hgh after gastro surgery

6
Protein a nd Energy Metabolism with Biosynthetic Human Growth Hormone after Gastrointestinal Surgery H . C . WARD, D . HALLIDAY,* an d A . J . W. SI M T h e effect of biosynthetic human growth hormone (BSHGH) o n postoperative protein a n d energy metabolism has been stud- i ed i n patients w h o h a d major gastrointestinal surgery. Seven patients received placebo and seven patients received BSHGH, 0 . 1 mg/kg/24 h , f o r t he first s i x postoperative days. Mean total nitrogen excretion w a s significantly lower with BSHGH (31.5 ± 2.4 g N ) (2287 ± 1 6 0 mmol) than with placebo (42.7 ± 3 . 1 g N ) (3049 ± 2 1 9 mmol) over t h e 6-day study period. The mean daily measured energy expenditure over days 3-6 w a s higher with BSHGH (31.3 ± 1. 8 kcal/kg LBM/24 h ) (131 ± 7 kJ/kg LBM/24 h) than with placebo (27.6 ± 0 . 8 kcal/kg LBM/24 h ) (114 ± 2 kJ/kg LBM/24 h ) . F a t oxidation with BSHGH (2.05 ± 0.26 mg/kg LBM/24 h ) w a s greater than with placebo (1.5 ± 0.17 mg/kg LBM/24 h ) and protein oxi- dation w a s less with BSHGH (0.68 ± 0.07 g/kg LBM/24 h) than with placebo (0.9 ± 0.09 g/kg LBM/24 h ) o n days 1-6. Postoperative nitrogen turnover (BSHGH 943 ± 1 7 4 m g N/kg LBM/24 h , placebo 55 7 ± 5 0 m g N/kg LBM/24 h ) (BSHGH 67 ± 1 3 mmol/kg LBM/24 h , placebo 4 0 ± 4 mmol/kg LBM/24 h ) , protein synthesis (BSHGH 5.31 ± 1.09 g prot/kg LBM/24 h , placebo 2.54 ± 0.33 g prot/kg LBM/24 h ) an d protein breakdown (BSHGH 5.90 ± 1.09 g prot/kg LBM/24 h , placebo 3.48 ± 0.31 g prot/kg LBM/24 h ) were greater with BSHGH. On t he first postoperative day serum insulin a n d blood glucose levels were higher with BSHGH than with pla- cebo, and on days 4 and 7 serum somatomedin-C levels were significantly elevated. This study shows that BSHGH alters postoperative protein and energy metabolism by reducing pro- tein oxidation an d increasing f a t oxidation with raised rates o f whole body nitrogen turnover. C UTHBERTSON'S DESCRIPTION o f increased e x - cretion o f nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, a n d calcium after injury, which implied breakdown a n d oxidation o f protein greater than could b e a c - counted f o r b y damage a t t h e injury site alone, h a s l e d t o t h e concept that a systemic response t o injury exists.' From t h e Academic Surgical Unit, S t . Mary's Hospital, London, a n d t he Division of Clinical Sciences, * Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, England This results i n increased protein an d energy substrate oxidation a nd a n increased metabolic rate.2 Neuronal a n d hormonal factors have been implicated i n t h e medi- ation o f this response.3 The n e t effect o f these changes i s t o erode protein a nd energy substrate stores a t a time when nutritional intake i s often reduced. If these r e- sources a r e already reduced at a time o f injury, t h e abil- i t y t o heal wounds, combat infection, a n d breathe ade- quately m ay b e impaired, leading t o increased morbid- i ty a n d mortality.4 Even t h e well nourished m ay experience periods o f debility after t h e injury o f major surgery, which m ay relate t o reduction o f protein r e- serves a n d energy stores.5 Shortly after i s identification, growth hormone w a s shown to have anabolic effects o n protein metabolism, an d Cuthbertson e t a l . were able t o abolish negative nitrogen balance in f e d rats subjected to fracture o f t h e femur b y using a bovine pituitary extract.6 Human pitu- itary growth hormone h a s been investigated i n th e con- text o f surgery b y Johnson a nd Hadden'7 a n d R o e a n d Kinney8 a n d i n major burns b y Soroff e t al.9 Wil- more e t al.'0 Further study h a s been limited b y the avail- ability o f human pituitary hormone. Biosynthetic human growth hormone (BSHGH) (Somatonorm, K a - biVitrum, Stockholm, Sweden) produced b y recombi- nant DNA technology from a n Escherichia coli host, ha s become available recently. BSHGH i s identical t o human growth hormone but with t h e addition o f a methionyl residue at t h e N-terminal position. This study investigates t h e effects o f BSHGH o n e n - ergy substrate a nd whole body protein metabolism i n patients w h o have major gastrointestinal operations without nutritional support. 56 Reprint requests a n d correspondence: M r . A. J . W. Sim, M.B., B.S., F.R.C.S., Academic Surgical Unit, S t . Mary's Hospital, Praed Street, London W2 I NY, England. Submitted f o r publication: November 3, 1986.

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Page 1: Hgh After Gastro Surgery

8/3/2019 Hgh After Gastro Surgery

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hgh-after-gastro-surgery 1/6

P r o t e i n and Energy Metabolism w i t h B i o s y n t h e t i c

Human Growth Hormone after

G a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l Surgery

H . C . WARD, D . H A L L I D A Y , * a n d A . J . W. SI M

T h e e f f e c t o f b i o s y n t h e t i c h u m a n g r o w t h h o r m o n e (BSHGH)o n p o s t o p e r a t i v e p r o t e i n a n d e n e r g y m e t a b o l i s m h a s b e e n s t u d -i e d i n p a t i e n t s w h o h a d m a j o r g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l s u r g e r y . S e v e n

p a t i e n t s r e c e i v e d p l a c e b o a n d s e v e n p a t i e n t s r e c e i v e d BSHGH,

