@))(

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ;DaGwL zAbfjnL

Nepal Nepali

Published by the Asian Disaster

Reduction and Response Network

(ADRRN) with the assistance of UNISDR

Asia and the Pacific Office, Bangkok.

Nepali edition, 2010 The translation and adaptation of the

terminology is developed by National

Society for Earthquake Technology

(NSET), Nepal.

This publication may be freely quoted or

reprinted, but acknowledgment of the

source is requested.

@))(

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ;DaGwL zAbfjnL

01

In 2009, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) developed a UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. The book was the result of an ongoing review process by the UNISDR and consultations with a broad range of experts and practitioners at various international, regional and national levels. It was developed as part of the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) which requested the UNISDR to “update and widely disseminate international standard terminology related to disaster risk reduction.”

This Disaster Risk Reduction Terminology Kit, developed by Asian Disaster Reduction and Response Network (ADRRN), builds on the 2009 UNISDR English version. It defines the terms by a single sentence with a comments paragraph underneath to provide additional context, qualification and explanation. The terminology includes words that are central to the contemporary understanding and evolving practice of disaster risk reduction. A number of emerging new concepts that are not in widespread use, but are of growing professional relevance are also incorporated.

This kit goes on to simplify and localize the terminology as much as possible. Involving various members including communities, governments and academic institutions, ADRRN has translated the terminology into nine Asian languages. Each has been vetted by various members post translation to ensure maximum relevancy within the local setting.

At the same time, simple illustrations have been added along with each term to make the terminology accessible to a larger audience.

The kit is beneficial for practitioners on two fronts. First, it will aid the spread of disaster risk reduction knowledge at the local level. Second, it will help standardize definitions of key terms, making it easier to communicate and collaborate on disaster risk reduction activities across the Asian region.

The efforts of the UNISDR Bangkok office and the ADRRN member organizations have been integral to this work. We are equally indebted to the critical support of the Government of Maldives and Government of Afghanistan without whom this publication would not have been possible.

:jLsfo{ hf]lvd

cg's"ngM

h}ljs k|sf]k

ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf

Ifdtf, ;Ifdtf Ifdtf ljsf;

hnjfo" kl/jt{g

cfsl:ds sfn Joj:yfkgsf nflu of]hgf th'{df

k|sf]k ;fdgf -le8Gt_ Ifdtf

;'wf/fTds ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

gfh's cj:yfsf nflu ;'ljwfx?

-cTofjZos ;'ljwfx?_

ljkb\ ljkb\ hf]lvd

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f of]hgf

k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnL

hLjkl/j[lt k4ltsf ;]jfx?

Pn lggf]–blIf0fL ;d'b|L :jefj

cfkt\sfnLg Joj:yfkg

cfkt\sfnLg ;]jfx?

jftfj/0fLo x|f;

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofs+g

;Dd'vtf

lj:tL0f{jf Jofks hf]lvd

k"jf{g'dfg

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ef}ule{s k|sf]k

xl/tu[x UoFf;x?

k|sf]k

hn tyf df};dlj1fg ;Da4 k|sf]k

;wg jf tLj| hf]lvd

e"–pkof]u of]hgf

cNkLs/0f

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf nflu /fli6«o d~rM

k|fs[lts k|sf]kM

k"j{tof/LM

lgjf/0f

;+efJo ljkb\hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

hgr]tgf

k'gnf{e

cjlzi6 hf]lvd

pTyfgzLntf

k|ltsfo{

k|jnLs/0f

hf]lvd

hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

hf]lvd :yfgfGt/0f

;fdflhs–k|fs[lts k|sf]k

;+/rgfut tyf u}/–;+/rgfut pkfox?

lbuf] ljsf;

k|ljlwut k|sf]k

;+s6f;Ggtf

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:jLsfo{ hf]lvd

l6Kk0fLM OlGhlgol/Ë zAbfjnLdf æ:jLsfo{hf]lvdÆ “Acceptable Risk” eGg] efj ;+/rgfTds jf u}/–;+/rgfTds k|0ffnLsf] nlIft ;'b[9tfsf] cfs+ngleq ;+lGglxt x'G5 . h:t} lgdf{0f ;+lxtfn] cd's :t/sf] nfe k|fKt ug{;lsG5 tyf vr{nfesf] Tof] ;dLs/0fn] k|sf]k4f/f x'g;Sg] hgwg cf};]jf / k|0ffnLdf ;dfhdf lrQ a'‰bf] tj/n] ;+efljt xfgL gf]S;fgnfO{Go"g kfb{5 . o:tf pkfox? n]vfhf]vf ug{jf kl/eflift ug{klg pkof]u ul/G5 h'g k|sf]k jf cGo sf/s tTjx?sf] ;+efJotfdf cfwfl/t ;+lxtf (Codes) jf æk|rlnt cEof; (Accepted Practice)Æsf cg';f/ dfgjLo, kF"hLut, ;]jfd"ns tyf k|0ffnLut If]qx?df x'g;Sg] ;+efljt xfgL gf]S;fgLnfO{vf; ;xgzLntfsf] :t/ (Chosen Tolerated Level) ;Dd Go"g kfg{cfjZos kb}{g .

-s'g}_ ;dfh jf ;d'bfon] ljBdfg ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;+f:s[lts, k|fljlws tyfjftfj/0fLo cj:yfnfO{ljrf/ u/]/ :jLsfo{egL 7x¥ofPsf] ;+efljt Ifltsf] :t/ h:t}afw /aRrf] .

04

k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo s[ofsnfk cf}k|0ffnLdf ul/g] ;dfof]hg k|s[of h;n] ubf{jf:tljsjf ck]lIft hnjfo" cbnabn (Climatic

Stimuli) jf To:tf k|efjx?af6 x'g] xfgL–gf]S;fgLsf] cNkL0f tyf tb\hGo pkof]uL cj;/x?af6 clwstd nfe lng ;lsG5 . h:t}x'/L, ?v / cf]t nfu]sf] dflg; .

cg's"ng

l6Kk0fLM o; kl/efiffn] hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] ;/f]sf/x?nfO{;Daf]wg ub{5 . o;sf] ;|f]t hnjfo" kl/jt{g;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo sfo{;+/rgf dxf;ef (UNFCCC) 4f/f k|ltkflbt æcg's"ngÆ eGg] cleJolQmsf] Jofks cfjwf/0ff leq æhnjfo"Æ ;+u ;DaGw g/x]sf 68sf/f] e"–:vng h:tf sf/s k|s[of jf kl/0ffd ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g ;S5g\. kl/j{tg afx]ssf ljifox? h:t}e"–:vng, cyjf hldg w:sg' (Surface

Subsidence) df ;d]t nfu" x'G5 . cg's"ngsf] k|s[of ljleGg k|sfn] x'g ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ahf/ kl/jt{gdfkm{t cyjf cg's"ng k|s[ofnfO{;xotf k'Ug] lsl;dsf ;/sf/L gLlt tyf of]hgfx?sf] kl/0ffdsf] kmn:j?k ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf clwsf+z pkfox?n] cg's"ng sfo{nfO{a9fjf lbg of]ubfg lbG5g\.

05

h}ljs k|sf]k

h}ljs (Organic) k|s[ltsf k|lqmof jf 36gf h;sf sf/0fn] Hofgsf] gf]S;fgL 3fOt], lj/fdL jf :jf:Yo ;DaGwL cGo c;/x?, wgdfnsf] Iflt, cfhLljsf / ;]jfx?sf] gf]S;fgL, ;fdflhs–cfly{s ult/f]w jf jftfj/0fLo x|f; lgDTofpF5 . o;df /f]u pTkfbs ;"Id hLj, ljiffn' kbfy{jf h}ljs?kn] ;lqmo kbfy{x?;Fusf] ;Dd'vtfnufot h}ljs ls6f0f'åf/f k|jflxt x'g] k|lqmof jf 36gf kb{5g\ .

l6Kk0fLM h}ljs k|sf]ksf] pbfx/0f dxfdf/Lsf /f]u–Joflw, jg:klt jf hgfj/x?df nfUg] ;?jf /f]u, Kn]u, ;nx cflb kb{5g\ .

06

ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf

dfgjLo ;'/Iff tyf ;dflhs enfO ;'lglZrt ug]{k|fof]hgsf] vftL/ ejgsf] l8hfOg, lgdf{0fk4lt, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, dd{t / yk36 tyf pkof]u cfbL ejgsf ljleGg kIfx?nfO{lgodg u/L ejgsf] ;+/rgfTds ;'/Iff / Iflt k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ;'lglZrt ug{/fHo4f/f k|ltkflbt cWofb]z jf ljlgodx? tyf ;Da4 dfkb08x?nfO{ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf elgG5 .

l6Kk0fLM ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfdf k|fljlws (Technical) tyf sfo{k4lt ;DalGwt (Functional) b'a}vfnsf dfkb08x? ;dflji6 x'g ;S5g\. tL b:tfj]hdf cGt/f{li6«o cg'eaaf6 k|fKt 1fgnfO{;dflxt ul/g'sf ;fy}ltgnfO{/fli6«o / :yfgLo kl/l:yltx?;Fu ;d]t /fd|/L cg's"n agfOPsf] x'gk5{. ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgod sfg'gsf] kfngf ug]{u/fpg] ;+:sf/ / k4lt cTofjZos x'G5 .

