Herd Health Management

Equine Science IIEquine Science II

Know Your Equine

1.1. The equine should be in good body The equine should be in good body condition and move freelycondition and move freely

2.2. Normal vital signs may vary from one Normal vital signs may vary from one equine to anotherequine to another

3.3. Determine normal vital sign when the Determine normal vital sign when the equine is at rest.equine is at rest.

4.4. Recognize changesRecognize changes

a.a. Loss of appetite is one of the Loss of appetite is one of the first warnings that something first warnings that something is wrong.is wrong.

b.b. Observe changes in the color, Observe changes in the color, texture, amount, etc. of texture, amount, etc. of manure.manure.

c.c. Dullness of eyes and coat, a Dullness of eyes and coat, a runny nose or a persistent runny nose or a persistent cough can all be indications cough can all be indications that something is wrong.that something is wrong.

Respiration

1.1. The normal rate an equine breathes while The normal rate an equine breathes while at rest is 8-16 breaths per minute.at rest is 8-16 breaths per minute.

a.a. Any kind of distress or activity Any kind of distress or activity increases a equine’s respiration rate.increases a equine’s respiration rate.

b.b. When respiration rate exceeds the heart When respiration rate exceeds the heart rate, the equine has a serious problem. rate, the equine has a serious problem. Normally the heart beat about four Normally the heart beat about four times per breath the equine takes.times per breath the equine takes.

2.2. Respiration rate can be determined Respiration rate can be determined without special equipment by:without special equipment by:

a.a. Counting the number of times the flanks Counting the number of times the flanks move in and out per minute. (Flanks move in and out per minute. (Flanks move in and out with each breath).move in and out with each breath).

b.b. Counting the number of times the Counting the number of times the nostrils flare and contract per minute. nostrils flare and contract per minute. (the nostrils flare and contract with each (the nostrils flare and contract with each breath.)breath.)

c.c. Holding the hand in front of the nostrils Holding the hand in front of the nostrils to feel the breaths that the equine takes to feel the breaths that the equine takes may also help.may also help.

Temperature

1.1. The normal temperature range is 99.5-The normal temperature range is 99.5-101.5 degrees F.101.5 degrees F.

a.a. 102 degrees F is a mild fever, 104 102 degrees F is a mild fever, 104 degrees F is moderate and 106 degrees degrees F is moderate and 106 degrees F is a high feverF is a high fever

b.b. The chance for recovery by an equine The chance for recovery by an equine with a high temperature is low.with a high temperature is low.

2.2. Rest equine with a 102 degree F Rest equine with a 102 degree F temperature and call a veterinarian when temperature and call a veterinarian when the temperature rises to 103 degrees.the temperature rises to 103 degrees.

3.3. Use a veterinary thermometer to check a Use a veterinary thermometer to check a equine’s temperature.equine’s temperature.

a.a. Always take the equine’s temperature Always take the equine’s temperature rectally.rectally.

b.b. Allow three minutes for accurate Allow three minutes for accurate readingreading

c.c. Use the string attached to the Use the string attached to the thermometer to secure and retrieve.thermometer to secure and retrieve.

d.d. Inserting the thermometer full length Inserting the thermometer full length helps prevent breakinghelps prevent breaking

4.4. Procedure for taking equine’s Procedure for taking equine’s temperature:temperature:

Shake the mercury down to the 95-97 Shake the mercury down to the 95-97 degree range.degree range.

Dip the bulb of the thermometer, bulb first, Dip the bulb of the thermometer, bulb first, full length into the rectumfull length into the rectum

Fasten the thermometer to the equine’s tail Fasten the thermometer to the equine’s tail using the clip-on string.using the clip-on string.

Remove after 3 minutes, read and then Remove after 3 minutes, read and then wash the thermometer with soap and cool wash the thermometer with soap and cool waterwater

Finally, dip the thermometer in a Finally, dip the thermometer in a disinfectant solution and rinse it againdisinfectant solution and rinse it again

Heart Rate

1.1. Normal heart rate variesNormal heart rate varies Adult: 28-40 beats per Adult: 28-40 beats per

minuteminute Newborn foal: 80-120Newborn foal: 80-120 Older foals: 60-80Older foals: 60-80 Yearlings: 40-60Yearlings: 40-60

2.2. Establish the normal rate for the equine by Establish the normal rate for the equine by checking the rate when the horse is calm, cool, checking the rate when the horse is calm, cool, and relaxed.and relaxed.

The heart rate may have to be checked several The heart rate may have to be checked several times to identify a comfortable range for the times to identify a comfortable range for the normal ratenormal rate

An ill equine may have a heart rate from 80-An ill equine may have a heart rate from 80-120 beats per minute for long periods120 beats per minute for long periods

3.3. Determine a equine’s heart rate by Determine a equine’s heart rate by counting the pulse for 30 seconds and counting the pulse for 30 seconds and multiplying by 2multiplying by 2

a.a. Locate an artery at one of the following Locate an artery at one of the following pointspoints

Lower jawLower jaw The cheek 4” below eyeThe cheek 4” below eye Under the tail close to the Under the tail close to the

bodybody Inside forelegInside foreleg Inside left elbowInside left elbow Against chest wallAgainst chest wall Behind the kneeBehind the knee Inside or outside of the Inside or outside of the

pasternpastern

b.b. Press the fingers against an artery and Press the fingers against an artery and count each throb.count each throb.

c.c. Use a stethoscope just behind the Use a stethoscope just behind the equine’s left elbowequine’s left elbow

Why First Aid

The nature of equine makes them accident-The nature of equine makes them accident-prone and they are subject to:prone and they are subject to: Kicks or bites from other horses, falls and Kicks or bites from other horses, falls and

injuries sustained by running through or injuries sustained by running through or over obstructions when frightenedover obstructions when frightened

Equines are naturally Equines are naturally curious and may be curious and may be injured as a result of injured as a result of pawing objects or sticking pawing objects or sticking their heads through holes their heads through holes in fences or stall walls.in fences or stall walls.