0 . 1m g / k g / 2 4 h ,

f o r t h ef i r s t

s i x p o s t o p e r a t i v ed a y s . Mean

t o t a l n i t r o g e n e x c r e t i o n w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r w i t h B S H G H( 3 1 . 5 ± 2 . 4 g N ) ( 2 2 8 7 ± 1 6 0 m m o l ) t h a n w i t h p l a c e b o ( 4 2 . 7± 3 . 1 g N ) ( 3 0 4 9 ± 2 1 9 m m o l ) o v e r t h e 6 - d a y s t u d y p e r i o d .T h e m e a n d a i l y m e a s u r e d e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e o v e r d a y s 3 - 6

w a s h i g h e r w i t h B S H G H ( 3 1 . 3 ± 1 . 8 k c a l / k g LBM/24 h ) ( 1 3 1

± 7 k J / k g LBM/24 h ) t h a n w i t h p l a c e b o ( 2 7 . 6 ± 0 . 8 k c a l / k g

LBM/24 h ) ( 1 1 4 ± 2 k J / k g LBM/24 h ) . F a t o x i d a t i o n w i t h

BS HG H ( 2 . 0 5 ± 0 . 2 6 m g / k g LBM/24 h ) w a s g r e a t e r t h a n

w i t h p l a c e b o ( 1 . 5 ± 0 . 1 7 m g / k g LBM/24 h ) a n d p r o t e i n o x i -d a t i o n w a s l e s s w i t h BSHGH ( 0 . 6 8 ± 0 . 0 7 g / k g LBM/24 h )t h a n w i t h p l a c e b o ( 0 . 9 ± 0 . 0 9 g / k g LBM/24 h ) o n d a y s 1 - 6 .P o s t o p e r a t i v e n i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r (BSHGH 9 4 3 ± 1 7 4 mg N / k gLBM/24 h , p l a c e b o 5 5 7 ± 5 0 m g N / k g LBM/24 h ) (BSHGH

6 7±

1 3 m m o l / k g LBM/24 h , p l a c e b o4 0 ± 4

m m o l / k gLBM/24 h ) , p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s (BSHGH 5 . 3 1 ± 1 . 0 9 g p r o t / k gLBM/24 h , p l a c e b o 2 . 5 4 ± 0 . 3 3 g p r o t / k g LBM/24 h ) a n d

p r o t e i n b r e a k d o w n (BSHGH 5 . 9 0 ± 1 . 0 9 g p r o t / k g LBM/24h , p l a c e b o 3 . 4 8 ± 0 . 3 1 g p r o t / k g LBM/24 h ) w e r e g r e a t e r w i t h

BSHGH. On t h e f i r s t p o s t o p e r a t i v e d a y s e r u m i n s u l i n a n d

b l o o d g l u c o s e l e v e l s w e r e h i g h e r w i t h B S H G H t h a n w i t h p l a -c e b o , a n d o n d a y s 4 a n d 7 s e r u m s o m a t o m e d i n - C l e v e l s w e r e

s i g n i f i c a n t l y e l e v a t e d . T h i s s t u d y s h o w s t h a t BS HG H a l t e r sp o s t o p e r a t i v e p r o t e i n a n d e n e r g y m e t a b o l i s m b y r e d u c i n g p r o -t e i n o x i d a t i o n a n d i n c r e a s i n g f a t o x i d a t i o n w i t h r a i s e d r a t e s o fw h o l e b o d y n i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r .

C U T H B E R T S O N ' S D E S C R I P T I O N o f i n c r e a s e d e x -

c r e t i o n o f n i t r o g e n , s u l p h u r , p h o s p h o r u s , a n dc a l c i u m a f t e r i n j u r y , w h i c h i m p l i e d b r e a k d o w n

a n d o x i d a t i o n o f p r o t e i n g r e a t e r t h a n c o u l d b e a c -

c o u n t e d f o r b y d a m a g e a t t h e i n j u r y s i t e a l o n e , h a s l e d t o

t h e c o n c e p t t h a t a s y s t e m i c r e s p o n s e t o i n j u r y e x i s t s . '

From t h e A c a d e m i c S u r g i c a l U n i t , S t . M a r y ' s H o s p i t a l ,L o n d o n , a n d t h e D i v i s i o n o f C l i n i c a l S c i e n c e s ,

C l i n i c a l R e s e a r c h C e n t r e , H a r r o w , E n g l a n

T h i s r e s u l t s i n i n c r e a s e d p r o t e i n a n d e n e r g y s u b s t r a to x i d a t i o n a n d a n i n c r e a s e d m e t a b o l i c r a t e . 2 N e u r o n a l

a n d h o r m o n a l f a c t o r s h a v e b e e n i m p l i c a t e d i n t h e m e d i

a t i o n o f t h i s r e s p o n s e . 3 T h e n e t e f f e c t o f t h e s e c h a n g e s i

t o e r o d e p r o t e i n a n d e n e r g y s u b s t r a t e s t o r e s a t a t i m e

w h e n n u t r i t i o n a l i n t a k e i s o f t e n r e d u c e d . I f t h e s e r e

s o u r c e s a r e a l r e a d y r e d u c e d a t a t i m e o f i n j u r y , t h e a b i l

i t y t o h e a l w o u n d s , c o m b a t i n f e c t i o n , a n d b r e a t h e a d eq u a t e l y may b e i m p a i r e d , l e a d i n g t o i n c r e a s e d m o r b i d -

i t y a n d m o r t a l i t y . 4 E v e n t h e w e l l n o u r i s h e d may

e x p e r i e n c e p e r i o d s o f d e b i l i t y a f t e r t h e i n j u r y o f m a j o r

s u r g e r y , w h i c h may r e l a t e t o r e d u c t i o n o f p r o t e i n r e

s e r v e s a n d e n e r g y s t o r e s . 5S h o r t l y a f t e r i t s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , g r o w t h h o r m o n e w a s

s h o w n t o h a v e a n a b o l i c e f f e c t s o n p r o t e i n m e t a b o l i s m ,

a n d C u t h b e r t s o n e t a l . w e r e a b l e t o a b o l i s h n e g a t i v en i t r o g e n b a l a n c e i n f e d r a t s s u b j e c t e d t o f r a c t u r e o f t hf e m u r b y u s i n g a b o v i n e p i t u i t a r y e x t r a c t . 6 Human p i t ui t a r y g r o w t h h o r m o n e h a s b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d i n t h e c o n -

t e x t o f s u r g e r y b y J o h n s o n a n d H a d d e n ' 7 a n d R o e a n d

