high fluid need during cardiac surgery: can we do without hes? philippe van der linden md, phd chu...
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High Fluid Need During Cardiac Surgery:Can We Do Without HES?
Philippe Van der Linden MD, PhDCHU Brugmann-HUDERF, Free University of Brussels
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Fees for lectures, advisory board and consultancy: Fresenius Kabi GmbHB Braun Medical SA
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High Fluid Need During Cardiac Surgery:Can We Do Without HES?
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Effects of Hydroxyethyl Starch on Bleeding After Cardiopulmonary Bypass
From Navickis R et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 144:223-230e5, 2012.
Meta-analysis including 18 trials (N=970)
Compared to albumin, HES:• postop blood loss by 33% (18.2-48.3%)• risk of reoperation RR:2.24 (1.14-4.40)• risk of RBC transfusion by 28.4% (12.2-44.6%)• risk of FFP transfusion by 30.6% (8.0-53.1%)• risk of platelet transfusion by 29.8% (3.4-56.2%)
No difference between HES 450/0.7 and HES 200/0.5…but mix of 6% and 10% solutions
Insufficient data available for HES 130/0.4 versus albumin
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HES Solutions For Cardiovascular Surgery: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials
From Shi XY et al. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 67:767-82, 2011.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of all pertinent randomized controlled trials (up to December 2010)
52 randomized trials; 3234 patients (23 trials with HES130/0.4)
Blood loss N Std mean diff (95% CI)
HES 130/0.4 vs albumin
7 -0.61 (-0.82, -0.40)
HES 130/0.4 vs gelatin
10 -0.02 (-0.16, 0.12)
HES 130/0.4 vs crystalloids
3 -0.19 (-0.45, 0.08)
Transfusion N RR(95% CI)
p
HES 130/0.4 vs albumin
4 0.77 (0.62, 0.94) 0.01
HES 130/0.4 vs gelatin
4 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) 0.74
HES 130/0.4 vs crystalloids
1 0.67 (0.13, 3.44) 0.63
Boldt’ studies not retrieved !
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Perioperative Fluid Therapy in Cardiac Surgery
From Bayer O et al. Crit Care Med 41:2532-42, 2013.
Observational cohort study: fluid therapy in the operating
room and on the ICU directed at preset hemodynamic goals• HES (predominantly 130/0.4) in 2004-2006 (N=2137)• 4% Gelatin in 2006-2008 (N=2324)• Only crystalloids in 2008-2010 (N=2017)
Clinical outcomes• RRT more common with HES and gelatins than crystalloids• Hospital mortality: HES = crystalloids, but higher with gelatin • ICU length of stay longer for HES than for gelatin and crystalloids
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Perioperative Fluid Therapy in Cardiac Surgery
From Bayer O et al. Crit Care Med 41:2532-42, 2013.
Observational cohort study: fluid therapy in the operating
room and on the ICU directed at preset hemodynamic goals• HES (predominantly 130/0.4) in 2004-2006 (N=2137)• 4% Gelatin in 2006-2008 (N=2324)• Only crystalloids in 2008-2010 (N=2017)
Clinical outcomes• RRT more common with HES and gelatin than crystalloids… in
patients who already had an intermediate or high risk for RRT• Mean SOFA score higher with crystalloids than with HES or gelatin• Duration of mechanical ventilation shorter with HES
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Perioperative Fluid Therapy in Cardiac Surgery
From Bayer O et al. Crit Care Med 41:2532-42, 2013.
Observational cohort study: fluid therapy in the operating
room and on the ICU directed at preset hemodynamic goals• HES (predominantly 130/0.4) in 2004-2006 (N=2137)• 4% Gelatin in 2006-2008 (N=2324)• Only crystalloids in 2008-2010 (N=2017)
* p<0.01 vs colloids
*
**
“Colloid” period “Crystalloid” period
6% HES 130/0.4 500 ml 1000 ml
Ringer’s lactate 750 ml 250 ml
15% mannitol 250 ml 250 ml
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Perioperative Fluid Management in Cardiac Surgery
TissueFluid
accumulation
TissueO2 deliveryoptimization
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Fluid Overload Predicts Mortality after Cardiac Surgery
From Stein A et al. Crit Care 16:R99, 2012.
Prospective cohort study (N=502)
Fluid overload and creatinine levels recorded daily in ICU
Black circle: non survival with Δcreat < 0.6 mg/dlWhite circle: survival with with Δcreat < 0.6 mg/dlBlack square: non survival with Δcreat ≥ 0.6 mg/dlWhite square: survival with with Δcreat ≥ 0.6 mg/dl
17 patients died during their ICU stay
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Optimization of Circulatory Status After Cardiac Surgery
From McKendry M et al. BMJ 329:258-62, 2004.