07

Ifdtf, ;Ifdtf

;d'bfo, ;dfh jf ;+3–;+:yfdf cGtlg{lxt ljleGg k|sf/sf zlQm, jf ;antfx?, ljz]iftfx?sf ;fy}To:tf pknAw ;|f]t–;fwgx? h;nfO{;j{:jLs[t nIo k|flKtsf nflu pkof]u ug{;lsG5 .

l6Kk0fLM Ifdtf eGgfn] k"jf{wf/ tyf ef}lts ;fwgx?, ;+:yfgx?, k|sf]k ;fdgf ug{;Sg] ;fdflhs bIftfx?sf;fy}dfgjLo 1fg, ;Lk tyf ;d"xut ljz]iftfx? h:t};fdflhs kf/:kfl/stf, g]t[Tj Pj+ Joj:yfkg sf}zn cflb ;d]t kb{5g\. Ifdtf (Capacity)

nfO{ of]Uotf jf bIftfsf] ?kdf klg JofVof ug{;lsG5. Ifdtf n]vfhf]vf -d"Nofs+g_ (Capacity Assessment)

o:tf] k4lt h;af6 ck]lIft nIox?sf] s;Ldf /fv]/ ;dfh jf ;+:yfsf ljBdfg Ifdtf÷bIftfsf] pknAwtfsf ;fy}sdL sdhf]/L cf}NofO{gk'u bIftf kl/k"0f{s nflu ug'{kg]{sfd ;d]t klxNofOG5 ;fy}efjL sfo{of]hgsf nflu sdL sdhf]/L ;d]t klxrfg ug{;lsG5 .

08

Ifdtf ljsf;

To:tf] k4lt h;n] hgtf ;+3;+:yfx? tyf ;dfhnfO{;dosf] cGt/fndf 1fg, ;Lk, k|0ffnL tyf ;+u7g ;'wf/sf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs P+j cfly{s nIo k|fKt ug{Jojl:yt 9+un] pKk|]l/t ug]{/ ltgLx?sf] Ifdtfx?sf] ljsf; ug]{sfo{nfO{;3fpF5 . ljz]if u/L 1fg, ;Lk, k|0ffnL tyf ;+u7g Ifdtfsf] clea[l4 dfkm{t ;d"bfo, ;+:yf / ;dfhn] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsfzsf nIox? Kl/k'lt{sf nflu cfjZos ;fdy{a9fjf ug{sf nflu ul/g] ;tt\k|of; / k|s[ofx? .

l6Kk0fLM Ifdtf ljsf; Pp6f o:tf] Jofks cjwf/0ff xf] h;n] æIfdtf clej[l4Æ (Capacity Building) eGg] kbfjnLsf] cy{nfO{nfdf] ;dodf ul/g] Ifdtf ;[hgf tyf clea[l4sf] bLuf]kgfsf ;Dk"0f{kIfx?nfO{cfTd;ft ug]{ub{5 . o;n] ;d'lrt ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu ul/g] lg/Gt/ kxnnfO{;d]t ;d]6\b5 . of] kbfjnLn] Pstkm{ ljleGg vfnsf tfnLd / 1fg cfh{gsf] k|s[ofx?nfO{a'emfp5 eg] csf]{tkm{;fdflhs Pj+ /fhg}lts r]tgf clea[l4, ;f+ul7s ljsfz eGg] a'emfpb5 .

09

hnjfo" kl/jt{g

s_ hnjfo" kl/jt{sf nflu cGt/;/sf/L ;d"x (IPCC) sf] kl/efiffM hnjfo"sf] cj:yfdf bzsf}jf cem}a9L cjlw;Dd cgj/t ?kdf x'g] jf e}/xg] kl/jt{g h;nfO{tYofs+ ljZn]if0fsf] dfWodaf6 cf};t dfgdf x'g] kl/jt{gsf] kl/df0faf6 klxrfg ug{;lsG5 . hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f k|fs[lts ?kdf x'g] cfGtl/s k|lqmof, jf afx\o sf/s tTjx? (External Forcing), jf dfgjhGo lqmofsnfkn] jfo"d08nsf] agf]6 jf e"–pkof]udf Nofpg] lgjf{w kl/jt{g x'g\.

v_ hnjfo" kl/jt{g ;DaGwL /fi6«;+3Lo ;+/rgf dxf;ef (UNFCCC) sf] kl/efiffM k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf dfgj lqmofsnfkn] ubf{ljzjJofkL ?kdf jfo"d08nsf] agf]6df cfpg] h'g t'ngfTds ;dofjlwx?df b]lvg] k|fs[lts vfNsf anbnfjx? eGbf leGg kl/jt{g jf cltl/Qm vfnsf x'G5g\.

l6Kk0fLM ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df cj:yf cg';f/ pk/f]Qm kl/efiffx? dWo] s'g} klg pko'Qm x'g ;S5 . UNFCCC sf] kl/efiff cln a9L ;fF3'/f] vfnsf] 5 lsgls o;n] k|fs[lts sf/0fx?af6 x'g] hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] kIfnfO{;d]6]sf] 5}g . IPCC sf] kl/efiffnfO{ nf]slk|o 9+un] ;+k|]if0f ug]{Wo]on] o;/L k'g;{+of]lht ug{;lsG5 M

10

æbzsf}+ jf cem nfdf] ;dofjlw;Dd sfod hnjfo" sf] cj:yfdf k|fs[lts sf/0fx? jf dfgj lqmofsnfkn] ubf{ cfpg] kl/jt{gÆ dfgjLo s[ofsnfksf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf k|efj h'g sf/0fn] ubf{hnjfo'df To:tf] kl/jt{g hf] t'ngfTds ;do cjlw leq ;fdfGo abnfj eGbf a9L t8sf/f] b]lvG5 .

Joj:yfkgsf] Ps To:tf] k|s[of h;n] ;dfh jf jftfj/0fnfO{Iflt kfg{;Sg] ;+efljt k|sf]k36gfx? jf kl/l:yltdf ljBdfg ePsf kl/jt{gsf] ljZn]if0f ub{5 / To:tf 36gf jfkl/l:yltx?nfO{k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;xL 9+un] ;fdgf ug{;Ifd x'g] u/L ;dod}k|aGw ;d]tldnfpF5 .

cfsl:ds sfn Joj:yfkgsfnflu of]hgf th'{df

11

l6Kk0fLM cfsl:ds sfn Joj:yfkgsf nflu of]hgfdf k|To]s ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e"ldsf, ;fwg–;|f]t, ;+rf/ k4ltx? Pj+ ljlzi7 cj:yfsf] nflu ljlzi7 sfo{;d"xsf] k"j{k|aGw h:tf ljifox?sf] :ki6 Pj+ p4]Zod"ns jf8kmf8 ul/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf] of]hgf ;+efljt cfktsfnLg cj:yfsf] k"jf{g"dfg jf ljkb\sf 36gfsf] kl/b[Zosf cfwf/df of]hgf th'{df ul/G5 . o; of]hgf k|s[ofn] lhDd]jf/ sfo{;d"xnfO{;+s6sf] a]nfdf pTkGg x'g;Sg] ;d:ofsf af/]df cg'dfg ug{, b[li6sf]0f agfpg / ;dfwfg ug{;3fpF5 . cfsl:dssfn Joj:yfsf of]hgf th'{df cfkm}df k|sf]k k"j{sf] j[xt\k"j{tof/L sfo{sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{c+z xf] . o;nfO{ lgoldt?kdf cBfjlws ug'{/ cEof; ;d]t ug'{cfjZos x'G5 . cfsl:dssfn Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf k|To]s ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yf jf kbflwsf/L Pj+ >f]t ;fwgx?sf] :ki6 Pj+ p4]Zo k/s?kdf sfo{x? tyf clwsf/sf jf8kmf8 .

12

k|sf]k ;fdgf -le8Gt_ Ifdtf

pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t, 1fg / ;Lksf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/L s'g}klg k|lts"n cj:yf jfcfktsfn jf ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf tyf Joj:yfkg ug{JolQm, ;d'bfo Pj+;+3;+:yfx?df lglxt Ifdtf .

l6Kk0fLM k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ;Ifdtf ;'lglZrt ug'{eg]sf] ;fdfGo cyjf ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t r]tgf clea[l4 tkm{sf] cgj/t k|ofz, >f]t ;fwgsf] klxrfg Pj+ s'zn Joj:yfkg xf] . ;d'bfo jf /fHodf k|sf]k ;fdgf ;Ifdtf ;'Jojl:yt x'g' eg]sf] ljkb\hf]lvd clNks/0fsf]bx|f] vfFjf] xf] .

13

;'wf/fTds ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

;dfh jf ;d"bfodf klxn]b]lv g}ljBdfg ljkb\hf]lvdnfO{;'wf/ jf cNkLs/0f ug]{lbzfdf;Daf]wg jf k|oTg ug]{vfnsf Joj:yfksLo lqmofsnfkx? .

l6Kk0fLM of] cjwf/0ffn] ljBdfg hf]lvdx? tyf b'O{yl/sf ljkb\hf]lvdsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{k|i6 kb{5 . klxnf] To:tf hf]lvdx? hf] clxn] ljBdfg 5g cf}h;nfO{clNks/0f ul/ Joj:yfkg ug{kb{5 . bf];|f], To:tf ;DefJo hf]lvdx? kb{5g\hf] xfn ljBdfg 5}gg\t/ hf]lvd clNks/0f ;DalGw gLlt gLod sfg"gsf] cefjdf cs'zn Jojxf/sf sf/0fn] b|'t ultdf hGdL a9g ;S5g\ .