K i n n e y 8 a n d i n m a j o r b u r n s b y S o r o f f e t a l . 9 a n d W i l -m o r e e t a l . ' 0 F u r t h e r s t u d y h a s b e e n l i m i t e d b y t h e a v a i l

a b i l i t y o f human p i t u i t a r y h o r m o n e . B i o s y n t h e t i chuman g r o w t h h o r m o n e ( B S H G H ) ( S o m a t o n o r m , K a -

b i V i t r u m , S t o c k h o l m , S w e d e n ) p r o d u c e d b y r e c o m b i -

n a n t DNA t e c h n o l o g y f r o m a n E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i h o s t , h ab e c o m e a v a i l a b l e r e c e n t l y . B S H G H i s i d e n t i c a l t

human g r o w t h hormone b u t w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f

m e t h i o n y l r e s i d u e a t t h e N - t e r m i n a l p o s i t i o n .T h i s s t u d y i n v e s t i g a t e s t h e e f f e c t s o f BSHGH o n e n -

e r g y s u b s t r a t e a n d w h o l e b o d y p r o t e i n m e t a b o l i s m ip a t i e n t s who h a v e m a j o r g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l o p e r a t i o n sw i t h o u t n u t r i t i o n a l s u p p o r t .

56

R e p r i n t r e q u e s t s a n d c o r r e s p o n d e n c e : M r . A . J . W. S i m , M . B . , B . S . ,

F . R . C . S . , A c a d e m i c S u r g i c a l U n i t , S t . M a r y ' s H o s p i t a l , P r a e d S t r e e t ,L o n d o n W2 I N Y , E n g l a n d .

S u b m i t t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n : N o v e m b e r 3 , 1 9 8 6 .

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V o l . 2 0 6 * N o . I BIOSYNTHETIC HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND PROTEIN AND ENERGY METABOLISM 5 7

T A B L E 1 . P a t i e n t D e t a i l s

A g e W e i g h t L B MP a t i e n t S e x ( y r s ) ( k g ) ( k g ) D i a g n o s i s O p e r a t i o n

P a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g BSHGH

2 F 2 9 5 9 4 2 D u o d e n a l u l c e r P a r t i a l g a s t r e c t o m y5 M 7 2 7 6 5 3 C a r c i n o m a r e c t u m A / P r e s e c t i o n7 M 5 2 6 6 4 8 D u o d e n a l u l c e r P a r t i a l g a s t r e c t o m y

1 1 M 7 6 7 9 5 7 C h r o n i c j e j u n o c o l i c f i s t u l a J e j u n o c o l i c r e s e c t i o n1 3 F 7 5 4 3 3 2 C o l o v a g i n a l f i s t u l a S i g mo i d c o l e ct o my1 5 F 5 9 6 4 5 1 C a r c i n o m a s i g m o i d c o l o n L e f t h e m i c o l e c t o m y

a n d h y s t e r e c t o m y1 6 M 7 3 8 1 6 2 C a r c i n o m a s i g m o i d c o l o n L e f t h e m i c o l e c t o m y

Mean±SD 62± 1 7 67± 1 3 49± 1 0

P a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g p l a c e b o

I M 6 6 7 2 5 7 C a r c i n o m a r e c t u m A n t e r i o r r e s e c t i o n3 F 7 1 6 4 4 4 C a r c i n o m a s t o m a c h T o t a l g a s t r e c t o m y4 M 5 6 9 0 6 6 P r i o r r e s e c t i o n f o r R e v e r s a l o f H a r t m a n n ' s

d i v e r t i c u l i t i s9 F 7 5 5 3 3 7 C a r c i n o m a c e c u m R i g h t h e m i c o l e c t o m y

1 0 F 8 6 6 3 4 1 C a r c i n o m a s i g m o i d c o l o n L e f t h e m i c o l e c t o m y1 2 F 5 1 5 6 4 5 R e c t o v a g i n a l f i s t u l a A / P r e s e c t i o n

1 4 M 7 1 6 2 5 2 C a r c i n o m a e s o p h a g u s I v o r - L e w i sMean ± SD 6 8 ± 1 2 6 6 ± 1 2 4 9 ± 1 0

A / P = a b d o m i n o p e r i n e a l .

P a t i e n t s a n d M e t h o d s

S i x t e e n p a t i e n t s d u e t o h a v e m a j o r g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a ls u r g e r y were a l l o c a t e d a t r a n d o m t o r e c e i v e 0 . 1 m g / k g o f

BSHGH o r p l a c e b o b y i n t r a m u s c u l a r i n j e c t i o n a t 8 : 0 0

P . M . o n t h e d a y o f o p e r a t i o n a n d a t t h e same t i m e f o rt h e f o l l o w i n g 6 p o s t o p e r a t i v e d a y s . P a t i e n t s who were

d i a b e t i c , h a d d i s t u r b e d l i v e r f u n c t i o n , were t a k i n g s t e -

r o i d s , h a d s e p s i s , w e i g h t l o s s o f more t h a n 1 0 % , or d i s -s e m i n a t e d m a l i g n a n c y were n o t c o n s i d e r e d f o r s t u d y .Two p a t i e n t s h a d d e v e l o p m e n t o f s e p t i c c o m p l i c a t i o n s

d u r i n g t h e course o f t h e s t u d y a n d were e x c l u d e d f r o m

f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s . S e v e n p a t i e n t s r e c e i v e d B S H G H a n d

seven p a t i e n t s r e c e i v e d p l a c e b o . T h e d e t a i l s o f s e x , a g e ,

w e i g h t , a n d l e a n b o d y ma s s (LBM) f r o m s k i n f o l d s , "d i a g n o s i s , a n d o p e r a t i v e p r o c e d u r e s are s h o w n i n T a b l e

1 . A l l p a t i e n t s h a d an u n c o m p l i c a t e d p o s t o p e r a t i v e

course d u r i n g t h e s t u d y . P o s t o p e r a t i v e a n a l g e s i a was

p r o v i d e d b y c o n t i n u o u s i n t r a v e n o u s m o r p h i n e s u l p h a t e( s i x i n e a c h g r o u p ) o r b y m o r p h i n e e p i d u r a l i n j e c t i o n .I n t h e p r e o p e r a t i v e s t u d i e s , p a t i e n t s were a l l o w e d

f l u i d s b y m o u t h , t o p r o v i d e 4 0 0 k c a l / 2 4 h w i t h n e g l i g i -b l e n i t r o g e n i n t a k e . A f t e r o p e r a t i o n t h e y r e c e i v e d a r e g i -men o f s a l i n e a n d 5% d e x t r o s e s o l u t i o n p r o v i d i n g 4 0 0

k c a l / 2 4 h ( 1 6 7 5 k J / 2 4 h ) . W a t e r b y mouth was i n t r o -d u c e d when i n d i c a t e d a n d d i e t a r y i n t a k e was b e g u na f t e r t h e s i x t h d a y .