Randomized controlled trial• Conventional hemodynamic management (N=85)• Protocol (N=89): stroke index > 35 ml/m2 (esophageal doppler)
Primary outcome: hospital length of stay
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Perioperative Fluid Management in Cardiac Surgery
Pre-bypass
On-bypass
Post-bypass
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Physiopathology of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Interstitial fluid accumulation
Complementactivation
Capillarpermeability
HYPOVOLEMIA
Catecholaminerelease
HypothermiaVasoconstriction Venous
capacitance
Hemodilution Plasma COP
Interstitial COPTranslocationof interstitial
albumin
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Interstitial Volume (ISFV) During Cardiac SurgeryOlthof CG et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 39:508-12, 1995.
Start CPB10 min CPB
End CPBEnd Operation
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Changes compared to pre-op values (%)
COP (%) ISFV (%)
ISFV: measured by a non-invasive conductivity technique * p<0.05 vs pre-op
*
*
*
**
*
Start CPB10 min CPB
End CPBEnd Operation
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
Changes compared to pre-op values
Fluid balance (ml)
*
*
**
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Fluid Management in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: On-bypass
Albumin in the prime: precoats the CPB circuit surface
To delay the absorption of circulating fibrinogen
To reduce surface activation and adhesion of platelets
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Albumin vs Crystalloids for Pump Primingin Cardiac Surgery
Meta-analysis of controlled trials (adult & pediatric patients): 21 studies, 1346 patients
Albumin prime reduces:The on-bypass drop in platelet countpooled WMD: -23,8 10 /L [-42,8 to -4,7 10 /L]
The colloid oncotic pressure declinepooled WMD: -3,6 mmHg [-4,8 to -2,3 mmHg]
The on-bypass positive fluid balancepooled WMD: -584 ml [-819 to -348 ml]
The postoperative weight gainpooled WMD: -1,0 kg [-0,6 to -1,3 kg]
9 9
From Russel JA et al. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 18:429-437, 2004.
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Colloids Vs. Crystalloids as Priming Solutions for Cardiopulmonary Bypass
From Himpe D. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 54:20-15, 2003.
Meta-analysis of prospective randomized trials: N=17 (997
patients). Wide variations in priming fluid regimens
Colloids in the prime resulted in higher COP and lower
positive fluid balance. No difference between albumin-
based priming and synthetic-based priming
No difference in postoperative bleeding between crystalloids
and colloids-based priming. No difference between albumin-
based priming and synthetic-based priming.
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Albumin Vs. Gelatins as Priming Solutions for Cardiopulmonary Bypass
From Himpe D et al. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 5:457-66, 1991
Prospective randomized trial: elective CABG patients Randomization according to the priming volume (2200 ml)
• 3% albumin (N=35)• 3.5% urea-linked gelatin (N=35)• 3% balanced modified fluid gelatin (N=35)
* p<0.05 vs gelatins
* **
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Factors Influencing Fluid Distribution after CPB
Preoperative
Patient's characteristics (age, clinical status, blood volume...)
Intraoperative
Physiologic factors (capillary permeability, hydrostatic pressures...)
Mechanical factors (bypass circuit, T°, MAP, flow...)
Fluids (pre- post-CPB, priming, cardioplegia)
Clinical factors (surgery, CPB & Ao clamping times)
Postoperative
Fluids
Ventilatory modes
Vasoactive agents
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Plasma Volume Expansion After Cardiac Surgery
Hemodynamic stability occurred faster after colloids (dextran 70), but ventilatory weaning somewhat easier with crystalloids
Karanko MS et al. Crit Care Med 15:559-566, 1987.
Volume effect of colloid solutions after CABG surgery patients are comparable to those obtained in other elective surgical patients
Immediate volume effect: dextran 70>gelatin>4% PPF (albumin)Duration of volume effect: dextran 70> 4% PPF>gelatin
Karanko MS. Crit Care Med 15:1015-1022, 1987.
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Fluid Loading in Cardiovascular Hypovolemic Patients
From Verheij J et al. Intensive Care Med 32:1030-8, 2006.
Prospective randomized trial: treatment of hypovolemic hypotension after cardiac and major vascular surgery (N=63)
Fluids administered < strict fluid challenge protocol
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Cardiac Response to Fluid Loading After Cardiac or Vascular Surgery
• Single-blinded RCT (N=67)• 90 min filling pressure-guided
challenge- 0.9% saline
- Colloids: 4%GEL, 6% HES, or 5% alb
• More saline than colloids infused• Saline: ↓ COP; colloids: ↑ COP• Colloids equally effective
0
5
10
15
20
25
Plasmavolume
Cardiac index
0,9% saline Colloids
%
p<0.001p<0.005
From Verheij J et al. Intensive Care Med 32: 1030-8, 2006.
