high performance complex number multiplier using

5
ICSE2006 Proc. 2006, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia High Performance Complex Number Multiplier Using Booth-Wallace Algorithm Rizalafande C h e Ismail a n d Razaidi Hussin School of Microelectronic Engineering Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan Utara Malaysia B o x 7 7 , d / a Pejabat P o s Besar 01007 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia Abstract This paper presents t he methods required t o implement a high speed a n d high performance parallel complex number multiplier. T h e designs are structured using Radix-4 Modified Booth Algorithm and Wallace tree. These t w o techniques a r e employed t o speed u p t h e multiplication process a s their capability t o reduce partial products generation t o 11/2 a n d compress partial product term b y a ratio o f 3:2. Despite that, carry save-adders (CSA) is used t o enhance t he speed o f addition process for t he system. T h e system h a s been designed efriciently using VHDL codes f o r 16x16-bit signed numbers a n d successfully simulated a n d synthesized using ModelSim XE I I 5.8c a n d Xilinx I S E 6.1i. A s a proof o f concept, t he system i s implemented o n Xilinx Virtex-It P ro FPGA board. I . INTRODUCTION Complex number operations a re th e backbone o f many Digital Signal Processing (DSP) algorithms especially f o r multimedia applications such a s 3 D graphics which mostly depend o n extensive numbers o f multiplications. Besides that, they a r e time critical components f o r radar, satellite a n d digital modulation applications too. Complex number multiplication needs t o b e done using four real number multiplications a n d tw o additions. I n real number processing, carry needs t o propagate from t h e least significant b i t (LSB) t o th e most significant b i t (MSB) when binary partial products a r e added. Therefore, t h e addition a n d subtraction after binary multiplications limit t h e overall speed, although many techniques have been proposed t o overcome th e issue. This paper presents the design method a n d efficient implementation o f complex number multiplier b y integrating Radix-4 Modified Booth algorithm [1],[2],[3] a n d Wallace tree structure [4],[5],[6],[7] f o r generating t h e partial product rows a s well a s f o r performing t h e addition process respectively. Furthermore, i n enhancing t he speed o f t he addition process, carry save addition adders a r e used f o r t h e implementation [8],[9]. T h e paper i s divided into 5 sections. I n t h e following section (Section 2) , w e present t h e architecture o f t he system. In Section 3 , t h e complex number multiplier algorithm i s discussed. Simulation a n d synthesis details a r e presented i n Section 4 a n d conclusions i n Section 5 . I I . ARCHITECTURE T h e complex number multiplication system c a n b e divided into tw o main components known asreal part ( R ) a n d imaginary part (I). + j I = ( A +jB)(C +jD) . 1 ) Based o n equation (1), t he real part i s t h e output f o r ( A C - B D) a n d t h e imaginary part i s t he output f o r ( B C + AD). Each o f these t w o main components required sub-components called modified Booth encoding (MBE), partial product generator a n d adders/subtractor. Fig. 1 shows t h e block diagram o f t h e complex number multiplier employed i n this study. Based o n conventional methods a n d observation o f t h e equation (1), four separate multiplications a r e required t o produce th e real part a s well a s imaginary part numbers which lead t o th e implementation f four different MBE. However, i n this study, only tw o MBEs 0-7803-9731-2/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE 7 8 6 Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAMS HEDPUR. Downloaded on September 25, 2009 a t 00:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Upload: dave-batista

Post on 06-Apr-2018

220 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

8/3/2019 High Performance Complex Number Multiplier Using

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/high-performance-complex-number-multiplier-using 1/5

I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL u m p u r ,M a l a y s i a

H i g hP e r f o r m a n c eC o m p l e xN u m b e rM u l t i p l i e rU s i n gB o o t h - Wa l l a c e A l g o r i t h mR i z a l a f a n d eC h eI s m a i la n dR a z a i d iH u s s i n

S ch o ol o fM i c r o e l e c t r o n i cE n g i n e e r i n gK o l e jU n i v e r s i t iK e j u r u t e r a a nU t a r aM a l a y s i a

P . OBox 7 7 ,d / aP e j a b a tP o sB e s a r0 1 0 0 7K a n g a r ,P e r l i s ,M a l a y s i a

A b s t r a c tT h i s p a p e r p r e s e n t s t h e m e t h o d sr e q u i r e dt o i m p l e m e n ta h i g hs p e e da n dh i g hp e r f o r m a n c ep a r a l l e l c o m p l e x n u m b e rm u l t i p l i e r .T h ed e s i g n sa r e s t r uc t u re d u s i n gR a d ix - 4 M o d i f i e dB o o t h A l g o r i t h ma n dW a l l a c et r e e . T h e s e t w o t e c h n i q u e sa r ee m p l o y e dt o s p e e d u p t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o np r o c e s sa s t h e i rc a p a b i l i t yt o r e d u c ep a r t i a lp r o d u c t sg e n e r a t i o nt o 1 1 / 2a n d c o m p r e s sp a r t i a lp r o d u c tt e r mb y a r a t i oo f 3 : 2 .D e s p i t et h a t , c a r r y s a v e - a d d e r s( C S A )i s u s e d t oe n h a n c et h e s p e e do f a d d i t i o np r o c e s sf o rt h es y s t e m . Th e s y s t e m h a s b e e n d e s i g n e de f r i c i e n t l yu s i n g VHDL c o d e sf o r 1 6 x 1 6 - b i ts i g n e d n u m b e r sa n d s u c c e s s f u l l ys i m u l a t e da n d s yn the si z e d u s in gM o d e l S i m XE I I 5 . 8 ca n dX i l i n xI S E6 . 1 i .A sa p r o o fo f c o n c e p t ,t h es y s t e mi s i m p l e m e n t e do n X i l i n xV i r t e x - I tP r oFPGA b o a r d .