14

k|fylds :y/sf To:tf ef}lts ;+/rgfx?, k|fljlws ;'ljwfx? tyf k4lt jf Joj:yfx? h'g ;dfh jf ;d'bfonfO{lgoldt cj:yfdf cyjf cToGt cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf ;d]t ;'rf? /fVg ;fdflhs, cfly{s jf sfo{–;~rfngsf b[li6n] cfjZos x'G5g\ .

gfh's cj:yfsf nflu ;'ljwfx?-cTofjZos ;'ljwfx?_

l6Kk0fLM cTofjZos ;'ljwfx? eg]sf ;dfhsf cfjZos ;]jfx? ;'rf? /fVg ;3fpg] k"jf{wf/sf cGt/j:t'x? x'g\. ltgLx?df ;8s oftfoft k|0ffnL, ljdfg:yn tyf aGb/ufxx?, ljB't cfk"lt{, vfg]kfgL, ;+rf/ ;'ljwfx?, c:ktfn tyf :jf:Yo rf}sLx?, af?0foGq, k|x/L tyf hg k|zf;g nufotsf ;]jfx? kb{5g\ .

15

ljkb\

Kf|efljt ;dfh jf ;d'bfon] cfkmg}ana'tf / >f]t ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L ;fdgf ug{g;Sg]To:tf] uDeL/ k|sf]k hGo 36gf cf}tb\hGo dfgjLo, ef}lts, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo Iflth:n] ubf{;fdfGo ;fdflhs k|s[of cj?4 x'g]5 .

l6Kk0fLM ljkb\eg]sf] lgDg ltg cj:yfx?sf] ;lDdlnt kl/0ffd elgG5M ;s_ k|sf]k ;Dd'vtfv_ ljBdfg ;+s6f;Ggtfu_ hf]lvdsf ;+efJo gsf/fTds kl/0ffdx?nfO{Go"lgs/0f jf ;fdgf ug{sf nflu cfjZos Ifdtf jf ljlwx?sf] ckof{Kttf

ljkb\sf kl/0ffdx?df dfgj hLjgsf] gf]S;fgL, 3fOt] cj:yf, /f]ux? / dfG5]sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs cj:yfdf gsf/fTds k|efj, wgdfnsf] Iflt, k"FhLut ljWj+z, ;]jfx?sf] gf]S;fgL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ult/f]w Pj+ jftfj/0fLo x|f; kb{5g\ .

16

ljkb\ hf]lvd

hLjg, :jf:Yo cj:yf, cfhLljsf, wg;DklQ tyf k|fKt ;]jfx?df ljkb\af6 x'g ;Sg] ;+efljt gf]S;fgL h'g vf; ;d'bfo cyjf ;dfhsf] s'g}efjL sfnv08df 3l6t x'g ;S5 .

l6Kk0fLM ljkb\hf]lvdsf] kl/efiffn] ljkb\sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{jt{dfgdf lg/Gt/ hf/L /x]sf hf]lvd cj:yfx?sf] kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf emNsfpF5 . ljkb\hf]lvd leq w]/}vfnsf ;+efljt gf]S;fgL kb{5g\h;nfO{k|foM kl/df0fdf JofVof ug{ufx|f] kg]{x'G5 . tyflk ljBdfg k|sf]kx?sf] 1fg / hg;+Vof tyf ;fdflhs –cfly{s ljsf;sf] 9fFrfsf d2tn] sd;]sd df]6fdf]6L?df ljkb\hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf tyf gSzf+sg ug{;lsG5 .

17

k|sf]ksf k|lts"n c;/x? Pj+ ljkb\sf] ;+efjgfnfO{sd ug]{Wo]osf ;fy tof/ kfl/Psf/0fgLlt, gLlt tyf ;fdgf Ifdtf clea[l4sf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu pTk|]/0ff ug]{ k|zf;lgs lgb]{zs l;4fGtx?, ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf Pj+ Jojxfl/s ;Lk tyf Ifdtfx?sf] pkof]u ug]{Jojl:yt k4lt .

l6Kk0fLM of] kbfjnL æhf]lvd Joj:yfkgÆ eGg] cln a9L ;fdfGo kbfjnLsf] lj:tf/ xf] / o;n] ljkb\hf]lvdsf] ljz]if ;jfnnfO{;Daf]wg ub{5 . ljkb\hf]lvd Joj:yfkgn] k|sf]ksf k|lts"n c;/x?nfO{ljleGg lqmofsnfkx? tyf pkfox? h:t}/f]syfd, cNkLs/0f Pj+k"j{tof/L dfkm{t 5Ng], sd kfg]{jf :yfgfGt/0f ug]{;f]r agfpF5 .

ljkb\ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

18

Jojl:yt k|of;x?dfkm{t ljkb\hf]lvdnfO{clNks/0f ug]{cjwf/0f, cEof; / k|s[of .o:tf k|of;x? ljkb\x?sf sf/s tTjx?sf s'zn ljZn]if0f sf] cfwf/df k|sf]k ;Dd'vtf clNks/0f, hLpwgsf] ;+s6f;Ggtfdf qmlds ;'wf/, hldg / jftfj/0fsf] ;'ema'emk"0f{ Joj:yfkg tyf k|lts"n 36gfx?sf] nflu k"j{tof/L tyf k|ltsfo{Ifdtfsf] clea[l4 ug]{s'/fdf s]lGb|t /xG5g\ .

l6Kk0fLM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f cg'df]lbt x\of]uf] sfo{–;+/rgfdf Joj:yf u/]/ ljkb\sf hf]lvdx?nfO{Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ;g\@))% df lj:t[t pkfo cfjnDag ul/of] h;sf] ck]lIft kl/0ffdsf ?kdf æljkb\af6 x'g ;Sg] Hofgsf] gf]S;fgL tyf ;d'bfo Pj+ d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / jftfj/0fLo k"FhLsf] gf]S;fgLdf pNn]Vo sdL Nofpg] eGg] /x]sf] 5 . /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfosf] ?kdf ljkb\Go"lgs/0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o /0fgLlt (ISDR) sf] ;+oGqn] pQm sfo{–;+/rgf sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L tyf gful/s ;d'bfosf ;+:yf jf k|ltlglwx?sf] jLrdf ;xof]u clej[l4sf] ultzLn cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . Vofn ug'{kg]{ljifo of] 5 ls slxn]sfxLF æljkb\Go"lgs/0fÆ eGg]zAbfjnL klg k|of]u ul/G5, t/ æljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fÆ eGg] zAbfjnLn] xfn k|rlnt ljkb\hf]lvdsf]:jefj / To:tf hf]lvdnfO{Go"g kfg{sf nflu rfn' cj:yfsf] Ifdtf h:tf ljifonfO{cem /fd|f];Fuklxrfg u/fpF5 .

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f

19

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f of]hgf

;/sf/L lgsfo, ;DalGwt If]q, ;+3;+:yf jf pBf]u–k|lti7fgåf/f tof/ kfl/g] b:tfj]h h;df ljkb\hf]lvdx? Go"g ug{nIox? / lglb{i6 p2]Zox?sf] ;fy;fy}tL p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;Da4 sfo{ut k|of;x? ;dfj]z x'G5g\.

l6Kk0fLM ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f of]hgf x\of]uf] sfo{–;+/rgfaf6 lgb]{lzt x'gkb{5 . ;fy} ;fGble{s ljsf; of]hgf, >f]t aFf8kmFf8 tyf of]hgfj4 sfo{qmdx?leq ;dflxt / ;+of]lht x'g'kb{5 . /fli6«o:t/sf] of]hgf x/]s txsf k|zf;lgs?kn] lhDd]jf/ lgsfok|lt lglb{i6 x'g h?/L x'G5 Pj+ ljBdfg ;fdflhs tyf ef}uf]lns kl/j]znfO{cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . ;dofjlw tyf sfof{Gjog / sf]ifsf] >f]tsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{of]hgfdf /fd|f];Fu JofVof ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . ;+ej eP;Dd hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf cg's"ng of]hgfx?;Fu klg ;dGjo ul/g'kb{5 .

20

k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnL

7Ls ;dodf ;fy{s?kn] ;r]t agfpg] ;"rgf k}bf ug]{/ k|jfx ug]{cfjZos Ifdtfx?sf] ;d"x h;n] k|sf]kaf6 vt/fdf /x]sf JolQm, ;d'bfo jf ;+:yfx?nfO{;xL 9+un] tof/ /xg / sfo{ug{tyf ;+efljt Iflt jf gf]S;fgLnfO{kof{Kt ;dodf sd ug{;dy{u/fpF5 .

l6Kk0fLM of] kl/efiffn] k|efjsf/L k|ltsfo{b]lv r]tfjgL;Ddsf] ;"rgf k|fKt ug{cfjZos tTjx?nfO{;d]6\b5 . hgtfdf s]lGb|t k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLn] clgjfo{?kdf rf/j6f dxTjk"0f{ tTjx?nfO{ckgfPsf] xG5 M hf]lvdsf] 1fg, k|sf]ksf] cg'udg, ljZn]if0f tyf k"jf{g'dfg, r]tfjgL tyf ;ts{tfsf] ;"rgf ;+rf/ jf ;+k|]if0f, Pj+ k|fKt r]tfjgLnfO{plrt hjfkm lbg;Sg] :yfgLo Ifdtf . csf]{zAbfjnL æ5]p b]lv 5]p ;Ddsf] rtfjgL k|0ffnL (end-to end warning system)Æ klg k|of]u ul/G5 h;n] r]tfjgL k|0ffnLn] k|sf]k klxrfgb]lv ;d'bfosf] k|ltsfo{;Ddsf sbdx? ;d]l6g'kg]{cfjZostf dfly hf]8 lbG5 .