B l o o d s a m p l e s were d r a w n f o r s u b s t r a t e a n d hormone

l e v e l s o n t h e c o n t r o l d a y b e f o r e o p e r a t i o n a n d on t h e

f i r s t , f o u r t h , s e v e n t h , a n d n i n t h p o s t o p e r a t i v e d a y s b e -t w e e n 8 : 0 0 A . M . a n d 9 : 0 0 A . M .

I n d i r e c t c a l o r i m e t r y was d o n e b e f o r e o p e r a t i o n a n d

on t h e f i r s t 6 p o s t o p e r a t i v e d a y s b e t w e e n 1 0 : 0 0 A . M .

a n d 1 2 : 0 0 P . M . R e s t i n g energy e x p e n d i t u r e ( R E E ) was

d e t e r m i n e d f r o m oxygen c o n s u m p t i o n a n d c a r b o n

d i o x i d e p r o du ct i o n, u si n g W e i r 's f o r m u l a . ' 2 O x y g e n a n d

c a r b o n d i o x i de c o n c e n t ra t i o n were m e a s u r e d w i t h p a r a -

m a g n e t i c a n d i n f r a r e d a n a l y s e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , gas f l o w

was m e a s u r e d b y a F l e i s c h p n e u m a t o c h o g r a p h i n c o r -p o r a t e d i n a m o b i l e s y s t e m g i v i n g a v i s u a l d i s p l a y a n d a

c o n t i n u o u s p r i n t o u t o f r e s u l t s ( C a l o s t a r , F e n y v e s & G u t ,

B a s e l , S w i t z e r l a n d ' 3 ) . R a t e s o f s u b s t r a t e o x i d a t i o n were

c a l c u l a t e d f r o m oxygen c o n s u m p t i o n , c a r b o n d i o x i d e

p r o d u c t i o n , a n d u r i n a r y n i t r o g e n e x c r e t i o n b y M a c H a t -

t i e ' s f o r m u l a e . ' 4

U r i n e f o r t o t a l n i t r o g e n e x c r e t i o n was c o l l e c t e d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t u d y p e r i o d . T o t a l n i t r o g e n w as m ea-

s u r e d b y a s e m i a u t o m a t e d K j e l d a h l t e c h n i q u e . N i t r o g e nt u r n o v e r was m e a s u r e d b e f o r e o p e r a t i o n a n d on t h e

t h i r d t o f o u r t h p o s t o p e r a t i v e d a y s u s i n g a p r i m e d con-

t i n u o u s i n f u s i o n o f ' 5 N g l y c i n e f o r 2 4 h o u r s . ' 5 I s o t o p e

e n r i c h m e n t o f u r i n a r y u rea o v er t h e s e c o n d 1 2 - h o u r

p e r i o d o f i n f u s i o n was m e a s u r e d b y m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y .

W h o l e b o d y n i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r was c a l c u l a t e d b y d i v i d -i n g t h e i n f u s i o n r a t e o f ' 5 N t r a c e r b y t h e u r i n a r y urea

e n r i c h m e n t w i t h ' 5 N a t p l a t e a u . ' 6 Whole b o d y p r o t e i ns y n t h e s i s was d e r i v e d b y s u b t r a c t i n g t o t a l u r i n a r y n i t r o -gen e x c r e t i o n f r o m t u r n o v e r . I n t h e a b s e n c e o f n i t r o g e n

L B M = l e a n b o d y m a s s .

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WARD, HALLIDAY, AND SIM A n n . S u r g . J u l y 1 9

T A B L E 2 . T o t a l U r i n a r y N i t r o g e n E x c r e t i o n , g N / 2 4 h ( m m o l / 2 4 h )

D a y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

P l a c e b o 5 . 9 ± 1 . 5 8 . 6 ± 0 . 6 8 . 0 ± 1 . 4 7 . 3 ± 1 . 0 7 . 0 ± 0 . 8 6 . 6 ± 1 . 7 5 . 3 ± 0 .( 4 2 2 ± 1 0 7 ) ( 6 1 6 ± 4 3 ) ( 5 7 2 ± 9 7 ) ( 5 1 7 ± 6 8 ) ( 4 9 7 ± 5 7 ) ( 4 6 9 ± 1 2 2 ) ( 3 7 8 ± 5 7

BSHGH 5 . 4 ± 0 . 8 7 . 0 ± 1 . 0 6 . 8 ± 1 . 2 4 . 4 ± 0 . 4 * 4 . 5 ± 1 . 0 5 . 0 ± 1 . 0 3 . 9 ± 0 .( 3 8 7 ± 5 8 ) ( 5 0 1 ± 7 0 ) ( 4 8 5 ± 8 9 ) ( 3 1 5 ± 2 5 ) * ( 3 1 8 ± 7 4 ) ( 3 5 4 ± 6 5 ) * ( 2 7 7 ± 4 5

* p < 0 . 0 5 .

i n t a k e , w h o l e b o d y p r o t e i n b r e a k d o w n c o r r e s p o n d s t o

t h e r a t e o f n i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r . S y n t h e s i s a n d b r e a k d o w n

v a l u e s are c o n v e r t e d t o grams o f p r o t e i n b y m u l t i p l y i n g

b y 6 . 2 5 . S e r u m g r o w t h h o r m o n e , i n s u l i n , a n d s o m a t o -

m e d i n - C were e a c h m e a s u r e d b y r a d i o i m m u n o a s s a y .

B l o o d g l u c o s e w as m e a s u r e d b y t he g l uc o s e o x i d a s e

m e t h o d . R e s u l t s are e x p r e s s e d as mean a n d SEM. S t a -t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s i s n o n p a r a m e t r i c b y t h e M a n n - W h i t n e yU t e s t .