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Prospective randomized single-blind study Elective surgery – crystalloid-based pump prime; no TXA
Fluid administration immediately after ICU admission:• 6% HES 130/ 0.4 (N=15)• 4% Modified fluid gelatin (N=15)• Ringer’s acetate (N=15)
Hemodynamic monitoring: PAC, thermodilution cardiac output
Hemodynamics & blood transfusion guided by strict protocols
3 bolus of 7 mL/kg + 7 mL/kg over 12h
From Schramko A et al. Perfusion 25:283-91, 2010; Br J Anaesth 104:691-7, 2010.
Effects of 6% HES 130/0.4 & 4% Gelatin On Hemodynamics After Cardiac Surgery
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Prospective randomized single-blind study Intermittent thermodilution cardiac output measurementsNo difference in HR, MAP and CVP between the groups
Stroke volume Index (mL/beat.m²)
Pre-in
fusi
on
7 m
l/kg
14 m
l/kg
21 m
l/kg
28 m
l/kg
0
20
40
60
80
* * *#
Cardiac Index (L/min.m²)
Pre-in
fusi
on
7 m
l/kg
14 m
l/kg
21 m
l/kg
28 m
l/kg
0
1
2
3
4
5HES (N=15)Gelatin (N=14)Ringer's acetate (N=13)
*p <0.05 Vs. Colloids# p<0.05 Vs. HES
#* * *
Effects of 6% HES 130/0.4 & 4% Gelatin On Hemodynamics After Cardiac Surgery
From Schramko A et al. Perfusion 25:283-91, 2010; Br J Anaesth 104:691-7, 2010.
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1st objective: to compare the effects on total blood losses of two synthetic colloids:
3% modified fluid gelatin (N=64) or
6% HES 130/0.4 (N=68)in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery (up to 20 h postop)
Max dose 50 ml/kg
PAOP: 8-15 mmHg; CI > 2.5L/min.m²; diuresis > 0.5 ml/kg.h
Gelatin vs HES 130/0.4 in Cardiac Surgery
From Van der Linden P et al. Anesth Analg 101: 629-34, 2005.
Propspective randomized single-blind study
2nd objective: efficacy in maintaining hemodynamics
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From Van der Linden P et al. Anesth Analg 101: 629-34, 2005.
Gelatin vs HES 130/0.4 in Cardiac Surgery
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perop postop total0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Synthetic colloids (ml/kg)
perop postop total0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Crystalloids (ml/kg)
GEL - HES
Gelatin vs HES 130/0.4 in Cardiac Surgery
From Van der Linden P et al. Anesth Analg 101: 629-34, 2005.
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From Van der Linden P et al. Anesth Analg 101: 629-34, 2005.
Gelatin vs HES 130/0.4 in Cardiac Surgery
Gel group: 21/64 were transfused (0 [0-6] units) HES 130/0.4: 24/68 were transfused (0 [0-6] units)
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From Van der Linden P et al. Anesth Analg 101: 629-34, 2005.
Gelatin vs HES 130/0.4 in Cardiac Surgery
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Gelatin vs HES 130/0.4 in Cardiac Surgery
From Van der Linden P et al. Anesth Analg 101: 629-34, 2005.
p<0.05
p<0.01
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Conclusions
Primary goal of fluid volume therapy:To correct absolute or relative volume deficit in order
to optimize tissue oxygen delivery
The optimal amount at the right moment witha combination of crystalloids AND colloids
Choice between the different solutionsPhysiological compartment that needs to be restored
(intravascular, interstitial, intracellular)
Characteristics of the solutions• Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties• Side effects• Costs
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Thank you very much for your attention
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HES 130/0.4 Vs. Ringer Solution For Cardiopulmonary Bypass Prime
From Tiryakioglu O et al. J Cardiothorac Surg 3:45, 2008.
Prospective randomized controlled trial (N=140)Prime volume
- 1500 ml Ringer solution (Ringer group: N=70)- 1500 ml HES 130/0.4 (HES group: N=70)
mL
Fluid
added
to C
PB
Fluid
bal
ance
end C
PB
Postop b
lood d
rain
age
0
500
1000
1500
2000RingerHES
p=0.0001 p=0.0001
No difference in creatinine clearance at 72 hours
No difference in ICU and hospital length of stay
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Perioperative colloids to maximize stroke volume (guided by oesophageal doppler)
6% HES 200/0.62:
Control (N= 30): 0-1800 mLProtocol (N= 30): 800-2400 mL
Gut mucosal hypoperfusion:56% vs 7% (p<0.001)
Perioperative Volume ExpansionDuring Cardiac Surgery
Morbidity (N)ICU LOS (d)
Hospital LOS (d)0
2
4
6
8
10
12
**
**
*
* p<0.05 ** p<0.01 vs controlFrom Mythen MG et al. Arch Surg 130:423-9, 1995.
range:1-111-1
range:5-485-9