21

hLjkl/j[lt k4ltsf ;]jfx?

hLjx?aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwaf6 dg'io hflt / ;d'bfox?n] kfpg] nfe .

l6Kk0fLM of] kl/efiff ;x;|fJbL hLjkl/j[lt k4lt d"Nofs+g (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment) af6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] . hLjx?sf] cGt/;DaGwn] k|bfg ug{;Sg] nfex?df ælgodg ;]jfx? (Regulatory

Services)Æ h:t}M af9L, ;'Vvf, e"ldsf] u'0ffTds x|f; tyf /f]ux?sf] lgodgÙ æk|aGwut ;]jfx? (Provisioning

Services)Æ h:tM}vfBfGg / kfgLÙ æ;xfos ;]jfx? (Supporting Services)Æ h:tM}df6f]sf] /rgf / vfB rqmÙ Pj+ æ;+f:s[lts ;]jfx? (Cultural Services)Æ, dgf]/~hgfTds, cfWoflTds, wfld{s tyf cGo cef}lts nfex? kb{5g\. hldg, hn / hLljt ;fwg–>f]tsf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkgn] ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]unfO{ k|j4{g ub{5 / hLjx?aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwsf ;]jfx? axfn /fVb}ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpF5g\ .

22

l6Kk0fLM ENSO sf] Ps v08 Pn lggf] eGgfn] Osj]8/, k]? pQ/L lrnLsf] t6Lo If]q tyf k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] k"jL{e"dWo/]vLo If]qdf ;d'b|L tfkqmd cf};t eGbf clt pRr x'g] cj:yfnfO{hgfpF5 / csf]{v08 ænf lggf (La

Niña)Æ eGgfn] 7Ls jLkl/t cj:yf cyf{t cf};t eGbf lgs}sd tfkqmdsf] cj:yf hgfpF5 . blIf0fL xnrn (Southern Oscillation) eGgfn] ljZjsf ljleGg v08df df};dL cGt/n] ubf{ljZjJofkL?kd}xfjfsf] rfkdf cfpg] ck|Toflzt kl/jt{gnfO{a'emfpF5 .

pi0f k|b]zLo k|zfGt dxf;fu/ / k[YjLsf] jfo"d08nsf jLrdf x'g] hl6n cGt/lqmof h'g ;+;f/sf ljleGg 7fpFdf ;fd'lb|s tyf df};dL :jefjdf clgoldt 9+un] eO/x]sf] kljt{gsf kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf 3l6t x'G5 /dlxg};Dd t6Lo hLjg z}nLdf ptf/r9fj, jiff{df clgoldttf, af9L, ;'Vvf, x'/L nufotsf] :jfefjdf ;d]t uDeL/ c;/ kfb{5 .

Pn lggf]–blIf0fL ;d'b|L :jefj

cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfsf ;Dk"0f{kIfnfO{;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu vf;u/L k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{tyfk|f/lDes k'gnf{e of]hgf h:tf ljifodf s]lGb|t ;fwg >f]t tyf lhDd]jf/Lx?sf] ;'u7g tyf Joj:yfkg .

l6Kk0fLM cfkt\sfnLg jf cfsl:ds ;]jfx? eGgfn] ljleGg ;+oGqx? h:tM}gful/s ;'/Iff;Fu ;Da4 k|zf;lgs lgsfo, k|xl/, clUg–lgoGqs, PDa'n]G;, :jf:Yo ;xof]uLx? / cfsl:ds pkrf/ ;]jfx?, /]8qm; ;dfhx?, Pj+ ljB't cfk"lt,{oftfoft, ;+rf/ nufotsf ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx?df cfsl:ds ;]jf sIfx? cflb kb{5g\ .

cfkt\sfnLg Joj:yfkg

24

l6Kk0fLM cfkt\sfnLg ;]jfx? cGt{ut ljleGg ;+:yfx? h:tM}gful/s k|zf;g, k|x/L, af?0fzfnf, PDa'n]G;, k|fylds tyf cfkt\sfnLg pkrf/ ;]jfx?, /]8qm; tyf /]8lqm;]G6 ;f];fO6Lx?, tyf ljlzi6s[t ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx? h:t}ljB't, oftfoft, ;+rf/ jf cGo ;]jfx? cflb kb{5g\ .

;+s6sfnLg cj:yfdf hgwgsf] ;'/Iff ug]{tyf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{tf]lsPsf] hLDd]jf/L tyf p2]Zox? ;lxtsf ljlzi7s[t ;+:yfx?sf] ;d"x .

cfkt\sfnLg ;]jfx?

25

l6Kk0fLM jftfj/0fLo x|f;n] ubf{k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cfj[lQ tyf tLj|tfdf abnfj Nofpg ;S5 / ;d'bfosf] ;+s6f;Ggtf j[l4 ug{;S5 . dfgj ;[lht x|f;sf k|sf/x? eGgfn] hldgsf] b'?kof]u, e"–:vng, d?e"lds/0f, h+undf cfunfuL, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] gf]S;fgL, emf8Lsf] (mangrove) Iflt, hn–yn tyf jfo"df k|b'if0f, hnjfo" kl/j{tg, ;d"b|L ;txdf r9fj tyf cf]hf]gtx kftlng] nufot kb{5g\ .

;fdflhs Pj+ kof{j/0fLo p2]Zox? / cfjZoQmfx? kl/k"lt{ug{;Sg] jftfj/0fLo Ifdtfdf sdL .

jftfj/0fLo xf;|

26

l6Kk0fLM jftfj/0fLo c;/ n]vfhf]vf eg]sf] Pp6f gLltut ;fdu|L xf] h;n] cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f b]lv lg0f{o –k|lqmof ;Dd jftfj/0fLo c;/;DaGwL tYo Pj+ ljZn]if0f k|:t't ub{5 . o;nfO{ /fli6«o sfo{qmd to ug]{/ kl/of]hgf :jLs[t ug]{k|lqmof b]lv cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;xof]u cfof]hgfx?df ;d]t Jofks ?kdf pkof]u ul/G5 . o:tf] vfnsf] n]vfhf]vfn] lj:t[t hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf ;d]6\5 / klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:ofsf nflu ;dfwfgx? tyf ljsNkx? k|:t't ub{5 .

k|:tfljt kl/of]hgf jf sfo{qmdaf6 cfpg ;Sg] jftfj/0fLo kl/0ffdsf af/]df d"Nof+sg ug]{ k4lt h;nfO{kl/of]hgf jf sfo{qmdaf6 pTkGg x'g ;Sg] k|lts"n c;/x? Go"gug]{p2]Zosf ;fy of]hgf th'{df / lg0f{o k|lqmofsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf cfTd;ft\ul/Psf] x'G5 .

jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofs+g

27

l6Kk0fLM ;Dd'vtf slt 5 eGg] s'/f pQm If]qdf /xg] dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof tyf wgdfnsf] k|s[ltdf lge{/ /xG5 . o;nfO{ljZn]if0f ubf{;Dd'vtfdf /x]sf] tTjsf] vf; k|sf]kk|ltsf] vf; ;+s6f;GgtfnfO{;d]t hf]8]/ x]g'{kb{5 ta dfq k|;+usf] k|sf]k af6 To; If]qdf /x]sf]hf]lvdnfO{;xL 9+un] cfFsng ug{;lsG5 .

k|sf]k If]qdf /x]sf dflg;, wgdfn, ;+oGq jf cGo tTjx? hf] tTsfn Iflt ef]Ug' kg]{cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

;Dd'vtf

28

l6Kk0fLM lj:t[t hf]lvdsf] vf;u/L To:tf u|fdL0f jf zx/L If]qsf ;d'bfosf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpF5 h'g :yfgLo ?kdf k6s k6s bf]xf]l//xg] af9L, klx/f], x'/L jf ;'Vvf cflbsf] ;+s6f;Ggtfk|lt ;Dd'v /x]sf x'G5g\ . lj:t[t hf]lvd clwsf+z?kdf ul/aL, zx/Ls/0f tyf jftfj/0fLo x|f;;Fu ;Da4 x'G5 . tLj| hf]lvd (Intensive risk) klg x]g'{xf];\ .