I n f o r m e d c o n s e n t was o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e p a t i e n t s a n d

t h e s t u d y was a p p r o v e d b y t h e D i s t r i c t E t h i c a l Com-m i t t e e .

R e s u l t s

No a d v e r s e e f f e c t s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e s t u d i e s or t h e

g i v i n g o f p l a c e b o o r B S H G H were e n c o u n t e r e d . F o r

t e c h n i c a l r e a s o n s , n i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r s t u d i e s were n o t

c o m p l e t e d i n t h e p r e o p e r a t i v e p e r i o d o n t h r e e p a t i e n t s( 2 p l a c e b o , BSHGH) a n d o ne p a t i e n t (BSHGH) i n t h ep o s t o p e r a t i v e p e r i o d . T o t a l n i t r o g e n e x c r e t i o n over t h ef i r s t 6 p o s t o p e r a t i v e d a y s was 3 1 . 5 ±2 . 4 g ( 2 2 6 7 ±1 6 0

m m o l N ) f o r t h o s e r e c e i v i n g BSHGH, s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s st h a n 4 2 . 7 ±3 . 1 g ( 3 0 4 9 ±2 1 9 m m o l N ) f o r t h o s e w i t h

p l a c e b o ( p < 0 . 0 1 ) . R e s u l t s f o r e a c h d a y are s h o w n i nT a b l e 2 a n d F i g u r e 2 . T h e meanREE on d a y s 1 a n d 2 o f

2 8 . 8 ± 1 . 4 a n d 3 1 . 7 ±1 . 8 k c a l / k g LBM/24 h ( 1 2 1 ±6

and 1 3 3 ± 9 k J / k g LBM/24 h ) w i t h p l a c e b o a n d

3

2

F a t o x i d a t i o ng kgLBM I 2 4 h -

BSHGH, r e s p e c t i v e l y , were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n tb u t over d a y s 3 - 6 t h e REE o f 3 1 . 3 ±1 . 8 ( 1 3 1 ±7 k J / k

LBM/24 h ) w i t h B S H G H was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a

t h a t w i t h p l a c e b o ( 2 7 . 6 ±0 . 8 , p < 0 . 0 5 ) ( 1 1 4 ±2 k J / k

LBM/24 h ) . A l t h o u g h r e s p i r a t o r y q u o t i e n t over d a y

1 - 6 was c o n s i s t e n t l y l o w e r i n p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g B S H G H( 0 . 7 9 ±0 . 0 2 ) t h a n p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g p l a c e b o ( 0 . 8± . 0 2 ) , t h e d i f f e r e n c e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . F a t o x i d a t i o

(BSHGH 2 . 0 5 ±0 . 2 6 g / k g LBM/24 h a n d p l a c e b o 1 . 5±0 . 1 7 ) was s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r w i t h BSHGH ( F i g . 1 )

C a r b o h y d r a t e o x i d a t i o n (BSHGH 2 . 1 0 ±0 . 3 6 g / kLBM/24 h a n d p l a c e b o 2 . 0 9 ±0 . 3 6 ) was s i m i l a r a n

c o r r e s p o n d e d t o d e x t r o s e i n f u s i o n r a t e s o f 2 . 1 1 ±0 . 2g / k g LBM/24 h f o r BSHG H a n d 2 . 1 2 ±0 . 1 7 f o r p l ac e b o ; p r o t e i n o x i d a t i o n ( c a l c u l a t e d f r o m n i t r o g e n e x c r e

t i o n , F i g . 2 ) was s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r w i t h BSHGH t h a

w i t h p l a c e b o ( 0 . 6 8 ±0 . 0 7 g / k g LBM/24 h a n d p l a c e b

0 . 9 2 ±0 . 0 9 , mean f o r d a y s 1 - 6 , p < 0 . 0 5 ) .W h o l e b o d y n i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r , p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s , a n

b r e a k d o w n r e s u l t s are s h o w n i n T a b l e 3 . A l l v a l u e s wer

s i m i l a r i n t h e p r e o p e r a t i o n p e r i o d b u t a f t e r o p e r a t i o nn i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r , p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s , a n d b r e a k d o w n

r a t e s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n t h e group r e c e i v i nBSHGH. I n f i v e p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g p l a c e b o a n d s i x pa-

t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g B S H G H i n wh o m n i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r was

m e a s u r e d b e f o r e a n d a f t e r o p e r a t i o n , t u r n o v e r d e

c r e a s e d t o a mean o f 75% ( r a n g e : 6 1 - 8 7 % ) o f c o n t r o l it h o s e w i t h p l a c e b o , w h e r e a s w i t h B S H G H t u r n o v e r i n

50LI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 C Op 1 2 3 4 5

Time i n d a y s Time i n d a y s

F I G . 1 . F a t o x i d a t i o n w i t h BSHGH ( 0 0 ) and p l a c e b o ( O ---0 )f o r t h e c o n t r o l p r e o p e r a t i v e d a y ( C ) and p o s t o p e r a t i v e d a y s 1 - 6 ex-

p r e s s e d as mean±SEM.

F I G . 2 . T o t a l u r i n a r y n i t r o g e n e x c r e t i o n w i t h BSHGH ( 0 0 ) a np l a c e b o ( O ---0 ) f o r t h e c o n t r o l p r e o p e r a t i v e d a y ( C ) a n d p o s t o p e r

a t i v e d a y s 1 - 6 e x p r e s s e d as mean±SEM.