Equines may develop unsoundness from Equines may develop unsoundness from injuries because of stress and strain to injuries because of stress and strain to tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones, etc. and tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones, etc. and are caused by:are caused by: Overworking or over exercise from Overworking or over exercise from

trainers, riders, etc.trainers, riders, etc. Improper exercise (too little followed by Improper exercise (too little followed by

too much)too much)

First aid measure are needed for open First aid measure are needed for open wounds so that:wounds so that: Excessive bleeding which can result in Excessive bleeding which can result in

death is controlled. (Some controlled death is controlled. (Some controlled bleeding is good because it helps flush bleeding is good because it helps flush the wound of contaminated material)the wound of contaminated material)

The contaminated The contaminated wound becomes a wound becomes a clean wound.clean wound.

The wound heals The wound heals rapidlyrapidly

Other reasons for first Other reasons for first aid treatment include aid treatment include reducing pain, calming reducing pain, calming the animal until a the animal until a veterinarian can arrive, veterinarian can arrive, and preventing further and preventing further injury.injury.

Common First Aid Treatments

a.a. Abrasions (skin scrapes) are superficial Abrasions (skin scrapes) are superficial wounds caused by falls or tack and are wounds caused by falls or tack and are treated by gently and thorough washing treated by gently and thorough washing of the area with lukewarm water or a of the area with lukewarm water or a saline solution and when possible saline solution and when possible applying a light bandage.applying a light bandage.

Wounds

b.b. Equine who suffer wounds more Equine who suffer wounds more serious than abrasions or superficial serious than abrasions or superficial cuts must be treated by a cuts must be treated by a veterinarian, but first aid used for all veterinarian, but first aid used for all open wound should be used until a open wound should be used until a vet arrives.vet arrives.

1.1. Move the equine to a quiet area Move the equine to a quiet area and calm it down.and calm it down.

2.2. Hose the wounded area to remove dirt, clay Hose the wounded area to remove dirt, clay and other contaminants. (Excessive and other contaminants. (Excessive pressure may force foreign materials pressure may force foreign materials deeper into the wound.deeper into the wound.

3.3. Clean the wounded area with either saline Clean the wounded area with either saline solution (1 tsp of salt in 1 pint boiled water solution (1 tsp of salt in 1 pint boiled water is .84% salt solution) or diluted solution of is .84% salt solution) or diluted solution of mild skin antiseptic in warm water (1% mild skin antiseptic in warm water (1% iodine-based washes such as Povidone iodine-based washes such as Povidone Iodine or Chorhexidine)Iodine or Chorhexidine)

4.4. Remove foreign objects from puncture Remove foreign objects from puncture wounds and apply a poultice to draw out wounds and apply a poultice to draw out contaminating materials and keep the contaminating materials and keep the wound openwound open

5.5. Applying firm, direct pressure with a Applying firm, direct pressure with a sterile pad to the wound and holding it in sterile pad to the wound and holding it in place to control arterial bleeding (spurts place to control arterial bleeding (spurts our of the wound and is bright red). our of the wound and is bright red). Reconstituted cellulose and absorbable Reconstituted cellulose and absorbable gelatin sponges help blood clot and may be gelatin sponges help blood clot and may be left in the wound since they are absorbed left in the wound since they are absorbed by the body.by the body.

Lameness

a.a. Check each hoof for any foreign object Check each hoof for any foreign object lodged in the sole or frog, remove the lodged in the sole or frog, remove the object and observe the equine for signs of object and observe the equine for signs of lameness and rest the equine.lameness and rest the equine.

b.b. First aid treatment for closed wounds, First aid treatment for closed wounds, injuries or swelling include:injuries or swelling include:

1.1. Application of cold is a common first Application of cold is a common first aid treatment because it reduces pain, aid treatment because it reduces pain, swelling, bleeding and inflammationswelling, bleeding and inflammation

2.2. Cold treatment should not continue Cold treatment should not continue past the first 24-48 hourspast the first 24-48 hours

3.3. Apply cold treatment for 20-30 Apply cold treatment for 20-30 minutes and then wait one hour before minutes and then wait one hour before starting another 30 minute treatmentstarting another 30 minute treatment

Bruises and Fractures

a.a. Call a veterinarianCall a veterinarian

b.b. If leg fracture is suspected, If leg fracture is suspected, immobilize the leg with a immobilize the leg with a pillow held in place as tightly pillow held in place as tightly as possible by wrapping as possible by wrapping bandages tightly around the bandages tightly around the pillow and leg.pillow and leg.

Strains and Sprains

a.a. Muscle strains/sprains to tendons and Muscle strains/sprains to tendons and ligaments may be treated with an alcohol ligaments may be treated with an alcohol rub or linimentrub or liniment

b.b. After the application of liniment, the After the application of liniment, the owner or caretaker should wrap the owner or caretaker should wrap the horse’s legs in rest bandages.horse’s legs in rest bandages.

Bandages used for wounds, sprains and support1.1. Bandages may protect a wound from Bandages may protect a wound from

dirt, decrease movement of the dirt, decrease movement of the wounded or affected area, allow faster wounded or affected area, allow faster healing, cover medications, minimize healing, cover medications, minimize swelling and provided support.swelling and provided support.

a.a. Bandages consist of padding Bandages consist of padding material and an adhesive, elastic or material and an adhesive, elastic or not-elastic wrapnot-elastic wrap

b.b. Vet rap is a self-adhering, elastic bandage Vet rap is a self-adhering, elastic bandage with contouring qualities which can make with contouring qualities which can make it useful for bandaging difficult areas, it useful for bandaging difficult areas, pressure bandages and ice packspressure bandages and ice packs

2.2. A stable bandage extends from below the knee A stable bandage extends from below the knee or hock to the fetlock and is used to support the or hock to the fetlock and is used to support the lower leg: support the leg opposite an injured lower leg: support the leg opposite an injured leg: or for wounds. Apply a stable bandage by:leg: or for wounds. Apply a stable bandage by:

a.a. Wrapping padding snugly around the leg Wrapping padding snugly around the leg from just below the joint to below the fetlock from just below the joint to below the fetlock and cover with wrapping flannel or knit wrap and cover with wrapping flannel or knit wrap starting near the middle of the cannon bone.starting near the middle of the cannon bone.

b.b. Tuck the end of the wrap under the edge Tuck the end of the wrap under the edge of the padding, and wrap once around the of the padding, and wrap once around the leg to just below the fetlock joint.leg to just below the fetlock joint.

c.c. The bandage should wrap below the back The bandage should wrap below the back of the joint but rise higher in front, of the joint but rise higher in front, causing an upside down “V” on the front causing an upside down “V” on the front of the joint.of the joint.