5l/P/ /x]sf hg;+Vofsf] bf]xf]l//xg] jf lgDg jf dWod:t/sf] tLj|tfo'Qm k|sf]kk|ltsf];Dd'vtf;Fu ;+nUg Jofks hf]lvd hf] lgtfGt :yfgLo k|s[ltsf] x'G5 / ljkb\c;/ ;+lrt ug]{vfnsf] x'G5 .

lj:tL0f{jf Jofks hf]lvd

29

k"jf{g'dfg

cfufld ;dodf s'g}klg If]qdf 36\g ;Sg] alnof] ;+efjgfo'Qm 36gf jf cj:yfsf] af/]dflglZrt syg jf tYof+sdf cfwfl/t cg'dfg .

l6Kk0fLM df};d lj1fgdf k"jf{g'dfg eGgfn] efjLcj:yfnfO{O+lut ub{5 . hals r]tfjgLn] ljBdfg efjL ;+s6sf] cj:yfnfO{O+lut ub{5 .

30

l6Kk0fLM ef}ule{s k«sf]kn] k[YjLsf] leqL ;txdf ;~rflnt x'g] k|lqmofnfO{;d]6\b5 h:tf] ls e"sDk, Hjfnfd'vL Pj+ klx/f], e"–:vng, wfFhf kg]{, hldgsf] ;tx :yfgfGt/0f x'g] nufotsf e"–ef}lts k|lqmofx? . o:tf sltko k|lqmofx?df hn tyf df};dlj1fg ;Da4 sf/s–tTjx?sf] dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf /xG5 . ;'gfdLnfO{juL{s/0f ug{sl7g 5 , oBlk ;'gfdL ;d'b|d'lgsf] ;txdf cfpg] e"sDk / cGo ef}ule{s 36gfx?4f/f cg'k|fl0ft x'G5 , t6Lo If]qdf hn–;Da4 k|sf]ksf] ?kdf k|;f/ x'gsf nflu ;'gfdL clgjf{o?kdf Pp6f ;fd'b|Ls k|lqmofsf] ?kdf klg b]lvG5 .

k[YjL leq 3l6t x'g] k|lqmof jf 36gfx? h;sf sf/0fn] hgwgsf] gf]S;fgL, cfhLljsf tyf ;]jfx?df xfgL, ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s If]qdf ult/f]wsf ;fy;fy}jftfj/0fLo Iflt h:tf kl/0ffdx? lg:sG5g\ .

ef}ule{s k|sf]k

l6Kk0fLM pk/f]Qm kl/efiff hnjfo" kl/jt{sf nflu cGt/;/sf/L ;d"x (IPCC) åf/f to ePsf] xf] . k|d'v xl/tu[x UofF;x?df kfgLsf] afkm, sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8, gf;6«; cS;fO8, ldy]g / cf]hf]g kb{5g\ .

k[YjLsf] jfo"d08ndf /x]sf k|fs[lts tyf dfgj lgld{t UofF;x? h;n] k[YjLsf] ;tx, :jo+ jfo"d08n jf afbn4f/f pT;lh{t tfkLo cj/Qm ljls/0f ;f]:g] / ljls/0f pt;h{g ug]{ ub{5g\ .

xl/tu[x UoFf;x?

32

l6Kk0fLM x\of]uf] sfo{–;+/rgfcGtu{t ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f;Fu ;Da4 k|sf]k eGgfn] kfbl6Kk0fL # df atfOPcg';f/ k|fs[lts k|s[ltsf k|sf]k tyf jftfj/0fLo Pj+ k|ljlwut k|sf]k / hf]lvd /x]sf 5g\. o;vfnsf k|sf]kx? ljleGg ef}ule{s, df};d tyf hn–lj1fg ;Da4, ;fd'lb|s, h}ljls Pj+ k|ljlwut >f]t af6 lg;[t x'G5g\/ slxn]sflxF ;+o'Qm?kdf ;d]t ;lqmo x'G5g\ . k|fljlws s;Ldf /fv]/ x]bf{k|sf]knfO{ljleGg :yfgdf ljleGg tLj|tfsf] 36gfsf] ;+efljt cfj[lQsf] ljZn]if0fåf/f lgb]{lzt x'G5g\. k|sf]k ;DaGwL cGo zAbfjnLx?df Biological Hazard, Geological Hazard, Hydrometerological Hazard, Natural Hazard,

Socionatural Hazard Pj+ Technological Hazard klg x]g'{xf];\ .

Pp6f vt/gfd kl/36gf, j:t', dfgj lqmofsnfk jf kl/l:ylt h;sf sf/0fn] Hofgsf] gf]S;fgL, 3fOt] jf cGo :jf:Yo ;DaGwL c;/x?, wgdfnsf] Iflt, cfhLljsf tyf ;]jfx?sf] gf]S;fgL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ult/f]w, jf jftfj/0fLo x|f; ;d]t

k|sf]k

33

l6Kk0fLM hn tyf df};dlj1fg ;Da4 k|sf]k cGtu{t pi0f–k|b]zLo rqmjftx? -hf] 6fOkm'g jf xl/s]gsf gfdn] lrlgG5g\_ r6\ofª, cl;gf, 6f]gf{8f], pRr lxdkft, lxdcfFwL, ;d'b|L t'kmfg, af9L, ;'Vvf, n', zLtnx/ cflb kb{5g\. oL k|sf]kx? cGo vfnsf k|sf]ksf nflu ;d]t sf/0f aGg ;Sb5g\h:tf] ls klx/f], h+unL cfunfuL, Kn]u, dxfdf/L, tyf ljiffbL j:t' Pj+ Hjfnfd'vL km'6\bf lg:sg] kbfy{x?sf] k|;f/ Pj+ ljt/0f .

jfo"d08nLo, hnlj1fg;Fu ;Da4 jf ;fd'lb|s k|s[ltsf] 36gf jf k|lqmof h;sf sf/0fn]Hofgsf] gf]S;fgL, 3fOt] jf cGo :jf:Yo;DaGwL c;/x?, wgdfnsf] Iflt, cfhLljsf /;]jfx?sf] gf]S;fgL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ult/f]w jf jftfj/0fLo x|f; ;d]tlgDTofpF5 .

hn tyf df};dlj1fg ;Da4k|sf]k

34

l6Kk0fLM tLj| hf]lvdsf] vf;u/L 7"nf zx/ cyjf ;3g dfgj–j:tLsf If]qx?sf] cj:yfnfO{ hgfpFb5 h'g k|jn e"sDk, ;lqmo Hjfnd'vL, ef/L af9L, ;'gfdL jf cfFwLa]x/L h:tf tLj hf]lvdx?sf] ;Dd'v /x]sf 5g\. "Extensive Risk" klg x]g'{xf];\.

pRr k|sf]k 36gfsf nflu uf9f hg3gTj Pj+ cfly{s ultljlwsf] ;Dd'vtf;Fu ufFl;Psf]hf]lvd h;n] ubf{dxfljkb\;d]t lgDTofpg ;S5 / 7"nf] kl/df0fdf hgwgsf] Iflt u/fpg;S5 .

;wg jf tLj| hf]lvd

35

l6Kk0fLM e"–pkof]u of]hgfn] lbuf] ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{of]ubfg lbG5 . o;cGtu{t cWoog tyf gSzf+sg, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo Pj+ k|sf]k tYof+ssf] ljZn]if0f, j}slNks e"–pkof]u lgSof}{nx?sf] th'{dfsf ;fy}ljleGg ef}uf]lns tyf k|zf;lgs:t/df bL3{sfnLg of]hgfsf 9fFrfx? tof/ kfg]{nufotsf sfo{x? kb{5g\ . e"–pkof]u of]hgfsf] k|sf]k pGd'v If]qdf oftfoft dfu{sf ;]jfx?, ljB't cfk"lt{, vfg]kfgL, 9n lgsf; / cGo cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?sf] lgdf{0f jf :yfkgf tyf dfgj j;f]jf;sf ultljlwnfO{lg?T;flxt u/]/ ljkb\cNkLs/0f Pj+ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fnfO{;3fp k'¥ofpFb5 .

;fj{hlgs k|flwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo4f/f e"ld pkof]usf nflu ljleGg ljsNkx?sf] klxrfg,d"Nof+sg / lgSof}{n ug]{k2lt h;cGt{ut bL3{sfnLg cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLop2]Zox?sf ;fydf ljleGg ;d'bfox? / OR5's ;d"xx?sf] hl6ntfnfO{Wofg lbg] Pj+ :jLs[t jf :jLsfo{pkof]u ljsNk JofVof ug]{u/L tb\g'?ksf of]hgf th'{df tyf hf/L ug]{nufotsf sfo{ kb{5g\ .

e"–pkof]u of]hgf

36

k|sf]k tyf ;Da4 ljkb\sf k|lts"n c;/x?nfO{sd kfg]{jf ;Lldt u/fpg] sfo{ljlw .

l6Kk0fLM k|sf]ksf k|lts"n c;/x?nfO{k"0f{tM lgif]w ug{;ls+b}g, t/ ltgLx?sf] dfqf / uDeL/tfnfO{ljleGg /0fgLlt tyf lqmofsnfk4f/f a];/L sd kfg{;lsG5 . cNkLs/0f pkfox?df O{l~hlgol/Ë k|ljlw tyf k|sf]k–k|lt/f]wL lgdf{0f sfo{sf ;fy;fy};'b[9 jftfj/0fLogLltx? Pj+ hgr]tgf kb{5g\. ofb /fVg'kg]{s'/f s] 5 eg] hnjfo" kl/jt{g gLltdf cNkLs/0fnfO{km/s 9+un] kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 To; cg';f/ hnjfo" kl/jt{sf] sf/s–tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] xl/tu[x UofF;x?sf pT;h{gnfO{Go"lgs/0f ug]{;Gbe{nfO{a'emfpFb5 .