5 8

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V o l . 2 0 6 * N o . I BIOSYNTHETIC HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND PROTEIN AND ENERGY METABOLISM 5 9

T A B L E 3 . R e s u l t s o f W h o l e B o d y P r o t e i n M e t a b o l i s m M e a s u r e m e n t s ( M e a n ± S E M )

N i t r o g e n T u r n o v e rN o . o f m g / k g LBM/24 h P r o t e i n S y n t h e s i s P r o t e i n B r e a k d o w n

P a t i e n t s ( m m o l / k g LBM/24 h ) g / k g LBM/24 h g / k g LBM/24 h

BSHGHB e f o r e o p e r a t i o n 6 7 6 4 ± 6 6 4 . 0 4 ± 0 . 4 8 4 . 7 8 ± 0 . 4 1

( 5 5 ± 5 1 )A f t e r o p e r a t i o n 6 9 4 3 ± 1 7 4 * 5 . 3 1 ± 1 . 0 9 * 5 . 9 0 ± 1 . 0 9 *

( 6 7 ± 1 3 )P l a c e b o

B e f o r e o p e r a t i o n 5 8 1 5 ± 7 8 4 . 3 1 ± 0 . 5 4 5 . 0 9 ± 0 . 4 4

( 5 8 ± 6 )A f t e r o p e r a t i o n 7 5 5 7 ± 5 0 2 . 5 4 ± 0 . 3 3 3 . 4 8 ± 0 . 3 1

( 4 0 ± 4 )

* p < 0 . 0 5 ( P o s t o p e r a t i v e p l a c e b o v s . p o s t o p e r a t i v e B S H G H ) .

c r e a s e d t o a mean o f 1 2 6 % ( r a n g e 8 1 - 2 1 2 % ) . A f t e r D i s c u s s i o n

o p e r a t i o n , w h o l e b o d y p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s e x p r e s s e d a s a

p e r c e n t a g e o f b r e a k d o w n w a s h i g h e r w i t h BSHGH ( 8 9 T h e r e d u c t i o n i n n i t r o g e n e x c r e t i o n a n d e l e v a t i o n o f

± 3 ) t h a n p l a c e b o ( 7 2 ± 5 , p < 0 . 0 5 ) . T h e p r e o p e r a t i v e m e t a b o l i c r a t e a n d o f f a t o x i d a t i o n s h o w n i n t h i s s t u d yv a l u e s w e r e 8 4 ± 4 a n d 8 4 ± 3 , r e s p e c t i v e l y . a r e i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e f i n d i n g s o f C u t h b e r t s o n e t a l . 6

S e r u m g r o w t h h o r m o n e , s o m a t o m e d i n - C , a n d i n s u l i n a n d o f R o e a n d K i n n e y , 8 c o n f i r m i n g t h a t B S H G H h a s

w e r e a l l r a i s e d i n t h o s e r e c e i v i n g BSHGH a s s h o w n i n s i m i l a r m e t a b o l i c e f f e c t s t o g r o w t h h o r m o n e d e r i v e d

T a b l e 4 . E l e v a t i o n s i n s e r u m g r o w t h h o r m o n e a n d i n s u - f r o m p i t u i t a r y g l a n d s . I n c o n t r a s t , t h e s t u d y o f J o h n s t o nl i n l e v e l s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t o n t h e f i r s t p o s t o p e r a t i v e d a y a n d H a d d e n f a i l e d t o s h o w a n i m p r o v e m e n t i n n i t r o g e na n d r e t u r n e d t o c o n t r o l v a l u e s b y t h e n i n t h d a y , 3 d a y s b a l a n c e w i t h p i t u i t a r y g r o w t h h o r m o n e a f t e r h e r n i o r -a f t e r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d . T h e r a i s e d l e v e l s o f s o m a t o m e - r h a p h y . 7 T h e l e s s e r d e g r e e o f t r a u m a , a n d r e s u l t i n gd i n - C i n p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g B S H G H b e c a m e s i g n i f i c a n t m a g n i t u d e o f n e g a t i v e n i t r o g e n b a l a n c e , o c c u r r i n g w i t h

o n t h e f o u r t h a n d s e v e n t h d a y s a n d w e r e s t i l l s i g n i f i - h e r n i a r e p a i r may e x p l a i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e f r o m t h e c u r -c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h o s e o f p a t i e n t s r e c e i v i n g p l a c e b o on r e n t s t u d y . S o r o f f e t a l . 9 a n d W i l m o r e e t a l . ' 0 b o t h d e m -

t h e n i n t h d a y . T h e s e c h a n g e s i n h o r m o n a l p r o f i l e w e r e o n s t r a t e d i n c r e a s e d r e t e n t i o n o f n i t r o g e n , e l e v a t i o n o fa c c o m p a n i e d b y e l e v a t e d b l o o d g l u c o s e i n p a t i e n t s r e - m e t a b o l i c r a t e , a n d d e c r e a s e d r e s p i r a t o r y q u o t i e n t i nc e i v i n g BSHGH ( T a b l e 4 ) , w h i c h w a s s u f f i c i e n t t o p r o - s e v e r e l y b u r n e d p a t i e n t s g i v e n g r o w t h h o r m o n e .

d u c e s l i g h t g l y c o s u r i a i n some p a t i e n t s . I n i t i a l l y , W i l m o r e s u g g e s t e d t h a t a d e q u a t e n u t r i t i o n a l

T A B L E 4 . S e r u m H o r m o n e a n d B l o o d G l u c o s e L e v e l s

D a y 0 1 4 7 9

S e r u m g r o w t h h o r m o n e , * , u / LBSHGH 3 ( 3 - 3 6 ) 4 3 ( 2 4 - 5 4 ) t 6 ( 4- 1 0 ) 6 ( 3 - 2 3 ) 3 ( 3 - 8 )P l a c e b o 3 ( 3 - 6 ) 3 ( 3 - 1 2 ) 3 ( 3 - 2 2 ) 3 ( 3 - 5 ) 3 ( 3 - 1 0 )

S e r u m S o m a t o m e d i n - C , t j /mLBSHGH 0 . 6 6 ± 0 . 1 4 0 . 6 8 ± 0 . 1 1 1 . 0 6 ± 0 . 1 8 t 1 . 2 9 ± 0 . 1 8 t 0 . 6 4 ± 0 . 1 7 tP l a c e b o 0 . 6 5 ± 0 . 1 3 0 . 4 9 ± 0 . 1 1 0 . 3 4 ± 0 . 0 8 0 . 3 7 ± 0 . 1 3 0 . 3 0 ± 0 . 0 8

S e r u m i n s u l i n , t ( A m o l / m L )BSHGH 29±6 1 2 3 ± 5 0 t 8 1 ±21 6 9 ± 1 9 34±6P l a c e b o 2 8 ± 1 5 3 8 ±9 30±9 2 3 ±6 2 7 9

B l o o d g l u c o s e , t m g / 1 0 0 mL ( m m o l / L )BSHGH 1 0 4 ± 1 0 2 1 4 ± 3 4 1 9 0 ± 3 0 1 6 4 ± 3 0 1 0 2 7

( 5 . 8 ± 0 . 6 ) ( 1 2 . 0 ± 1 . 9 ) t ( 1 0 . 6 ± 1 . 7 ) ( 9 . 2 ± 1 . 8 ) ( 5 . 7 ± 0 . 4 )P l a c e b o 97±6 1 4 2 ± 1 1 2 4 ± 1 0 1 3 3 ± 1 5 1 2 1 1 2

( 5 . 4 ± 0 . 3 ) ( 7 . 9 ± 1 . 2 ) ( 6 . 9 ± 0 . 6 ) ( 7 . 4 ± 0 . 9 ) ( 6 . 7 0 . 6 )

* M e d i a n ( r a n g e ) .

t Mean ± S E M .t D i f f e r e n t f r o m p l a c e b o , p < 0 . 0 5 .

