High FivesVinny Hageman

Cory Sonderschafer

History • Originated in African-

American urban culture as a greeting

• Gained popularity around 1980 in sports (baseball and basketball) for use as a congratulations

• Went mainstream in 80’s• Now a worldwide gesture

used for congratulations, celebration, greeting, etc.

Description

• Wanted to find out how strangers would respond to us offering them a high five

• Wanted to further explore their responses by comparing:– How males react to how

females react– How people react to

someone in casual attire to how they react to someone in Flyers attire

Procedure• Collected our data by offering high fives to every third person and recording

their response (high five or no high five) and their gender– Cory – casual attire, “hey high five,” went first– Vinny – Flyers attire, “let’s go Flyers,” went second

• Did this in Montgomery Mall, Valley Square Shopping Center, and Doylestown (Main Street, State Street, and Court Street)

• Tests of significance: – 1 Proportion Z Test on proportion of people who DID high five

• Ho: p0 =.2• Ha: p0 >.2

– 2 Proportion Z Test on proportion of males who DID high five vs. females who DID high five

• Ho: pmale = pfemale

• Ha: pmale > pfemale

– 2 Proportion Z Test on proportion of people who high fived Cory in a casual shirt vs. Vinny in a Flyers shirt

• Ho: pregular = pflyers

• Ha: pregular < pflyers

Montgomery Mall• Majority of females responded with no high five

– Same for casual and Flyers• Majority of males responded with a high five for Flyers

– Opposite for casual• Males responded with a high five more than females

– Same for casual and Flyers

Yes

No

Yes

NoCa

sual

Flye

rs

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Montgomery Mall

FemaleMale

Montgomery MallCasual FlyersYes No Yes No

Male 5 7 11 3Female 4 9 4 6

Valley Square

• Majority of females responded with a high five– Same for casual and flyers

• Majority of males responded with a high five for Flyers– Opposite for casual

• Males responded with a high five more than females for Flyers– Opposite for casual

Yes

No

Yes

No

Casu

alFl

yers

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Valley Square

FemaleMale

Valley SquareCasual FlyersYes No Yes No

Male 6 4 8 2Female 4 12 5 9

Doylestown • Majority of females responded with no high five

– Same for casual and Flyers• Majority of males responded with a high five

– Same for casual and Flyers• Males responded with a high five more than females

– Same for casual and Flyers

Yes

No

Yes

No

Casu

alFl

yers

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Doylestown

FemaleMale

DoylestownCasual FlyersYes No Yes No

Male 5 6 11 1Female 7 5 8 6

Analysis

• Majority of females in Doylestown and in Montgomery Mall responded with no high five– Female patterns were always same for casual and

flyers• Majority of males everywhere responded with

a high five for Flyers• Majority of males in Montgomery Mall and in

Valley Square responded with no high five for casual

Conclusions

• If you are a white, average-looking young man in Greater Philadelphia Region (specifically Bucks County/Montgomery County)…– Majority of females will not high five you– Majority of males will not high five you…

• UNLESS you are obviously a Flyers fan!

• Males in Doylestown are most friendly to strangers– Females are least friendly

• Females in Valley Square are most friendly to strangers

Test #1: 1 Proportion Z Test

Assumptions:

State:1. SRS2. n0 p0 ≥ 10

n0(1 − p0) ≥ 103. pop ≥ 10n

Check:1. Assumed2. 148*.53 = 78.44 ≥ 10

148*.47 = 69.56 ≥ 103. Passed

Test #1: 1 Proportion Z Test

P (z ≥ 9.946) < 0.0001

= 9.946

We reject Ho because p-value is < α = .05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of people who responded with a high five is greater than .20.

Test of Total High Fives Test Proportion

Attribute (categorical): Total

Attribute: Total78 out of 148, or 0.527027, are 1 Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for 1 is greater than 0.2 .

The test statistic, z, is 9.946.

If it w ere true that the population proportion of 1 w ere equal to 0.2 (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a z value this great or greater w ould be < 0.0001.

Note: This probability w as computed using the normal approximation.

Ho: p0 =.2Ha: p0 >.2

Test #1 Chart

53%

47%

TotalTotal Yes Total No

•Percentage of people who responded with a high five is higher than those who responded with no high five

Test #2: 2 Proportion Z Test

Assumptions:

State:1. 2 independent SRS2. n1 p1 ≥ 10

n1(1 − p1) ≥ 10n2 p2 ≥ 10 n2(1 − p2) ≥ 10

3. pop1 ≥ 10n pop2 ≥ 10n

Check:1. Assumed2. 69*.67 = 46.23 ≥ 10

69*.33 = 22.77 ≥ 1079*.41 = 32.39 ≥ 1079*.59 = 46.61 ≥ 10

3. Passed

Test #2: 2 Proportion Z Test

P (z ≥ 3.18) = 0.00074

= 3.18

We reject Ho because p-value is < α = .05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of males who responded with a high five is greater than the proportion of females who responded with a high five.