cNkLs/0f

37

ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f sfo{x? hf] ax'kIfLo x'G5g\/ /fHoleq /x]sf ;Dk"0f{;/f]sf/jfnf;+:yf jf lgsfo h:tf] ls ;fj{hlgs, gLlh Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfh:tf If]qdfPscsf;Fu cGof]Gofl>t 9+un] ufFl;Psf x'G5g\, ltgLx?sf] ;dGjo / gLltut lgb]{zgsf nflu /fli6«o:t/sf] ;+oGqsf nflu k|o'Qm x'g] cfwf/e"t zAbfjnL .

l6Kk0fLM of] kl/efiff x\of]uf] sfo{–;+/rgf (Hyogo

Framework) sf] kfbl6Kk0fL !) af6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] xf] . ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf nflu j[xt\If]q / ;+:yfx?sf 1fg, Ifdtf / /fo cfjZos x'G5 h;df d'n's leq /x]sf /fi6«;+3Lo lgsfox? ;d]t kb{5g\. ljkb\af6 k|foM If]qx? k|ToIf jf ck|ToIfx?kdf k|efljt x'G5g\/ w]/}If]q;Fu ljkb\hf]lvdnfO{;Djf]wg ug]{ hLDd]jf/L ;d]t x'g] u5{. /fli6«o d~rn] ljkb\hf]lvdnfO{Go"g kfg]{vfnsf /fli6«o sfo{qmdnfO{;d'Ggt agfpg] ;fwg k|bfg ub{5, ;fy}/fi6«;+3Lo ljkb\Go"lgs/0f lgsfosf nflu /fli6«o ;+oGqsf] ?kdf ;d]t k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .

ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf nflu/fli6«o d~r

38

k|fs[lts vfnsf] k|lqmof jf 36gf h;sf sf/0fn] Hofgsf] gf]S;fgL, 3fOt] tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL cGo c;/x?m wgdfnsf] Iflt, cflhljsf tyf ;]jfx?sf] gf]S;fgL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ult/f]w jf jftfj/0fLo x|f; lgDTofpF5 .

l6Kk0fLM k|fs[lts k|sf]k eg]sf] ;Dk"0f{k|sf]ksf] Pp6f lx:;f xf] . jf:tljs k|sf]k 36gfsf ;fy;fy}efjL lbgdf k|sf]k 36gfx?df j[l4 u/fpg ;Sg] cGtlg{lxt cj:yfnfO{JofVof ug{sf nflu of] zAbfjnL k|of]u ul/G5 . k|fs[lts k|sf]knfO{To;sf] kl/df0f jf tLj|tf,cfqmd0fsf] j]u, cjlw tyf k|efj If]q lj:tf/sf cfwf/df JofVof ug{;lsG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu e"sDksf] cjlw 5f]6f] x'G5 / ;w}h;f] t'ngfTds?kdf ;fgf] If]qnfO{k|efljt kfg]{ub{5 . hals ;'Vvfsf] k|sf]k lj:tf/}ljsl;t x'G5 / k|foM 7"nf] If]qnfO{k|efljt kfg]{ub{5 . sltko 36gfdf k|sf]kx? hf]l8P/ cfpg ;S5g\h:tf] af9Lsf] sf/ssf] ?kdf xl/s]g gfds cfFwL jf ;'gfdL /xg ;S5g\h'g e"sDk4f/f ;[lht x'G5g\ .

k|fs[lts k|sf]k

39

cf;Gg jf hf/L k|sf]k 36gf jf cj:yfsf c;/x?af/] k|efjsf/L 9+un] cg'dfg, k|ltsfo{Pj+ k'gnf{e sfo{ug{sf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo, ;d'bfo / JolQmsf] txdf ;d]t ljsl;t 1fg tyf Ifdtf .

l6Kk0fLM k"j{tof/L sfo{ljkb\hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] ;Gbe{df ;~rfng ul/G5 / o;n] ;a} vfnsf cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfnfO{k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg ug{cfjZos Ifdtfx? lgdf{0f ug]{ tyf k|ltsfo{b]lv lbuf] vfnsf k'gnf{e r/0fdf >+[vnfa4 ljsf; xfl;n ug]{s'/fdf Wofg lbG5 . k"j{tof/L sfo{ljkb\hf]lvdsf] ;xL ljZn]if0f / k"j{r]tfjgL k|0ffnLsf] ;'b[9 ;dGjodf cfwfl/t x'G5 / o;n] e}k/L cj:yfsf] k|aGw ug]{pks/0fx?sf] e08f/0f / cfk"lt{ ug]{Ù ;dGjo, lg:qmd0f tyf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ;DaGwL plrt rfhf]kfFhf] ldnfpg] / ;Da4 ljifodf tflnd tyf :ynut cEof; ;+rfng ug]{nufotsf ljifonfO{;dflxt ub{5 . oL ljifout If]qx? cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;+:yfut, sfg"gL tyf cfly{s Ifdtfn] ;3fpg] vfnsf x'g'k5{ . o:t}vfn] csf]{zAb tof/L cj:yf (Readiness) n] rflxF cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf tTsfn / ;xL 9+un] k|ltsfo{ug{;Sg] IfdtfnfO{JofVof ub{5 .

k"j{tof/L

k|sf]k tyf ;Da4 ljkb\sf k|lts"n c;/x?nfO{tTsfn 5Ng ;Sg] k4lt .

l6Kk0fLM lgjf/0f -cyf{t ljkb lgjf/0f_ n] ;+efljt k|lts"n c;/x?nfO{clu|d ?kdf ;+rfng ul/g] sfo{qmdx?åf/f k"0f{?kn] 5Ng] jf k|efljt gx'g] cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg] wf/0ff tyf rfxgfnfO{cleJoQm ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf af9Lsf] hf]lvd x6fpgsf nflu afFw jf t6\aGw, pRr hf]lvd If]qdf a;f]jf;sf nflu cg'dlt glbg] ;DaGwL e"–pkof]u lgod–ljlgod, tyf e"sDkLo hf]lvdo"Qm If]qdf cfjf;x?df ;]jf ;'rf? /fVg] / hLjg /Iffsf nflu e"sDkLo lx;fan] ;'/lIft ejg lgdf{0f sfo{cflbnfO{lng ;lsG5 . clwsf+z cj:yfdf k"0f{?kdf IfltnfO{/f]Sg;Sg] ;+efjgf /xFb}g / sfo{qmdx? cNkLs/0fsf ;f]+rdf ?kfGtl/t x'G5g\. o;sf/0f cf+lzs?kdf ælgjf/0fÆ / æ cNkLs/0fÆ eGg] zAbfjnLx? ;dfgfyL{?kdf klg k«of]u ug]{ul/G5 .

lgjf/0f

41

gofF tyf a9\bf] ljkb\hf]lvdnfO{;Daf]wg ug]{tyf c;/ 5Ngsf nflu ;+rfng ul/g]Joj:yfksLo lqmofsnfkx? .

l6Kk0fLM of] cjwf/0ff vf;u/L ljBdfg hf]lvd h;nfO{jt{dfg ;dodf Jojl:yt / Go"lgs/0f ug{;lsG5, To;df eGbf klg hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f gLlt tyf sfo{qmd cjnDag gubf{efjL lbgdf ljsl;t x'g;Sg] hf]lvdnfO{;Daf]wg ug]{s'/fdf s]lGb|t x'G5 . Corrective Disaster risk Management klg x]g'{xf];\ .

;+efJo ljkb\hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

42

ljkb\hf]lvd, ljkb\lgDTofpg] sf/s–tTjx? / k|sf]k ;Dd'vtf Pj+ ;+s6f;GgtfnfO{Go"g ug]{vfnsf sfo{qmdsf af/]df cfd?kdf hgdfg;df /x]sf] 1fgsf] :t/ .

l6Kk0fLM hgr]tgf eg]sf] k|efjsf/L ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{36s xf] . ljleGg tl/sfx? h:t}M ;~rf/ dfWodx?af6 ;"rgf k|jfxdfkm{t\, ;"rgf s]Gb|, ;+hfn Pj+ ;d'bfo / ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgf tyf jl/i7 ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L Pj+ ;d'bfosf cu'jfx?sf] tkm{af6 x'g] k}/jL cflbdfkm{t\hgr]tgfsf] ljsf; qmdnfO{pGgt agfpg ;lsG5 .

hgr]tgf

43

l6Kk0fLM k'gjf{; tyf k'glg{d0f ;lDdlnt k'gnf{e sfo{cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfsf] cGTo;Fu} t'?Gt}k|f/De x'G5 / o:tf] sfo{k'gnf{e of]hgfsf nflu ;':ki6 ;+:yfut pQ/bfloTjnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{/ hg;xeflutfnfO{;Ifd agfpg] k|of]hgsf nflu klxn]b]lv ljBdfg /0fgLlt Pj+ gLltx?df cfwfl/t x'g'k5{. ljkb\kZrft\pRr hgr]tgf / ;xeflutf ;+u ufFl;P/ ;~rfng ul/g] k"gnf{e sfo{qmdx?n] ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ug{d"Nojfg cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 / ækl5sf] /fd|f] lgdf{0fÆ sf] l;4fGtnfO{nfu" ub{5 .