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60 WARD, HALLIDAY, AND SIM A n n . S u r g . J u l y 1 9 8

i n t a k e w a s n e c e s s a r y f o r g r o w t h h o r m o n e t o p r o d u c e a

n i t r o g e n s p a r i n g e f f e c t ; b u t m o r e r e c e n t d a t a f r o m M a n -

s o n a n d W i l m o r e , 1 7 o b t a i n e d f r o m s t u d i e s o n h e a l t h yhuman s u b j e c t s r e c e i v i n g h y p o c a l o r i c i n t r a v e n o u s f e e d -i n g , h a v e r e f u t e d t h i s . T h e y h a v e d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t w i t ha n i n t a k e o f 1 0 7 0 k c a l / d a n d 1 1 . 3 g N / d g r o w t h h o r -mone i m p r o v e s n i t r o g e n r e t e n t i o n a n d i n c r e a s e s f a t o x i -d a t i o n . T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e t h a t g r o w t h

h o r m o n e c a n a l t e r m e t a b o l i s m w i t h m i n i m a l ( 4 0 0

k c a l / 2 4 h ) ( 1 6 7 5 k J / 2 4 h ) n u t r i t i o n a l i n t a k e .N i t r o g e n b a l a n c e i s a n i n d e x o f n e t w h o l e b o d y p r o -

t e i n b a l a n c e . I f w h o l e b o d y n i t r o g e n t u r n o v e r i s m e a -

s u r e d , n i t r o g e n i n t a k e a n d e x c r e t i o n c a n b e u s e d t o d e -r i v e r a t e s o f w h o l e b o d y p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s a n d b r e a k -

d o w n . ' 6 T h e ' 5 N f r o m g l y c i n e h a s b e e n s h o w n t o b e

w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d among t h e o t h e r a m i n o a c i d s , ' 8 a n d

a l t h o u g h g r o w t h h o r m o n e h a s b e e n s h o w n t o d e c r e a s et h e p l a s m a l e v e l o f m o s t a m i n o a c i d s ' 9 t h e r e d o e s n o t

a p p e a r t o b e a s p e c i f i c e f f e c t o n g l y c i n e m e t a b o l i s m . I n

t h e a b s e n c e o f e v i d e n c e f o r a s p e c i f i c m e t a b o l i c p a t h w a yb e t w e e n g l y c i n e a n d u r e a ( w h i c h i s a f f e c t e d b y g r o w t h

h o r m o n e t o p r o d u c e a d e c r e a s e i n t r a n s f e r o f t h e a m i n on i t r o g e n o f g l y c i n e t o u r e a ) , t h e d e c r e a s e i n 1 5 N e n r i c h -m e n t o f u r i n a r y u r e a f r o m w hi c h t h e i n c r e a s e i n n i t r o -g e n t u r n o v e r w i t h g r o w t h h o r m o n e i s d e r i v e d i s i n t e r -p r e t e d a s b e i n g a n e f f e c t o n w h o l e b o d y p r o t e i n m e t a b o -

l i s m a n d n o t a s p e c i f i c e f f e c t o f g r o w t h h o r m o n e o n

g l y c i n e m e t a b o l i s m .

T h e i m p r o v e d n i t r o g e n b a l a n c e s e e n w i t h a d m i n i s t r a -t i o n o f g r o w t h h o r m o n e o c c u r s w i t h a p o s t o p e r a t i v ep r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s r a t e o f 2 0 9 % o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s y n -

t h e t i c r a t e f o r p l a c e b o a n d a b r e a k d o w n r a t e o f 1 7 0 % o f

p l a c e b o , i n d i c a t i n g a r e l a t i v e i n c r e a s e i n s y n t h e s i s t ob r e a k d o w n o f 3 9 % . I n t h e a b s e n c e o f e x o g e n o u s p r o t e i ni n t a k e , t h e a m i n o a c i d s f o r p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s w i l l b e d e -r i v e d f r o m b r e a k d o w n a n d t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f s y n t h e s i s a s

a p e r c e n t a g e o f b r e a k d o w n w i l l g i v e a v a l u e f o r t h e r e c y -c l i n g o f p r o t e i n a n d , h e n c e , t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f p r o t e i nm e t a b o l i s m . A f t e r o p e r a t i o n t h e r e w a s a d e c r e a s e i n r e -

c y c l i n g o f p r o t e i n o f 1 2 % c o m p a r e d w i t h b e f o r e o p e r a -

t i o n i n t h e p l a c e b o g r o u p a n d a n i n c r e a s e o f 5 % w i t hg r o w t h h o r m o n e , t h e r e b e i n g a 1 7 % i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e

e f f i c i e n c yo f

p r o t e i n m e t a b o l i s m a f t e r s u r g e r y wheng r o w t h h o r m o n e i s g i v e n .T h e d i v e r s i o n o f a m i n o a c i d s a s p o t e n t i a l g l u c o n e o -

g e n i c s u b s t r a t e s f r o m o x i d a t i v e t o s y n t h e t i c p a t h w a y s

w h e n g r o w t h h o r m o n e i s g i v e n r e s u l t s i n a r e d u c t i o n o f a