3.3. Cold water bandages are used to apply Cold water bandages are used to apply cold pressure to cool a warm strained leg. cold pressure to cool a warm strained leg. Apply a cold-water bandage by applying Apply a cold-water bandage by applying cold water to the leg or soaking padding in cold water to the leg or soaking padding in ice water and applying padding directly to ice water and applying padding directly to the leg without wringing it out.the leg without wringing it out.

a.a. Wrap the padding snugly Wrap the padding snugly with a knit leg wrap. with a knit leg wrap.

b.b. Run cold water over the Run cold water over the bandage frequently and do bandage frequently and do not let the bandage dry outnot let the bandage dry out

4.4. Bandages should be changed when they Bandages should be changed when they are no longer functional; the leg is swollen are no longer functional; the leg is swollen above or below the bandage; the equine above or below the bandage; the equine shows signs of pain; the bandage slips out shows signs of pain; the bandage slips out of position or the bandage becomes dirty.of position or the bandage becomes dirty.

Hoof Anatomy

1.1. Parts of a horse’s footParts of a horse’s foot

a.a. The hoof wall is a horny substance made of The hoof wall is a horny substance made of parallel fibers protected by a varnish-like parallel fibers protected by a varnish-like coating called periople that also holds coating called periople that also holds moisture in the hoof. moisture in the hoof.

The hoof wall functions to: provide a The hoof wall functions to: provide a weight bearing surface, protect the internal weight bearing surface, protect the internal structure of the foot and maintain moisture structure of the foot and maintain moisture in the foot. in the foot.

b.b. The coronet, or coronary band is an area The coronet, or coronary band is an area directly above the hoof wall that serves as directly above the hoof wall that serves as the source of growth for the hoof wall.the source of growth for the hoof wall.

c.c. The pastern- The part of the horse’s leg The pastern- The part of the horse’s leg between the fetlock and the coronet that between the fetlock and the coronet that affects the stride of the horse.affects the stride of the horse.

d.d. The sole of the foot is a horny substance The sole of the foot is a horny substance that protects the sensitive inner portions.that protects the sensitive inner portions.

e.e. The frog is a triangular shaped formation The frog is a triangular shaped formation in the sole of an equine’s foot. The frog of in the sole of an equine’s foot. The frog of a healthy hoof must remain elastic as it a healthy hoof must remain elastic as it acts like a shock absorber.acts like a shock absorber.

2.2. The hoof is designed to change shape The hoof is designed to change shape when weight is applied. As weight is when weight is applied. As weight is applied the sole flattens and the hoof applied the sole flattens and the hoof expands laterally at the heel.expands laterally at the heel.

Growth of the Hoof1.1. The growth rate of the hoof is about 3/8” The growth rate of the hoof is about 3/8”

per month depending on exercise and per month depending on exercise and general health of the equine.general health of the equine.

a.a. Hind hooves grow faster than front Hind hooves grow faster than front hooves because they have less weight hooves because they have less weight to rise.to rise.

b.b. Unshod hooves grow faster than shod Unshod hooves grow faster than shod because the nails and shoe of a shod because the nails and shoe of a shod hoof limits movement.hoof limits movement.

c.c. The hooves of mares and geldings The hooves of mares and geldings grow faster than stallions because they grow faster than stallions because they get more exercise than stallions.get more exercise than stallions.

2.2. The hoof grows at a 45-55 degree angle The hoof grows at a 45-55 degree angle with the ground.with the ground.

Important Points in Foot Care

1.1. Foot care is often neglected as a horse Foot care is often neglected as a horse management practice. Foot care includesmanagement practice. Foot care includes

a.a. Routine cleaning with a pick. Pick from Routine cleaning with a pick. Pick from the heel to the toe of the foot to prevent the heel to the toe of the foot to prevent injury.injury.

b.b. Trimming the hooves every 4-6 weeks Trimming the hooves every 4-6 weeks so they retain proper shape and length.so they retain proper shape and length.

c.c. Correcting minor imperfections by Correcting minor imperfections by trimming such as splayfoot, toed in and trimming such as splayfoot, toed in and toed out.toed out.

d.d. Treatment of foot diseases and injuries. Treatment of foot diseases and injuries. Thrush is a bacterial infection that Thrush is a bacterial infection that penetrates the frog, making it soft and penetrates the frog, making it soft and mushy. Thrush is related to lack of mushy. Thrush is related to lack of cleaning. Wet conditions cause rapid cleaning. Wet conditions cause rapid drying out of the horse’s foot.drying out of the horse’s foot.

Reasons for Shoeing

1.1. Protect the hooves from excessive wear.Protect the hooves from excessive wear.

2.2. Provide better traction.Provide better traction.

3.3. Help correct defects of stance or gait such Help correct defects of stance or gait such as forging.as forging.

4.4. Help cure diseased or defected hooves Help cure diseased or defected hooves such as inflamed tendons.such as inflamed tendons.

5.5. Shoes can provide relief from the pain of Shoes can provide relief from the pain of injured parts such as bruised soles and injured parts such as bruised soles and hoof wall cracks.hoof wall cracks.

6.6. Shoes do not make walking easier; shoes Shoes do not make walking easier; shoes do not improve agility; shoes do increase do not improve agility; shoes do increase shock and road concussion and nail holes shock and road concussion and nail holes made in attaching shoes weaken the hoof made in attaching shoes weaken the hoof wall, may cause separation and may wall, may cause separation and may provide entry for infectionprovide entry for infection

7.7. A proper fitting shoe should follow A proper fitting shoe should follow closely the outline of the trimmed hoof at closely the outline of the trimmed hoof at the toe and around the wall to the bend of the toe and around the wall to the bend of the quarter. Then it should widen the quarter. Then it should widen gradually until it extends laterally 1/8” gradually until it extends laterally 1/8” beyond the hoof wall at the heel. This beyond the hoof wall at the heel. This provides support for the expanded hoof provides support for the expanded hoof when the horse places weight on the shod when the horse places weight on the shod foot.foot.