ljkb\k|efljt ;d'bfosf nflu cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?, cfhLljsf / ;'/lIft hLjgsf] cj:yfnfO{ pko'Qmtfsf cfwf/df k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ ;'wf/ ug]{Pj+ ljkb\hf]lvdsf sf/sx?nfO{Go"g ug]{ k|oTgx? ;lxtsf] k|lqmof .

k'gnf{e

44

l6Kk0fLM cjlzi6 hf]lvdsf] pkl:yltsf] cy{cfkt\sfnLg ;]jf, k"j{tof/L, k|ltsfo{/ k'gnf{esf ;fy;fy};fdflhs–cfly{s gLltx?;d]tsf nflu k|efjsf/L Ifdtf ljsf; / ;3fp k'¥ofpg cljlR5Gg k|oTgsf] h?/L 5 eGg] a'lemG5 .

o:tf] vfnsf] hf]lvd h'g k|efjsf/L ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf ljlwx? rfn' /fVbf klg Jojl:yt x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\/ h;sf nflu cfkt\sfnLg k|ltsfo{/ k'gnf{esf Ifdtfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf /fVg}kg]{ x'G5 .

cjlzi6 hf]lvd

45

l6Kk0fLM pTyfgzLntf eGgfn] k|sf]ksf] wSsf jf cf3ftaf6 tTsfn p7\g ;Sg] jf k"jf{j:yfdf kms{g ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{hgfpF5 . ;+efAo k|sf]k 36gfsf] ;Gbe{df ;d'bfosf] pTyfgzLntf dfkg ubf{;d'bfo;Fu /x]sf] cfjZos ;fwg >f]tsf] kl/df0f / :t/ tyf h?/L k/]sf] a]nfdf / To;cl3 klg ;d'bfon] cfkm'nfO{Jojl:yt ug{;Sg] Ifdtf nfO{Wofg lbg' kg]{x'G5 .

k|sf]ksf] ;Dd'vdf /x]sf s'g} klg k|0ffnL, ;d'bfo jf ;dfh;Fu cGtlg{lxt Ifdtf h;n] cTofjZos cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf / sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{;+/If0f / k'g:yf{kgfdfkm{t k|sf]ksf c;/nfO{ ;dod}s'zntfk"j{s k|lt/f]w, ;dfof]hg, ;dflxt tyf k'gnf{e sfo{ ug{ ;dy{ u/fpF5 .

pTyfgzLntf

46

l6Kk0fLM ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ d'VotM tTsfn Pj+ cNksfnLg cfjZoQmfx?df s]lGb|t /xG5 / slxn]sflxF o;nfO{ æljkb\ /fxtÆ sf] ;+1f klg lbOG5 . k|ltsfo{r/0f / To;sf] pQ/jtL{ k'gnf{e r/0faLrdf 7ofSs}ljefhgsf] /]vf sf]g{ufx|f] 5 . s]xL k|ltsfo{ultljlwx? h:tf] ls c:yfoL cfjf;sf] Joj:yf tyf vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{cflb k"gnf{esf] r/0fdf ;d]t lj:tfl/t x'g ;S5g\ .

ljkb\sf] cjlw jf To;kZrft\tTsfn hLjg /Iff ug]{, :jf:Yo ;DaGwL c;/x? Go"g ug]{, cfd gful/ssf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug]{tyf k|efljt JolQmx?sf] cfwf/e"t hLjsf]kfh{gsf vfFrf]x? k"lt{ug]{k|of]hgsf nflu cfkt\sfnLg ;]jfx? Pj+ gful/s ;xfotfsf k|fjwfg .

k|ltsfo{

47

ljBdfg ;+/rgfnfO{k|sf]ksf 3fts k|efjx? k|lt/f]w ug{;Sg] jf tLk|lt pTyfgzLn /xg ;Sg] Wo]on] cjnDag ul/g] ;anLs/0f jf u'0f:t/–j[l4sf] k4lt .

l6Kk0fLM k|jnLs/0fcGtu{t ;+/rgfsf] l8hfOg Pj+ sfo{k|0ffnL, s'g}vf; k|sf]k–36gf jf k|sf]k–b[ZofjnLdf ;+/rgfn] y]Ugkg]{ef/ tyf k|jnLs/0fsf ljleGg ljsNkx?sf] Jojxfl/stf Pj+ cfly{s kIfnfO{Wofg lbg' cfjZos kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf 7f8f] uf/f]df t];f]{k§L afFWg], lkn/nfO{yk dha't agfpg], cTofjZos ;]jf tyf pks/0fx?nfO{;'wf/ ug]{nufotsf sfo{nfO{lng ;lsG5 .

k|jnLs/0f

48

s'g}klg k|sf]k 36gfsf] ;+efAotf / To;sf gsf/fTds kl/df0fx?sf] ;du| cj:yf .

l6Kk0fLM of] kl/efiff ISO/IEC Guide 73 af6 lgb{]lzt 5 . hf]lvd zAb b'O{j6f cnu efj;lxt pkl:yt x'G5 . hglha|f]sf] af]nLdf 36gf x'g;Sg] ;+of]u jf ;+efjgf h:t} b'3{6gfsf] hf]lvd eGg] cy{nfO{hf]8 lbOG5 hals k|fljlws k[i7e"lddf s'g}vf; sf/s–tTj :yfg jf ;dofjlwdf x'g ;Sg] ;+efljt Ifltsf] cy{df 36gfsf] kl/0ffdx?dfly hf]8 lbOG5 . o; ;Gb{edf s] s'/f b]Vg ;lsG5 eg] ljleGg hf]lvdx?sf] cj:yf / To;sf cGtlg{lxt sf/0fx?sf af/]df cfd hg;d'bfosf] Pp6}wf/0ff g/xg ;S5 .

hf]lvd

;+efljt k|sf]kx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ tyf hf]lvdsf] ;Dd'v /x]sf hg;d'bfo, wgdfn, ;]jf–;'ljwfx?, hLjgsf cfwf/x? cyf{t cfhLljsfsf If]qx? Pj+ pgLx? cfl>t /xg] jftfj/0fnfO{xfgL k'¥ofpg] alnof] ;+efjgf;lxtsf] ;+s6f;Ggtfsf] ljBdfg cj:yfsf] d"Nof+sg u/]/ hf]lvdsf] k|s[ltsf ;fy}:t/ lgwf{/0f ul/g] ljlw jf k4lt .

l6Kk0fLM hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf tyf ;+nUg hf]lvd gSz+fsgn] lgDg If]q ;d]6\5 M

• k|sf]ksf k|fljlws ljz]iftfx? h:t}M :yfg, tLj|tf, cfj[lt / ;+efjgfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg

• ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL cfofdx? nufotsf ;Dd'vtf Pj+ ;+s6f;Ggtfsf] ljZn]if0f,

• ;+efJo hf]lvd cj:yfsf nflu ljBdfg tyf a}slNks ;fdgf Ifdtfsf] k|efjsfl/tfaf/] d"Nof+sg

hf]lvd d"Nof+sg

;+efljt xfgL Pj+ IfltnfO{sd kfg{clglZrttfsf] cj:yfnfO{Jojl:yt ug]{ l;nl;nfj4 pkfud tyf cEof; .

l6Kk0fLM hf]lvd Joj:yfkgleq hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf / ljZn]if0f tyf hf]lvdnfO{lgolGqt, Go"lgs[t / :yfgfGt/0f ug]{vfnsf /0fgLlt Pj+ ljlzi6 lqmofsnfkx?sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{kIf ;dflji6 x'G5g\ . ljleGg ;+:yfx?n] of] cjwf/0fnfO{lgj]z of]hgfsf hf]lvd 36fpg b]lv sfo{sf/L hf]lvdx? h:t} Joj;fo jf wGbfdf ult/f]w pTkfbg c;kmntf, jftfj/0fLo Iflt, ;fdflhs c;/x?sf ;fy} cfunfuL Pj+ k|fs[lts k\|sf]kaf6 x'g] Ifltx? ;+af]wg ug]{;Ddsf cj:yfdf Jofks?kdf cEof; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ljleGg If]qx? h:t}vfg]kfgL cfk"lt{phf{tyf pRr df};dL Pj+ hnjfo" kl/j{tg n] k|ToIf pTkfbsTjdf k|efj kg]{s[lif If]qsf] cGt/+u ljifoj:t' xf] .

hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

51

s'g} vf; hf]lvdsf ljQLo kl/0ffdx?nfO{ cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s 9+un] Ps kIfaf6 csf]{ kIfdf :yfgfGQ/0f ug]{ k|lqmof h; cGtu{t kl/jf/ ;d'bfo, Joj;fo jf /fHosf lgsfon] csf]{ kIfnfO{ lg/Gt/ jf Ifltk"lt{sf] ?kdf lbOPsf] ;fdflhs tyf ljQLo nfesf] ;§fdf ljkb\ 36gfkZrft\bf];|f] kIfaf6 ljljw ;|f]t–;fwg k|fKt ug{;S5g\ .

