicide
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Altered Site of ActionInability of a herbicide to bind to the site of action due to a genetic and conformational difference at the binding site compared to susceptible biotypes.
Herbicide Resistance
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Modified Site of Action
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Triazine Resistant Palmer Amaranth
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Herbicide Cross ResistanceWeed resistance to different herbicides that have the same mode of action.ALS herbicides
SulfonylureasImidazolinonesTriazolopyrimidines
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ALS Cross Resistant Cocklebur
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Herbicide Multiple Resistance
Weed biotypes with resistance to herbicides having different modes of action.Examples: kochia and pigweeds that are resistant to both triazine and ALS inhibiting herbicides.
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ALS & Triazine Resistant Waterhemp
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Herbicide Translocation
Movement of the herbicide inside the plant
Contact herbicides: not translocated
Systemic herbicides: translocatedPhloem translocated
Xylem translocated
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Herbicide TranslocationPhloem Translocated:RoundupPoast
Foliar Contact: ParaquatCobraBuctrilBasagran
Xylem Translocated:
Phloem & XylemTranslocated:
2,4-DBanvelTordonGleanPursuit
XylemPhloem
Atrazine, Command, Balance
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Contact vs. Systemic Herbicides
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Timing Effects on Annual Weed Control
Emergence Seedling Vegetative Flowering MaturityGrowth Stage
Wee
d C
ontr
ol
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Timing Effects on Perennial Weed Control
Dormancy Vegetative Bud Flowering Maturity Fall
Growth Stage
Wee
d C
ontr
ol
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Herbicide Mechanisms of ActionPlant Growth RegulatorsSeedling Growth InhibitorsPhotosynthetic InhibitorsCell Membrane DisruptorsAmino Acid Synthesis InhibitorsLipid Synthesis InhibitorsNitrogen Metabolism InhibitorsPigment Inhibitors
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Plant Growth RegulatorsPhenoxies: 2,4-D, MCPA,
2,4-DB , etc.Benzoic Acids: Banvel, Clarity, DistinctPyridines: Tordon, Remedy,
Crossbow, Stinger, Starane
Quinolines: Paramount
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Puckered Soybean leaves from Tordon
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Tordon Runoff into Soybean Field
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2,4-D on Grain Sorghum
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2,4-D Damage to Corn Brace Roots
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Fall applied 2,4-D on Wheat
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Late Application of Banvel + 2,4-D on Wheat
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Late Application of Paramount on Giant Foxtail
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Growth Regulator Use Concerns
Drift and injury to nontarget plants
Carryover: Tordon
Groundwater Contamination: Tordon
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Seedling Growth Inhibitors
Thiocarbamates: Sutan, Eradicane, Eptam, Fargo
Acetanilides: Lasso, Partner, Dual Magnum, Outlook,
Harness, Surpass, Axiom, Ramrod
Dinitroanilines: Treflan, Prowl, Balan, Sonalan
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Acetamides(Lasso, Dual, Outlook, Harness, Surpass, Define, Ramrod)
Applied preemergence or with shallow incorporationDisrupts cell development in emerging shoot (coleoptile) during germination and emergence
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Acetamide Injury to Soybeans
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Acetamide Injury to Grain Sorghum
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Safened and Unsafened Sorghum treated with Dual
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Dinitroanalines(Treflan, Prowl, Balan, Sonalan)
Generally incorporated to mix the herbicide into the soil and reduce photodecomposition and volatility losses
Inhibits cell division (mitosis)
Active on emerging shoot and the root tips
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Treflan Damage to Corn Roots
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Swollen hypocotyls and Poor Root Development from Treflan
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Brittle Stems and Lodging from Prowl Damage
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Photosynthetic InhibitorsTriazines: Atrazine, Sencor, Lexone,
Bladex, Princep, VelparPhenylureas: Lorox, Karmex, SpikeUracils: Sinbar, HyvarNitriles: BuctrilPyridazines: ToughBenzothiadiazones: Basagran
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Atrazine Carryover on Wheat
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Triazine Injury to Soybeans
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Cell Membrane Disruptors
Photosystem I Inhibitors:Dipyridiliums - Gramoxone Extra, Diquat
PPO Inhibitors:
Diphenylethers - Blazer, Cobra, Flexstar
Triazolinones - Aim, Authority, Spartan
Phenylthalimides - Resource
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Cell Membrane Disruptors(Paraquat, Cobra, Blazer, Authority)
Contact herbicides - thorough spray coverage and small weeds essential for good weed control
Light activated herbicides that quickly destroy cell membranes, resulting in “leaf burn” type symptom
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Cobra Burn on Soybeans
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Rapid Burn Activity of Cobra
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Aim Injury on Sorghum Leaves
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Amino Acid Synthesis InhibitorsALS inhibitors
Sulfonylureas: Glean, Amber, Ally, PeakFinesse, Classic, Pinnacle,
Synchrony STS, Accent, Beacon, Exceed, Permit
Imidazolinones: Scepter, Pursuit, Lightning, Raptor
Triazolopyrimidines: Broadstrike, Python, FirstRate
ESPS inhibitors:Roundup, Touchdown
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ALS Inhibitors(Glean, Peak, Accent, Pursuit, Python, etc.)
Absorbed through both roots and shoots and readily
translocated in both xylem and phloem
Inhibits the Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) enzyme
responsible for the production of branched chain amino
acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine
Quick development of herbicide resistance
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Chlorosis of New Growth from Glean on Tansy Mustard
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ALS Injury to Soybeans
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Peak Carryover Injury to Soybeans
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Basis Injury to Corn Following Cold Weather
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Bottle-brushing of Roots from ALS herbicide Carryover on Corn
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EPSP Inhibitors(Glyphosate)
Tightly adsorbed and inactive in soil
Phloem translocated
Inhibits EPSP enzyme responsible for production of aromatic amino acids phenylalinine, tyrosine and tryptophan
Very nontoxic
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Gradual Death from Roundup Treatment
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Genetically Engineered Roundup Ready Corn
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Roundup Drift Damage to Corn
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Chlorotic Roundup Ready Soybeans from Late Treatment
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Nitrogen Metabolism Inhibitor(Liberty, Ignite 280)
Inhibits glutamine synthetase enzyme involved with nitrogen metabolism
Limited translocation
No soil activity
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Non Liberty Link Corn Treated with Liberty
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Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors
Postemergence grass control herbicides
Cyclohexanediones (Dims):Poast, Poast Plus, Select
Aryloxyphenoxypropionates (Fops):Assure, Fusilade, Fusion, Option
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Corn Treated with Poast Plus
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“Rotten Neck” symptom from Post Grass Herbicides
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Drift Damage on Corn from Post Grass Herbicide
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Drought Stress Effect on Poast Herbicide Activity
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Pigment Inhibitors(Command, Balance, Callisto,
Impact, Laudis, Huskie)Absorbed through roots and shoots, but translocated only in the xylemPrevents synthesis of pigments that protect chlorophylFoliage turns white and appears bleached
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Bleached Crabgrass from Balance Treatment
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Balance Injury to Corn with Cold Wet Conditions
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Command Carryover Injury to Double Cropped Wheat
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Command Carryover Injury to Oats
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K StateResearch and Extension