8.8. The branch of a properly fitted shoe The branch of a properly fitted shoe should not project beyond the upper part should not project beyond the upper part of the hoof at the heel.of the hoof at the heel.

9.9. The last nail should be placed on the The last nail should be placed on the widest part of the hoof. Placing the nail widest part of the hoof. Placing the nail too far to the rear hinders the lateral too far to the rear hinders the lateral expansion of the foot at the heel.expansion of the foot at the heel.

Common Dental Problems

1.1. A common problem is painful sores in the A common problem is painful sores in the equine’s mouth as a result of sharp edges equine’s mouth as a result of sharp edges of hooks on the molars caused when the of hooks on the molars caused when the equine’s molars do not meet evenly.equine’s molars do not meet evenly.

2.2. Wolf teeth (one to four small teeth that Wolf teeth (one to four small teeth that may develop in front of the molars) can may develop in front of the molars) can cause “bit” problems.cause “bit” problems.

3.3. Canine teeth on older equine can get too Canine teeth on older equine can get too long, hit the opposite gum and cause long, hit the opposite gum and cause sores.sores.

4.4. Temporary teeth (caps) that fail to fall Temporary teeth (caps) that fail to fall out may stick to the equine’s gums while out may stick to the equine’s gums while the permanent teeth are coming in and the permanent teeth are coming in and can make chewing difficult.can make chewing difficult.

5.5. Parrot mouth is a common problem that Parrot mouth is a common problem that results when the lower jaw is too short and results when the lower jaw is too short and affects the equine’s ability to graze.affects the equine’s ability to graze.

6.6. Chipped or broken incisors may result Chipped or broken incisors may result from the bad habit of cribbing.from the bad habit of cribbing.

a.a. Cribbing a bad habit of equines living Cribbing a bad habit of equines living in stalls that results from boredom.in stalls that results from boredom.

b.b. Cribbing occurs when an equine grabs Cribbing occurs when an equine grabs objects with their teeth, arch their necks objects with their teeth, arch their necks and swallow air.and swallow air.

Recognizing Dental Problems

1.1. Observe the equine while it is eating to Observe the equine while it is eating to learn if it has problems chewing. Signs learn if it has problems chewing. Signs are:are:

The equine moves food around it its The equine moves food around it its mouth a lot prior to swallowing and mouth a lot prior to swallowing and food falls from the horse’s mouth as it food falls from the horse’s mouth as it eats.eats.

The equine refuses to eatThe equine refuses to eat

2.2. Make an examination of the equine's Make an examination of the equine's mouth by:mouth by:

Grasping the equine’s lower jaw with Grasping the equine’s lower jaw with one hand to open the mouth.one hand to open the mouth.

At the same time use the other hand to At the same time use the other hand to pull and hold the equine’s tongue to the pull and hold the equine’s tongue to the side of the mouth so that visual side of the mouth so that visual inspection can be made.inspection can be made.

Correcting Dental Problems1.1. A veterinarian uses a special rasp called a A veterinarian uses a special rasp called a

float to file and remove sharp edges from float to file and remove sharp edges from an equine’s teeth.an equine’s teeth.

2.2. A veterinarian can pull wolf teeth.A veterinarian can pull wolf teeth.

3.3. Equine with parrot mouth should not be Equine with parrot mouth should not be bred since parrot mouth is an inherited bred since parrot mouth is an inherited defect.defect.

4.4. Equine may be prevented from cribbing Equine may be prevented from cribbing by placing:by placing:

Cribbing strap around the equine’s Cribbing strap around the equine’s throatlatch.throatlatch.

The strap presses on the equine’s The strap presses on the equine’s trachea when it arches its neck.trachea when it arches its neck.

Internal Parasites

An internal parasite lives at least part of its An internal parasite lives at least part of its life cycle inside the host.life cycle inside the host.

There are more than 150 types of internal There are more than 150 types of internal parasites that can infect equine.parasites that can infect equine.

No individual equine is ever completely No individual equine is ever completely free of internal parasites but relatively few free of internal parasites but relatively few internal parasites cause serious damage to internal parasites cause serious damage to the equine.the equine.

Most internal parasites live in the digestive Most internal parasites live in the digestive tract, lungs, bloodstream or body cavity of tract, lungs, bloodstream or body cavity of the equine.the equine.

The extent of injury from internal parasites The extent of injury from internal parasites depends on:depends on: The kind of parasite.The kind of parasite. The number of parasites involved, and The number of parasites involved, and The length of time the parasite lives in The length of time the parasite lives in

the host.the host.

The general life cycle of internal parasites The general life cycle of internal parasites includes five stages:includes five stages:

Stage 1- Eggs from the internal parasite Stage 1- Eggs from the internal parasite pass out of the equine in the feces and is pass out of the equine in the feces and is deposited on the pasture.deposited on the pasture.

Stage 2- Eggs hatch on the pasture and Stage 2- Eggs hatch on the pasture and become infective larvae.become infective larvae.

Stage 3- The equine ingest the larvae on Stage 3- The equine ingest the larvae on the grass stem.the grass stem.

Stage 4- The immature parasites migrate Stage 4- The immature parasites migrate through the equine’s tissues.through the equine’s tissues.

Stage 5- The mature parasites live in the Stage 5- The mature parasites live in the digestive tract and lay eggs.digestive tract and lay eggs.

The MOST abundant and harmful internal The MOST abundant and harmful internal parasites affecting equine are:parasites affecting equine are:

Large strongyles (bloodworms) pose the Large strongyles (bloodworms) pose the most serious threat to the equine’s health most serious threat to the equine’s health out of all internal parasites.out of all internal parasites.Migrate within artery walls from the Migrate within artery walls from the

digestive tract toward the heart.digestive tract toward the heart.May cause damage to arteries so the May cause damage to arteries so the

equine bleeds internally and dies.equine bleeds internally and dies.

Small strongyles spend their entire life Small strongyles spend their entire life cycle in the intestinal walls.cycle in the intestinal walls.Cause ulcerations in the intestinal Cause ulcerations in the intestinal

walls that may interfere with walls that may interfere with digestion.digestion.