l6Kk0fLM aLdf hf]lvd :yfgfGt/0fsf] Pp6f ;'kl/lrt :j?k xf] h;df aLdfstf{af6 lg/Gt/ e'Qmfg ul/Psf] lk|ldodsf] abnfdf hf]lvdsf] Ifltk"lt{k|fKt ug{;lsG5 . hf]lvd :yfgfGt/0f cgf}krfl/s ?kdf kl/jf/leq jf ;fd'bflos ;+hfndf ;+ej x'g;S5 hxfF kf/:kfl/s ;xof]u / ck]Iffx? k"lt{x'G5g\. cf}krfl/s?kdf ;/sf/, aLdf ;+:yf, ax'p2]ZoLo a}sx? tyf hf]lvd zdg ug]{7"nf ;+:yfx?n] 7"nf–7"nf 36gfdf x'g] IfltnfO{;fdgf ug{;3fp k'¥ofpg] x]t'n] ;+oGqx? :yfkgf ub{5g\. o:tf ;+oGqx? eGgfn] aLdf tyf k'gaL{df s/f/, dxfljkQL qm[0f–kq, e}k/L cj:yfsf nflu qm[0f ;'ljwf tyf ;+lrt sf]if nufot kb{5g\ .

hf]lvd :yfgfGt/0f

k|fs[lts k|sf]k / x|f;f]Gd'v eld tyf jftfj/0fLo >f]tsfaLrdf x'g] cGt/\lqmofaf6 ;[hgf x'g] af9L, klx/f], e":vng tyf ;'Vvf nufotsf e"–ef}lts tyf hn Pj+ df};dlj1fg ;Da4 k|sf]k 36gf a9\bf] dfqfdf 3l6t x'g] cj:yf .

l6Kk0fLM of] zAbfjnLsf] k|of]u dfgj s[ofsnfkn] ubf{sltko k|sf]kx?sf] cfj[lQ k|fs[lts ?kdf 3l6t x'g] ;+efjgfsf] xb gf3]/ cTolws al9/x]sf] cj:yf hgfpgsf nflu ul/G5 . k|df0fx?n] o:tf k|sf]kaf6 ljkb\sf] ef/ j[l4 eO/xsf] b]vfpF5g\. e"ld / jftfj/0fLo >f]tsf] ;'ema'emk"0f{Joj:yfkgn] ;fdflhs–k|fs[lts k|sf]knfO{Go"lgs/0f ug{/ 5Ng ;lsG5 .

;fdflhs–k|fs[lts k|sf]k

53

;+/rgfut pkfox?M k|sf]ksf ;+efljt c;/x?nfO{Go"g kfg{tyf 5Ngsf nflu ul/g] s'g} klg ef}lts lgdf{0fsf] sfo{, cy{ft ;+/rgf jf k|0ffnLdf k|sf]k k|lt/f]wL Ifdtf tyf pTyfgzLntf xfl;n ug{k|of]u ul/g] O{l~hlgol/Ë k|ljlw .u}/–;+/rgfut pkfox?M hf]lvd / ltgsf c;/x? Go"g kfg]{o:tf pkfo h;df ef}lts lgdf{0fnfO{;+nUg ug]{geO{gLlt–lgod tyf sfg'gL k|fjwfg, hgr]tgf clej[l4, k|lzIf0f Pj+ lzIff sfo{qmddfkm{t 1fg, cEof; / ;dembf/Lsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

l6Kk0fLM ljkb\hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ;fdfGo ;+/rgfut pkfox?cGtu{t afFw, t6aGw, ;d'b|L 5fn /f]Sg 5]sf, e"sDk –k|lt/f]wL ejg lgdf{0f tyf lgis|d0f cfjf; cflb kb{5g\ . To:t}, ;fdfGo u}/–;+/rgfut pkfox?df ejg lgdf{0f ;+lxtf, e"–pkof]u of]hgf ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|fjwfg tyf ltgsf] sfof{Gjog, cg';Gwfg Pj+ n]vfhf]vf, ;"rgf >f]t, tyf hgr]tgfsf sfo{qmdx? kb{5g\. Vofn ug'{xf]; ls l;len tyf ;+/rgfTds Ol~hlgol/Ëdf ;+/rgfut eGg] zAbfjnLsf] |of]u s]jn ef/jfxs ;+/rgfdf a9L ;Lldt ul/Psf] kfOG5 / cGo c+zx? h:tf] Wall Cladding / leqL lkml6Ëx?nfO{u}/–;+/rgfut gfdfª\sg ul/G5 .

;+/rgfut tyf u}/–;+/rgfutpkfox?

54

jt{dfg cfjZostf Pj+ k"lt{ug]{o:tf] ljsf; h;df efjL k':tfsf] cfjZostfx? k"lt{ug]{Ifdtf;Fu ;Demf}tf ul/+b}g .

l6Kk0fLM !(*& sf] a|G6Nof08 cfof]u4f/f /lrt of] kl/efiff cToGt ;+lIfKt Pj+ ;f/ule{t 5 t/ o;n] ljsf; eGg] zAbsf] cy{;Fu ;Da4 ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ jftfj/0fLo k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df s}og ;jfnx? cg'Ql/t 5f]8]sf] 5 . ljkb\hf]lvd eGg] s'/f ljsf;sf lbuf]kg lj/f]wL tTjx? h:t}M jftfj/0fLo x|f; h:tf s'/f;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 / csf]{cy{x]bf{ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"lgs/0fn] Go"lgs[t Iflt / ;'wfl/Psf ljsf; cEof;dfkm{t lbuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbG5 .

lbuf] ljsf;

55

b'3{6gf, vt/gfs sfo{ljlw cfwf/ ;+/rgf gfsfd x'g' jf vf; vfnsf dfgj lqmofsnfk nufotsf k|ljlwut tyf cf}Bf]lus cj:yfaf6 pTkGg x'g] k|sf]k h;n] ubf{hLjg Iflt, 3fOt], lj/fdL jf cGo :jf:Yo ;DaGwL c;/, wgdfnsf] gf]S;fgL, hghLljsf / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx?df k|efj, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ult/f]w, cyjf jftfj/0fLo Iflt lgDTofpF5 .

l6Kk0fLM k|ljlwut k|sf]ksf pbfx/0fdf cf}Bf]lus k|b"if0f, cf0fljs ljls/0f, ljiffn' /2L rLh, afFw eTsg', oftfoft b'3{6gf, sf/vfgfdf x'g] ljikmf]6g, cfunfuL tyf /f;folgs r'xfj6 kb{5g\. k|ljlwut k|sf]kx? k|ToIftM k|fs[lts k|sf]k 36gfsf c;/sf kl/0ffdsf] ?kdf klg pTkGg x'g ;S5g\ .

k|ljlwut k|sf]k

s'g};d'bfo, k|0ffnL jf k"FhLsf ljz]iftfx? Pj+ kl/j]z h;n] ltgLx?nfO{k|sf]ksf 3fts k|efjx?sf] ;Dd'v k'¥ofpF5g\ .

l6Kk0fLM ;+s6f;Ggtfsf ljleGg kIfx? h:t}ef}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{sb]lv jftfj/0fLo sf/sx? ;d]t 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf ejgx?sf] sdhf]/ l8hfOg / lgdf{0f, k"FhLsf] ckof{Kt ;+/If0f, ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf / r]tgfsf] cefj, hf]lvd / k"j{tof/Lsf pkfox?df cflwsf/Ls lgsfox?sf] ;Lldt rf;f], tyf ;'emj'emk"0f{jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgk|lt pk]Iff cflb kb{5g\ . ;+s6f;Ggtf ;d'bfoleq / ;docg';f/ pNn]Vo?kdf kl/jlt{t x'G5 . o; kl/efiffdf ;+s6f;GgtfnfO{;d'bfo, k|0ffnL jf k"FhLsf] ljleGg ljz]iftfx?sf] ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 h'g ;Dd'vtf;Fu c;Dj4 5 . hjls ;fdfGo k|of]udf ;+s6f;GgtfnfO{a9L Jofks 9+un] ;d'bfo, k|0ffnL jf k"FhLsf] ;Dd'vtfnfO{;d]t ;d]6]/ x]l/G5 .

* o:tf] ;+s]t ePsf kbfjnLx? pbLodfg gljg cjwf/0fx? x'g\h'g xfn Tolt Jofks k|of]udf 5}gg\t/ k]zfut ;fGble{stfsf lx;fjn] dxTjk"0f{5g\, ltgLx?sf kl/efiff cem}k/fdz{sf r/0fdf 5g\/ cfufld lbgdf kl/jlt{t :j?kdf cfpg ;S5g\ .

;+s6f;Ggtf

57

National Society for Earthquake Technology-Nepal (NSET)

Sainbu V.D.C. Ward No. 4, Bhainsepati Residential Area, Lalitpur, P.O.Box: 13775, Kathmandu, Nepal

Web: www.nset.org.np

ADRRN Secretariat: MERCY Malaysia, Level 2, Podium Block, City Point, Kompleks Dayabumi, Jalan Sultan Hishamuddin, P.O. Box 1121650050 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

Web: www.adrrn.net

UNISDR welcomes this partnership effort in simplified disaster risk

reduction terminology. This terminology is adapted to country contexts

for ensuring better understanding of disaster risks amongst

communities. It is not meant to be used for legal or other purpose of

any official nature.

The original English terminology, developed by the United Nations

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) is available at:

www.unisdr.org/publications