Test of Male vs. Female Yes PropCompare Proportions

Attribute (categorical): Male

Attribute (categorical or grouping): Female

In Male 46 out of 69, or 0.666667, are 1 In Female 32 out of 79, or 0.405063, are 1 Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for 1 in Male is greater than that for 1 in Female

The test statistic, z, is 3.18.

If it w ere true that the tw o population proportions w ere equal (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probabilityof getting a value of z this great or greater w ould be 0.00074. Note: This probability w as computed using the normal approximation.

Ho: pmale = pfemale

Ha: pmale > pfemale

Test #2 Graph

Male

Female

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Male vs. Female

Yes No

•Percentage of males who responded with a high five is higher than the percentage of females who responded with a high five

Test #3: 2 Proportion Z Test

Assumptions:

State:1. 2 independent SRS2. n1 p1 ≥ 10

n1(1 − p1) ≥ 10n2 p2 ≥ 10 n2(1 − p2) ≥ 10

3. pop1 ≥ 10n pop2 ≥ 10n

Check:1. Assumed2. 74*.42 = 31.08 ≥ 10

74*.58 = 42.92 ≥ 1074*.64 = 47.36 ≥ 1074*.36 = 26.64 ≥ 10

3. Passed

Test #3: 2 Proportion Z Test

P (z ≤ -2.634) = 0.0042

= -2.634

We reject Ho because p-value is < α = .05. We have sufficient evidence that the proportion of people who responded with a high five to someone in Flyers attire is greater than the proportion of people who responded with a high five to someone in casual attire.

Test of Casual vs. Flyers Yes PropCompare Proportions

Attribute (categorical): Casual

Attribute (categorical or grouping): Flyers

In Casual 31 out of 74, or 0.418919, are 1 In Flyers 47 out of 74, or 0.635135, are 1 Alternative hypothesis: The population proportion for 1 in Casual is less than that for 1 in Flyers

The test statistic, z, is -2.634.

If it w ere true that the tw o population proportions w ere equal (the null hypothesis), and the sampling process w ere performed repeatedly, the probability of getting a value of z this small or smaller w ould be 0.0042. Note: This probability w as computed using the normal approximation.

Ho: pregular = pflyers

Ha: pregular < pflyers

Test #3 Graph

Casual

Flyers

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Casual vs. Flyers

Yes No

•Percentage of people who to responded with a high five to someone in Flyers attire is higher than percentage of people who responded with a high five to someone in casual attire

Conclusions (Inf.)

• More than half of all people in Greater Philadelphia Area (Bucks County and Montgomery County specifically) will respond to the offer of a high five with a high five

• Males in this area are more likely to respond with a high five than females

• People in this area are more likely to respond to someone in a Flyers shirt with a high five than someone in casual attire

Application

• 53% of all people responded with a high five• Knowing this, we are now more likely to offer a

high five to a stranger– Greater than 50% chance that they will accept– Why would we do this?

• It’s fun• It’s an easy way to meet friendly people

Sources of Bias/Error

• Weather - more people would have been outside (Doylestown, Valley Square) if it was nicer out

• Odor- some areas smelled bad (Valley Square next to DSW) causing people not to be there

• Mood - someone would have been more inclined to respond with a high five if they were in a good mood

• Already saw us doing work – people would have been more inclined to respond with a high five if they knew what we wanted ahead of time (or less inclined if they’re jerks)

Sources of Bias/Error (Cont.)

• Age – children were reluctant to high five us (probably because of a “don’t talk to strangers” mentality)

• Group – people with SO’s/families seemed more hesitant than individuals

• Two different people collecting data – people could be more/less inclined to high five us for personal reasons (our appearances, etc.)

• Fans of a rival team/city – would have been less inclined to high five Vinny

Sources of Bias/Error (Cont.)• Flyers were in Stanley Cup Finals during data collection –

caused fans to be “flyered up” and therefore more likely to high five Vinny

• Flyers played later that night – fans would have been more likely to high five Vinny

• Outcome of Flyers game night before– fans could have been more/less likely to high five Vinny depending on if they won/lost night before (depends on the type of fan)

• Recording same person more than once – repeats were more likely to respond with a high five again

• Knowing someone – acquaintances were more likely to respond with a high five than a stranger

Personal Opinion

• Results could be more accurate– Remove sources of error

• Go places…– Big enough to not have any repeats– Far away enough from home to not know anyone

• Have one person only collect data (change into Flyers shirt) and other only record data

• Just wouldn’t be as much fun if we changed it– We actually had a good time with this project– Collecting data was enjoyable

Activity Introduction• Some people gave sloppy

high fives– Weak effort– Resulted in near misses

• Can be embarrassing for both parties

• People need instruction…

Activity

Perfect High Five Technique

1. Turn to your neighbor2. Stare at their elbow3. High five them repeatedly

Works every time!

FIN