They do not attach to the lining of the They do not attach to the lining of the intestine and they do not suck blood.intestine and they do not suck blood.

Ascarids (large roundworms) are the Ascarids (large roundworms) are the largest parasite that infect equine.largest parasite that infect equine.May grow to 15” long and be the size May grow to 15” long and be the size

of a pencil.of a pencil.Affect young equine less than two Affect young equine less than two

years of age.years of age.

May damage the heart, liver, lungs, May damage the heart, liver, lungs, and cause lockage of the small and cause lockage of the small intestine resulting in colic or death intestine resulting in colic or death should the intestine rupture.should the intestine rupture.

Pinworms are more of a nuisance causing Pinworms are more of a nuisance causing digestive problems but resulting in little digestive problems but resulting in little damage.damage.

Bots are flies that lay eggs on various Bots are flies that lay eggs on various parts of the equine.parts of the equine.Eggs hatch into larvae and are Eggs hatch into larvae and are

ingested by the equine when the ingested by the equine when the equine licks the area where eggs are equine licks the area where eggs are laid.laid.

Other eggs hatch and larvae crawl Other eggs hatch and larvae crawl into the mouth, from the nostrils and into the mouth, from the nostrils and lips where they mature in the gums lips where they mature in the gums and membranes of the inner lips.and membranes of the inner lips.

When horsemen refer to bots, they When horsemen refer to bots, they usually mean the mature larvae that usually mean the mature larvae that attach to the lining of the stomach.attach to the lining of the stomach.

Bots cause stomach problems and can Bots cause stomach problems and can block the entrance to the small block the entrance to the small intestine causing the stomach to intestine causing the stomach to rupture.rupture.

Management practices and treatment Management practices and treatment include:include: Proper manure disposal which includes:Proper manure disposal which includes:

Timely removal on a weekly basisTimely removal on a weekly basisComposting prior to spreading on Composting prior to spreading on

pasture grazed by animals other than pasture grazed by animals other than equine or spread on cropland or equine or spread on cropland or ungrazed areas.ungrazed areas.

Proper pasture management that includesProper pasture management that includesThe use of temporary pastures where The use of temporary pastures where

possible.possible.Frequent mowing and grain harrowing.Frequent mowing and grain harrowing.Rotational grazing when possible.Rotational grazing when possible.Separate pasture for young and old Separate pasture for young and old

equine.equine.Avoiding overstocking.Avoiding overstocking.

Never feed equine from the ground. Never feed equine from the ground. Always use troughs and mangers.Always use troughs and mangers.

Regular use of dewormer under the Regular use of dewormer under the supervision of a veterinarian.supervision of a veterinarian.Ivermectin, a form of avermectin, Ivermectin, a form of avermectin,

controls al common internal parasites.controls al common internal parasites.Dewormers may be administered Dewormers may be administered

easily with little chance of injury by a easily with little chance of injury by a paste.paste.

The most effective way to administer a The most effective way to administer a dewormer is by a stomach tube but dewormer is by a stomach tube but usually a veterinarian is required for usually a veterinarian is required for that procedure.that procedure.

Feed additives are effective as long as Feed additives are effective as long as the equine will eat the materials.the equine will eat the materials.

External Parasites

External parasites annoy equine and may External parasites annoy equine and may infect equine with deadly diseases. infect equine with deadly diseases.

External parasites may leave a equine weak, External parasites may leave a equine weak, lower feed efficiency and produce raw lower feed efficiency and produce raw sores.sores.

Some common external parasites that attach Some common external parasites that attach equine include:equine include: Ticks can cause damage and transmit Ticks can cause damage and transmit

disease such as African equine fever.disease such as African equine fever.

Lice are most often found on neglected Lice are most often found on neglected equine.equine.Two types of lice live on equine: The Two types of lice live on equine: The

biting louse and the sucking louse.biting louse and the sucking louse.Lice spread quickly from equine to Lice spread quickly from equine to

equine.equine.

Mites cause the condition mange or Mites cause the condition mange or scabies in equine. scabies in equine. Mange is very contagiousMange is very contagiousSeparate equine with mange from Separate equine with mange from

healthy equine and use different healthy equine and use different grooming equipmentgrooming equipment

Gnats are bloodsuckers and cause Gnats are bloodsuckers and cause extreme itching after they bite.extreme itching after they bite.

Mosquitoes carry viruses and bacteria Mosquitoes carry viruses and bacteria which cause diseases such as equine which cause diseases such as equine infectious anemia (sleeping sickness).infectious anemia (sleeping sickness).

Flies are annoying to equine and carry Flies are annoying to equine and carry stomach worms from equine to equine.stomach worms from equine to equine.Female screworm flies lay eggs in Female screworm flies lay eggs in

fresh wounds on animals that hatch fresh wounds on animals that hatch into larva that feed on the tissue into larva that feed on the tissue resulting in large sores. resulting in large sores.

Management practices and treatment for Management practices and treatment for external parasites include;external parasites include; Regular removal of manure, dirty stall Regular removal of manure, dirty stall

bedding and materials which encourage bedding and materials which encourage the breeding of parasites.the breeding of parasites.

Maintaining fresh water supplies to Maintaining fresh water supplies to discourage breeding by external discourage breeding by external parasites.parasites.

Use chemicals according to label Use chemicals according to label instructions as repellants and control instructions as repellants and control methods.methods.

Use regular insecticide application on Use regular insecticide application on infected animals according to label infected animals according to label instructions.instructions.

Use biological controls such as predator Use biological controls such as predator wasp to reduce the need for chemical wasp to reduce the need for chemical controls.controls.

Use mechanical controls such as a face Use mechanical controls such as a face mask made from scrap leather or mask made from scrap leather or commercial vinyl masks to keep face commercial vinyl masks to keep face flies away.flies away.

Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)

1.1. A viral diseases that affects the equine’s A viral diseases that affects the equine’s immune system resulting in recurrent immune system resulting in recurrent fever, weight loss and anemia.fever, weight loss and anemia.

2.2. Once an equine is infects, it remains Once an equine is infects, it remains infected for the rest of its life.infected for the rest of its life.

