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Hereditary fructose intolerance and the aldolase B gene Maddy Ford May 8 th, 2014

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What is HFI? Inability to process fructose

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Personal perspective on HFI Its such a part of my life, I dont think about it much anymore Becky Heiser, diagnosed with HFI

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What causes HFI? Defective aldolase B enzyme A174DA149P L256P R59OP 4E4 N334K A337V Molecular Function Glycolytic domain Biological Process Cellular Component Low complexity region (LCR)

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How does aldolase B protein differ between homologs? LCR 100% 99% 96% 76% 65% 58% Human Chimpanzee Mouse Zebrafish Fruit fly Nematode LCR 366 361 301 364 Glycolytic domain

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The protein phylogeny of aldolase B Human Chimpanzee Mouse Zebrafish Fruit fly Nematode

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LCR 100% 99% 96% 76% 65% 58% Human Chimpanzee Mouse Zebrafish Fruit fly Nematode Knowledge gap: Are the C-terminus or LCR important for human aldolase B function? LCR 366 361 301 364 Hypothesis: The C-terminus is important because it contains common mutation sites, the LCR is important for enzymatic folding.

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Specific Aim 1: To determine the importance of the C-terminus in fructose metabolism LCR Why: Understanding aldolase B structure and function How: RNAi Hypothesis: knockout flies would be unable to process fructose, eventually die

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Aim 1 expected results LCR -/- WT

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Is the LCR important for fructose metabolism? 100%, 364 a.a. 99%, 364 a.a. 96%, 301 a.a. 76%, 301 a.a. 65%, 361 a.a. 58%, 366 a.a. Human Chimpanzee Mouse Zebrafish Fruit fly Nematode LCR LCR: ASALAAWGGKAANKKA

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Specific Aim 2: To determine the LCRs importance in fructose metabolism Hypothesis: all LCR knockouts will be unable to process fructose Why: Understanding aldolase B structure and function LCR How: RNAi LCR

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Aim 2 expected results LCR could be important for enzymatic folding LCR

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Can we find a substitute for aldolase B? Aldolase B is unstable Find a substitute to mimic its action

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Specific Aim 3: To identify chemicals that mimic aldolase B, and what genes they affect. How: Chemical genetics Why: Investigating HFI drug possibilities Hypothesis: Drugs similar to aldolase B in structure and function will rescue WT phenotype, increase glycolytic gene expression

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Aim 3 expected results Effective drug Ineffective drug Glycolytic gene expression

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Conclusions Further testing of the aldolase B gene and protein could provide new insight on enzyme activity Chemical genetics could yield a drug to allow individuals with HFI to consume fructose without experiencing symptoms LCR

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Future directions Determine the importance of Alanine within the LCR: ASALAAWGGKAANKKA Researching similarity between mouse and zebrafish Further chemical testing

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References 1. Cox, T.M. (1994). Aldolase B and fructose intolerance. The FASEB Journal, 8(1), 62-71. 2. James, C.L., Rellos, P., Ali, M., Heeley, A.F. & Cox, T.M. (1996). Neonatal screening for hereditary fructose intolerance: frequency of the most common mutant aldolase B allele (A149P) in the British population. Journal of Medical Genetics, 33(10), 837841. 3. Kajihara, S., Mukait, T., Arai, Y., Owada, M., Kitagawa, T. & Hori, K. (1990). Hereditary Fructose Intolerance Caused by a Nonsense Mutation of the Aldolase 4. Understand Dairy Sensitivity: Overview. Lactaid. Accessed 13 April 2013. 5. Ekker, S.C., and Larson, J.D. (2001). Morphant technology in model development systems. Genesis 30:8993. 6. Miller, D, Hannon, C, and Ganetzky. (2013). A mutation in Drosophila aldolase causes temperature- sensitive paralysis, shortened lifespan, and neurodegeneration. Journal of Neurogenetics. 26 (3-4): 317- 327. doi: 10.3109/01677063.2012.706346. 7. Thurston, J.H., Jones, E.M., Hauhart, R.E. (1974). Decrease and Inhibition of Liver Glycogen Phosphorylase After Fructose. Diabetes, 23 (7), 597-604. doi: 10.2337/diab.23.7.597 8. NCBI BLAST. Homo sapiens chromosome 9, GRCh37.p13 Primary Assembly compared to Mus musculus aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate, mRNA (cDNA clone MGC:36362 IMAGE:4975382), complete cds. http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi

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Image references 1.Baby with fruit. http://en.wikinoticia.com/lifestyle/Maternity/108058-feeding-children--juice 2.Human liver. https://www.sccollege.edu/StudentServices/HealthWellnessCenter/AlcoholEffects/Pages/Liver.aspx 3.Fructose. https://ketopentose.wordpress.com/page/3/ 4.Glucose. http://science.halleyhosting.com/sci/soph/energy/resp/notes/krebs.htm 5.Cytosol. http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/cytosol-definition-function-structure.html#lesson 6.Aldolase B in glycolysis. http://david-bender.co.ukhttp://david-bender.co.uk 7.Clustal Omega logo. http://www.clustal.org/ 8.Clustal Omega sequence aligntment. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/ 9.Drosophila. http://obbard.bio.ed.ac.uk/photo_gallery/Drosophila_kuntzei_lab.html 10.Drosophila on fruit. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking 11.Strawberry. http://www.figtreeolivebranch.com/how-to-hull-a-strawberry/ 12.C. elegans. http://fangyenlab.seas.upenn.edu 13.Fruit fly on fruit. http://www.usaprepares.com/health/strawberry-alert-the-2mm-long-asian-fruit-fly-that- could-decimate-britains-fruit-industry 14.Lactaid. http://www.drugstore.com/lactaid/qxb7681 15.Morpholinos. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/genome/probe/doc/TechMorpholino.shtml 16.Fly screen. http://hms.harvard.edu/news/fly-screen-3-13-14 17.Business cat. http://beta.diylol.com/memes/1-business-cat/posts/232916-business-can-wait-now-it-s-time-for- your-questions

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Questions? Thanks for listening.