mean o f 5 1 k c a l / d ( 2 1 4 k J / d ) d e r i v e d f r o m p r o t e i n o x i -d a t i o n . T h e i n c r e a s e d e n e r g y p r o d u c t i o n o f 2 6 4 k c a l / d( 1 1 0 5 k J / d ) f r o m f a t o x i d a t i o n i s i n e x c e s s o f t h a t r e -q u i r e d t o c o m p e n s a t e f o r t h e s h o r t f a l l f r o m p r o t e i n o x i -d a t i o n b y a mean o f 2 1 3 k c a l / d ( 8 9 2 k J / d ) . I t i s l i k e l yt h a t t h i s e x c e s s i n o x i d a t i o n o f f a t i s a r e s u l t o f t h es p e c i f i c a c t i o n o f g r o w t h h o r m o n e o n i n c r e a s i n g l i p o l y -

s i s a n d f r e e f a t t y a c i d o x i d a t i o n . ' 9 T h i s i s s e e n a s a n

o v e r a l l i n c r e a s e i n e n e r g y e x p e n d i t u r e , m o s t n o t a b l y it h e l a s t 4 d a y s o f t h e s t u d y .A d i a b e t o g e n i c e f f e c t o f g r o w t h h o r m o n e p r o d u c i n g

i n c r e a s e s i n b l o o d g l u c o s e a n d s e r u m i n s u l i n h a s b e e n

d e s c r i b e d ' 9 a n d i s c o n f i r m e d i n t h i s s t u d y . S e r u m l e v e lo f g r o w t h h o r m o n e , s o m a t o m e d i n - C , a n d i n s u l i n w e r e

a l l a f f e c t e d b y g r o w t h h o r m o n e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . G r o w t h

h o r m o n es t i m u l a t e s s e c r e t i o n

o f s o m a t o m e d i n - C f r o m

t h e l i v e r 2 0 a n d t h e g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s i n g l e v e l s o f s o m a -

t o m e d i n - C d u r i n g g r o w t h h o r m o n e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s u gg e s t a d i r e c t a c t i o n o f g r o w t h h o r m o n e . I n s u l i n l e v e l s a rh i g h e s t w h e n b l o o d g l u c o s e p e a k s a n d d e c r e a s e s a s t h eg l u c o s e l e v e l s f a l l , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t i n s u l i n l e v e l s a r e n o t

p r i m a r i l y a f f e c t e d b y g r o w t h h o r m o n e a d m i n i s t r a t i o nb u t r e l a t e t o t h e b l o o d g l u c o s e l e v e l . B e c a u s e b o t h s om a t o m e d i n - C a n d i n s u l i n a r e c a p a b l e o f i n c r e a s i n g r a t eo f p r o t e i n s y n t h e s i s i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e i n t h is t u d y i f t h e e l e v a t e d l e v e l s o f e i t h e r h o r m o n e , o r g r o w t h

h o r m o n e i t s e l f , a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e r a i s e d r a t e o f p r o -

t e i n s y n t h e s i s .T h e s e s t u d i e s w e r e d e s i g n e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e e f f e c t o

g r o w t h h o r m o n e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o n p o s t o p e r a t i v e m e -

t a b o l i s m a n d h a v e c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e d i m p r o v e d p r o -t e i n e c o n o m y a n d i n c r e a s e d f a t o x i d a t i o n i n p a t i e n t sw i t h m i n i m a l n u t r i t i o n a l i n t a k e . T h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a ts o m a t o m e d i n - C i s a m e d i a t o r o f t h e p r o t e i n r e s p o n s e s i

w o r t h y o f f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n ; h o w e v e r , t h i s w i l l o n l y

b e p o s s i b l e i f s o m a t o m e d i n s c a n b e s y n t h e s i z e d a n d

p r o d u c e d i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t e s b y r e c o m b i n a n t DNA

t e c h n o l o g y . T h i s s t u d y h a s n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y s t u d i e d c l i n ic a l o u t c o m e b u t i t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h i s w i l l b e a f f e c t e d b y

t h e s e m e t a b o l i c c h a n g e s . T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e d a t ao b t a i n e d h e r e i s t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t c a n b e u s ed

t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f e c t o f g r o w t h h o r m o n e o n n u t r i e n t( p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t r a v e n o u s ) u t i l i z a t i o n i n n o t o n l y p r o -d u c i n g more e f f i c i e n t u s e o f e x p e n s i v e m a t e r i a l s b u t

p e r h a p s i n r e d u c i n g t h e q u a n t i t i e s o f n u t r i e n t s t h a t r e -

q u i r e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h u s a l l o w i n g g r e a t e r u s e o f p e -r i p h e r a l ( a s o p p o s e d t o c e n t r a l ) v e i n f e e d i n g .

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s

T h e a u t h o r s t h a n k D a v i d T e a l e f o r c a r r y i n g o u t e s t i m a t i o n s o f s o

m a t o m e d i n - C l e v e l s a n d P r o f e s s o r H . A . F . D u d l e y f o r a d v i c e c o n c e r n -i n g t h e s t u d y a n d i t s p r e s e n t a t i o n .

R e f e r e n c e s

1 . C u t h b e r t s o n D P . T h e d i s t u r b a n c e o f m e t a b o l i s m p r o d u c e d b yb o n y a n d n o n - b o n y i n j u r y w i t h n o t e s o n c e r t a i n a b n o r m a lc o n d i t i o n s o f b o n e . B i o c h e m J 1 9 3 0 ; 2 4 : 1 2 4 4 - 1 2 6 3 .

2 . C u t h b e r t s o n D P . O b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e d i s t u r b a n c e o f m e t a b o l i smp r o d u c e d b y i n j u r y t o t h e l i m b s . Q J Med 1 9 3 2 ; 1 : 2 3 3 - 2 4 6 .

3 . C u t h b e r t s o n D P . T h e m e t a b o l i c r e s p o n s e t o i n j u r y a n d i t s n u t r i -t i o n a l i m p l i c a t i o n s : r e t r o s p e c t a n d P r o s p e c t . J P a r e n t E n t N ut r1 9 7 9 ; 3 : 1 0 8 - 1 2 9 .

4 . S t u d l e y HO . P e r c e n t a g e o f w e i g h t l o s s . A b a s i c i n d i c a t o r o f s u r g i -c a l r i s k i n p a t i e n t s w it h c hr o ni c p e p t i c u l c e r . JAMA 1 9 3 6 ;

1 0 6 : 4 5 8 - 4 6 0 .

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