3.3. Chronically infected equine may go for Chronically infected equine may go for years without showing signs of anemia years without showing signs of anemia only to have the sign recur when stress, only to have the sign recur when stress, environmental conditions or other disease environmental conditions or other disease affects the equine.affects the equine.

4.4. Horseflies and deerflies are the major Horseflies and deerflies are the major natural transmitters of the virus from one natural transmitters of the virus from one equine to another.equine to another.

5.5. Detection- A blood test called the Detection- A blood test called the “Coggins test” is used to detect the “Coggins test” is used to detect the presence of EIA.presence of EIA.

6.6. Equine must have a negative Coggins test Equine must have a negative Coggins test before they can compete or be placed in before they can compete or be placed in events in North Carolinaevents in North Carolina

7.7. Prevention involves isolation from equine Prevention involves isolation from equine that are not infected and protection from that are not infected and protection from biting, flying insects.biting, flying insects.

8.8. TreatmentTreatment There is no effective treatment or There is no effective treatment or

vaccination for the diseasevaccination for the disease In some cases, equine with EIA are In some cases, equine with EIA are

required to be euthanized.required to be euthanized.

Equine Influenza

1.1. There are two common features of this There are two common features of this viral infectionviral infection

Extremely rapid spread of infectionExtremely rapid spread of infection Frequent, dry coughFrequent, dry cough

2.2. Equine with influenza have an elevated Equine with influenza have an elevated temperature of 102.5-105 degrees F which temperature of 102.5-105 degrees F which persist up to 5 dayspersist up to 5 days

3.3. The death rate from influenza is very lowThe death rate from influenza is very low

4.4. The virus is spread to other equine when The virus is spread to other equine when the equine exhales or coughs and may be the equine exhales or coughs and may be carried by handlers on equipment that carried by handlers on equipment that have been in contact with an infected have been in contact with an infected equine.equine.

5.5. PreventionPrevention Use two intramuscular injections of Use two intramuscular injections of

influenza vaccine scheduled 2-4 weeks influenza vaccine scheduled 2-4 weeks apart followed by a booster shot at 3-4 apart followed by a booster shot at 3-4 month intervals for horses at risk.month intervals for horses at risk.

Isolation of infected equine and Isolation of infected equine and screening animals prior to screening animals prior to transportation will reduce the spread of transportation will reduce the spread of the disease.the disease.

6.6. TreatmentTreatment One week of stall rest is recommended One week of stall rest is recommended

for each day the equine has an elevated for each day the equine has an elevated temperature due to influenzatemperature due to influenza

Maintain a dust free environment Maintain a dust free environment during the illness and recovery by during the illness and recovery by wetting hay and providing clean wetting hay and providing clean bedding.bedding.

Equine Rhinopneumonitis

1.1. This is a respiratory disease caused by This is a respiratory disease caused by EHV virus.EHV virus.

2.2. The infection is accompanied by a gold The infection is accompanied by a gold colored nasal discharge among foals.colored nasal discharge among foals.

3.3. The virus associated with this disease also The virus associated with this disease also may cause abortions in pregnant mares may cause abortions in pregnant mares and occasional paralysis.and occasional paralysis.

4.4. Equine may develop a temperature of 102-Equine may develop a temperature of 102-106 degrees F which lasts for 12-48 hours.106 degrees F which lasts for 12-48 hours.

5.5. Equine become infected when they inhale Equine become infected when they inhale the virus exhaled by sick or even the virus exhaled by sick or even apparently healthy equine that are apparently healthy equine that are infected.infected.

6.6. Prevention requires a combination of:Prevention requires a combination of: Sensible management practicesSensible management practices

Mares should be isolated and Mares should be isolated and separated from other equineseparated from other equine

Thorough cleaning and sanitation in Thorough cleaning and sanitation in the event of dead or aborted fetusthe event of dead or aborted fetus

VaccinationVaccination Vaccinate pregnant mares in the 5Vaccinate pregnant mares in the 5 thth 7 7thth

and 9and 9thth month of pregnancy. month of pregnancy. Young equine should receive two Young equine should receive two

injections followed by a booster injections followed by a booster according to manufacturer’s according to manufacturer’s recommendationsrecommendations

7.7. Treatment is limited as there is not Treatment is limited as there is not specific anti-viral therapy available.specific anti-viral therapy available.

Strangles

1.1. A highly contagious bacterial infection A highly contagious bacterial infection most commonly found in young equine most commonly found in young equine from one to five years of age.from one to five years of age.

2.2. Early signs of strangles include fever, Early signs of strangles include fever, depression and loss of appetite due to depression and loss of appetite due to difficulty with swallowing.difficulty with swallowing.

3.3. As strangles progresses, the lower jaw and As strangles progresses, the lower jaw and throatlatch region may become hot, throatlatch region may become hot, swollen and painful with abscesses swollen and painful with abscesses forming and rupturing onto the skin.forming and rupturing onto the skin.

4.4. Pus from ruptured abscesses may Pus from ruptured abscesses may contaminate water buckets and communal contaminate water buckets and communal feeders for months.feeders for months.

5.5. When strangles When strangles develop and develop and abscesses from on abscesses from on internal organs, internal organs, mortality may be mortality may be as high as 10%.as high as 10%.

6.6. Prevention and treatment are used in Prevention and treatment are used in conjunction.conjunction.

Treat ruptured abscesses with a mild Treat ruptured abscesses with a mild antiseptic solution to hasten healingantiseptic solution to hasten healing

Administer Procaine penicillin G as an Administer Procaine penicillin G as an antibiotic treatment until clinical signs no antibiotic treatment until clinical signs no longer exist for five days.longer exist for five days.

Isolate affected animals from all other Isolate affected animals from all other equineequine

Vaccinate with 2 or 3 injections one Vaccinate with 2 or 3 injections one month apart and apply a booster month apart and apply a booster annually.annually.

Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)

1.1. EVA is a viral infection that causes EVA is a viral infection that causes respiratory illness with nasal and ocular respiratory illness with nasal and ocular discharges, swelling (stocking up) of the discharges, swelling (stocking up) of the hind limbs and other areas of the body and hind limbs and other areas of the body and sometimes abortion.sometimes abortion.

2.2. EVA may be passed by respiratory EVA may be passed by respiratory transmission when equine come in close transmission when equine come in close contact.contact.

3.3. Equine invariable make uneventful Equine invariable make uneventful clinical recoveries even without treatmentclinical recoveries even without treatment

4.4. Perhaps EVA is most pronounced as a Perhaps EVA is most pronounced as a breeding disease through the venereal breeding disease through the venereal spread of the disease by acutely affected spread of the disease by acutely affected stallions. stallions.

Viral persistence in the stallion can Viral persistence in the stallion can range from several weeks to the entire range from several weeks to the entire lifetime of the equinelifetime of the equine

Mares can be infected either at time of Mares can be infected either at time of natural breeding or artificial breeding. natural breeding or artificial breeding.

5.5. PreventionPrevention Immunize the breeding stallion Immunize the breeding stallion

population with MLV vaccine.population with MLV vaccine. Immunize all mares if they are Immunize all mares if they are

inseminated with EVA positive semen.inseminated with EVA positive semen.

6.6. TreatmentTreatment There is no specific anti-viral treatment There is no specific anti-viral treatment

for equine with EVAfor equine with EVA Infected stallions should receive forced Infected stallions should receive forced

rest if they show symptoms of the rest if they show symptoms of the disease.disease.

Eastern, Western and Venzuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE, WEE, and VEE)

1.1. EEE, WEE, and VEE are viral infections EEE, WEE, and VEE are viral infections that result in the inflammation of the that result in the inflammation of the brain.brain.

2.2. The viral infections are spread by insect The viral infections are spread by insect contact.contact.

The virus may live in reservoir hosts The virus may live in reservoir hosts such as birds and rodents for long such as birds and rodents for long periods of time without harming the periods of time without harming the host.host.

The virus is transmitted and spread by The virus is transmitted and spread by mosquitoes (vectors) to equine and mosquitoes (vectors) to equine and humans.humans.

The viral infection is not transmitted The viral infection is not transmitted between equine and humans.between equine and humans.

3.3. The disease has high mortality rates: The disease has high mortality rates: EEE is 75-100% EEE is 75-100% WEE is 20-50%WEE is 20-50% VEE is 40-80% VEE is 40-80%

4.4. Complete recovery is rare with equine Complete recovery is rare with equine frequently continuing to exhibit frequently continuing to exhibit clumsiness, depression and abnormal clumsiness, depression and abnormal behavior.behavior.

5.5. Signs of EEE, WEE, and VEE include Signs of EEE, WEE, and VEE include aggression, propulsive walking, aggression, propulsive walking, excitability, and a number of things that excitability, and a number of things that indicate the equine is confused.indicate the equine is confused.

6.6. Prevention focuses on mosquito control.Prevention focuses on mosquito control. Use insecticides and repellants when Use insecticides and repellants when

possible and practicalpossible and practical Eliminate standing waterEliminate standing water Screen stalls, use fans to move air, and Screen stalls, use fans to move air, and

limit the use of incandescent lights in limit the use of incandescent lights in stall areasstall areas

Brings equine inside prior to duskBrings equine inside prior to dusk Vaccinate with 3 injections at 3, 4, and 6 Vaccinate with 3 injections at 3, 4, and 6

months of age and give a booster at the months of age and give a booster at the beginning of insect seasonbeginning of insect season

7.7. TreatmentTreatment There is not specific treatment availableThere is not specific treatment available

Equine Colic

1.1. Colic is the behavioral signs of abdominal Colic is the behavioral signs of abdominal pain in equine characterized by various pain in equine characterized by various activities including, but not limited to: tail activities including, but not limited to: tail twitching; head tossing; kicking toward twitching; head tossing; kicking toward the belly with one of the hind limbs; the belly with one of the hind limbs; pawing the ground; grinding the cheek pawing the ground; grinding the cheek teeth and frequent attempts to lie down teeth and frequent attempts to lie down and roll on the back, etc.and roll on the back, etc.

2.2. True colic is due to intestinal obstruction or True colic is due to intestinal obstruction or disease which causes paindisease which causes pain

3.3. 95% of all colic cases are from two causes95% of all colic cases are from two causes Spasmodic causes where their is intestinal Spasmodic causes where their is intestinal

spasm caused by numerous things such as spasm caused by numerous things such as stress, anxiety, diet change, parasite damage, stress, anxiety, diet change, parasite damage, dewormers, etc.dewormers, etc.

Large intestinal impaction (constipation) Large intestinal impaction (constipation) caused most often by improper diet and caused most often by improper diet and exercise (Human management is often exercise (Human management is often culprit)culprit)

4.4. PreventionPrevention Use a parasite management program to Use a parasite management program to

avoid problemsavoid problems Careful rotation of pasture helps Careful rotation of pasture helps

reduce levels of parasitesreduce levels of parasites Avoid overstocking pasturesAvoid overstocking pastures Use “Ivermectin” as a deworming Use “Ivermectin” as a deworming

compoundcompound Pay attention to the equine’s dietPay attention to the equine’s diet

5.5. TreatmentTreatment Place the equine in a safe environmentPlace the equine in a safe environment Treat with analgesia for pain reliefTreat with analgesia for pain relief Treat with mineral oil as a laxativeTreat with mineral oil as a laxative

Remove feed until the equine has Remove feed until the equine has improved and then reintroduce feed improved and then reintroduce feed graduallygradually

Do not allow the equine to eat too much Do not allow the equine to eat too much hay or roughage (lightly grazing the hay or roughage (lightly grazing the pasture is recommended)pasture is recommended)

Founder

1.1. Characterized by the hoof collapsing as a Characterized by the hoof collapsing as a result of laminitis (inflammation of the result of laminitis (inflammation of the supporting tissue between the hoof wall supporting tissue between the hoof wall and pedal bone)and pedal bone)

2.2. Causes lameness in the horse and if left Causes lameness in the horse and if left unchecked can cause permanent lameness unchecked can cause permanent lameness or even require euthanization.or even require euthanization.

3.3. The leading cause of founder is The leading cause of founder is gastrointestinal disturbance from any gastrointestinal disturbance from any number of factors such as colic, grain number of factors such as colic, grain overload, lush grass, excessive cold overload, lush grass, excessive cold water, etc.water, etc.

4.4. Other factors that cause founder are Other factors that cause founder are exhaustion, excessive concussion (road exhaustion, excessive concussion (road founder) contact with black walnut founder) contact with black walnut shavings, etc.shavings, etc.

5.5. PreventionPrevention Control dietControl diet Avoid overworking the equineAvoid overworking the equine

6.6. TreatmentTreatment Identify cause and direct treatment Identify cause and direct treatment

toward alleviating the problemtoward alleviating the problem Increase blood flow to the laminae Increase blood flow to the laminae

through the use of drugs and IV fluidsthrough the use of drugs and IV fluids Use aspirin or heparin to thin bloodUse aspirin or heparin to thin blood

Use anti-inflammatory non-steroidal Use anti-inflammatory non-steroidal drugs (Ketaproten) to reduce laminar drugs (Ketaproten) to reduce laminar swellingswelling

Pack the frog and sole to increase supportPack the frog and sole to increase support Use specialized shoes to relieve pressure Use specialized shoes to relieve pressure

to the hoof area.to the hoof area.

Tetanus (Lockjaw)

1.1. Caused by a neurotoxin that allows Caused by a neurotoxin that allows uncontrolled muscle contraction and uncontrolled muscle contraction and muscle spasmsmuscle spasms

2.2. Affected horses most often have sustained Affected horses most often have sustained a wound from 2 days to a month prior to a wound from 2 days to a month prior to the onset of tetanus; however, tetanus the onset of tetanus; however, tetanus bacteria also live in the equine’s digestive bacteria also live in the equine’s digestive tracttract

3.3. Tetanus has become less common due to Tetanus has become less common due to vaccination, but is still highly fatalvaccination, but is still highly fatal

4.4. Equine usually die from suffocation, Equine usually die from suffocation, cardiac arrest or starvation since their cardiac arrest or starvation since their muscular system does not functionmuscular system does not function

5.5. PreventionPrevention Vaccination with two doses of toxoid Vaccination with two doses of toxoid

vaccine given one month apart followed vaccine given one month apart followed by a booster shot annuallyby a booster shot annually

Equine that are injured should receive Equine that are injured should receive the toxoid booster if there is no record the toxoid booster if there is no record of prior shotsof prior shots

6.6. TreatmentTreatment Administer penicillnAdminister penicilln Aggressively clean the woundAggressively clean the wound Administer tetanus anitoxinAdminister tetanus anitoxin Use tranquilizers and muscle relaxes to Use tranquilizers and muscle relaxes to

relieve spasms and muscle painrelieve spasms and muscle pain Provide IV fluids and nutritional Provide IV fluids and nutritional

supportsupport

Potamac Horse Fever (PHF)

1.1. PHF is a disease which in its extreme PHF is a disease which in its extreme form results in profuse, watery diarrhea, form results in profuse, watery diarrhea, fever, shock and laminitisfever, shock and laminitis

2.2. The occurrence of PHF disease is The occurrence of PHF disease is consistently within 5 miles of a riverconsistently within 5 miles of a river

3.3. PHF is caused by an organism that can PHF is caused by an organism that can survive within living cells and must be survive within living cells and must be transmitted through blood cells by insects transmitted through blood cells by insects such as tickssuch as ticks

4.4. Equine with PHF are not considered Equine with PHF are not considered contagious to other equinecontagious to other equine

5.5. PreventionPrevention Vaccinate with two injections one Vaccinate with two injections one

month apartmonth apart Give a booster injection annually in Give a booster injection annually in

May or JuneMay or June

6.6. TreatmentTreatment A veterinarian should use tetracycline A veterinarian should use tetracycline

(anti-microbial drug) for 4-5 days(anti-microbial drug) for 4-5 days IV fluids, frog pads, sole support, and IV fluids, frog pads, sole support, and

anti-inflammatory drugs also helpanti-inflammatory drugs also help

Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)

1.1. Lyme disease is a bacterial infection Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted primarily by certain tickstransmitted primarily by certain ticks

2.2. Rare among equine and only a problem Rare among equine and only a problem where Lyme disease is found among where Lyme disease is found among human populationshuman populations

3.3. Arthritis is the most commonly reported Arthritis is the most commonly reported sign of Lyme disease in equinesign of Lyme disease in equine

4.4. PreventionPrevention Careful grooming to remove ticksCareful grooming to remove ticks Avoiding tick-infested areasAvoiding tick-infested areas

5.5. TreatmentTreatment Use antibiotics such as tetracycline and Use antibiotics such as tetracycline and

ampicillinampicillin Prolonged treatment of 10-30 days Prolonged treatment of 10-30 days

usualusual

West Nile Virus (WNV)

1.1. Viral infection that can cause Viral infection that can cause inflammation of the brain and often inflammation of the brain and often mimics EEE in equinemimics EEE in equine

First introduced in western hemisphere First introduced in western hemisphere in 1999in 1999

Equine are more often affected by Equine are more often affected by WNV than any other domesticated WNV than any other domesticated animalanimal

2.2. WNV is spread by mosquitoes when they WNV is spread by mosquitoes when they bite an infected bird and then bite a human bite an infected bird and then bite a human or an equineor an equine

Equine are not contagious and do not Equine are not contagious and do not pose a health risk to other animals or pose a health risk to other animals or humanshumans

About 30% of horses who show clinical About 30% of horses who show clinical signs either die or have to be euthanizedsigns either die or have to be euthanized

3.3. Clinical sign of WNV may include Clinical sign of WNV may include circling, aimless wandering, head circling, aimless wandering, head pressing, impaired vision, hyper pressing, impaired vision, hyper excitability, etc.excitability, etc.

4.4. PreventionPrevention See mosquito and control techniques See mosquito and control techniques

listed for EEE, WEE and VEElisted for EEE, WEE and VEE A veterinarian should vaccinate with A veterinarian should vaccinate with

“protocol” and follow with a booster “protocol” and follow with a booster injection three weeks laterinjection three weeks later

5.5. Treatment is still developingTreatment is still developing

THE END!!!