I . I N T R O D U C T I O N

C o m p l e xn u m b e ro p e r a t i o n sa r et h eb a c k b o n eo fmany D i g i t a l S i g n a lP r o c e s s i n g( D S P )a l g o r i t h m se s p e c i a l l yf o rm u l t i m e d i aa p p l i c a t i o n ss u c ha s 3D g r a p h i c sw h i c hm o s t l yd e p e n do ne x t e n s i v en u m b e r so f m u l t i p l i c a t i o n s .B e s i d e s

t h a t ,t h e ya r et i m ec r i t i c a lc o m p o n e n t sf o rr a d a r ,s a t e l l i t ea n dd i g i t a lm o d u l a t i o na p p l i c a t i o n st o o .C o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i c a t i o nn e e d st o b e

d o n eu s i n gf o u rr e a ln u m b e rm u l t i p l i c a t i o n sa n dt w o a d d i t i o n s .I n r e a ln u m b e rp r o c e s s i n g ,c a r r yn e e d st o p r o p a g a t ef r o mt h el e a s ts i g n i f i c a n tb i t( L S B )t o t h em o s ts i g n i f i c a n tb i t ( M S B )w h e nb i n a r yp a r t i a lp r o d u c t sa r ea d d e d .T h e r e f o r e ,t h ea d d i t i o na n d s u b t r a c t i o na f t e r b i n a r ym u l t i p l i c a t i o n sl i m i tt h eo v e r a l ls p e e d ,a l t h o u g hmany t e c h n i q u e sh a v e b e e n p r o p o s e dt oo v e r c o m et h ei s s u e .

T h i s p a p erp r e s e n t s t h ed e s i g nm e t h o da n de f f i c i e n ti m p l e m e n t a t i o no f c o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i e rb y i n t e g r a t i n gR a d i x - 4M o d i f i e dB o o t ha l g o r i t h m[ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , [ 3 ]a n d Wa l l a c et r e es t r u c t u r e[ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , [ 6 ] , [ 7 ]f o rg e n e r a t i n gt h ep a r t i a lp r o d u c tr o w s a s w e l la s f o r p e r f o r m i n gt h ea d d i t i o np r o c e s sr e s p e c t i v e l y .F u r t h e r m o r e ,i ne n h a n c i n gt h e s p e e do f t h e a d d i t i o np r o c e s s ,c a r r ys a v e a d d i t i o na d d e r sa r e u s e d f o r t h ei m p l e m e n t a t i o n[ 8 ] , [ 9 ] .

T h ep a p e ri s d i v i d e di n t o5 s e c t i o n s .I n t h ef o l l o w i n gs e c t i o n( S e c t i o n2 ) , we p r e s e n tt h ea r c h i t e c t u r eo f t h e s y s t e m .I n S e c t i o n3 , t h ec o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i e ra l g o r i t h mi sd i s c u s s e d .S i m u l a t i o na n d s y n t h e s i sd e t a i l sa r ep r e s e n t e di nS e c t i o n4 a n dc o n c l u s i o n si nS e c t i o n5 .

I I .A R C H I T E C T U R E

T h e c o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i c a t i o ns y s t e mc a nb e d i v i d e di n t ot w om a i nc o m p o n e n t sk n o w na s r ea lp a r t( R )a n di m a g i n a r yp a r t( I ) .

R + j I = ( A+ j B ) ( C+ j D ). 1 )

B a s e do n e q u a t i o n( 1 ) ,t h er e a lp a r ti s t h e

o u t p u tf o r( A C- B D )a n dt h ei m a g i n a r yp a r ti st h eo u t p u tf o r( B C+ A D ) .E a c ho f t h e s et w om a i n c o m p o n e n t sr e q u i r e ds u b - c o m p o n e n t sc a l l e dm o d i f i e dB o o t he n c o d i n g( M B E ) ,p a r t i a lp r o d u c tg e n e r a t o ra n d a d d e r s / s u b t r a c t o r .F i g .1s h o w st h eb l o c kd i a g r a mo f t h ec o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i e re m p l o y e di nt h i ss t u d y.

B a s e d o n c o n v e n t i o n a lm e t h o d s a n do b s e r v a t i o no f t h e e q u a t i o n( 1 ) ,f o u rs e p a r a t em u l t i p l i c a t i o n sa r er e q u i r e dt o p r o d u c et h er e a lp a r ta s w e l la s i m a g i n a r yp a r tn u m b e r sw h i c hl e a dt o t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o no f f o u rd i f f e r e n tM B E .H o w e v e r ,i nt h i ss t u d y,o n l yt w oM B E s

0 - 7 8 0 3 - 9 7 3 1 - 2 / 0 6 / $ 2 0 . 0 0© 2 0 0 6I E E E 7 8 6

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAMSHEDPUR. Downloaded on September 25, 2009 a t 00:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

8/3/2019 High Performance Complex Number Multiplier Using

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/high-performance-complex-number-multiplier-using 2/5

I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL u m p u r ,M a l a y s i a

i C A D C D6b i t 6- b i t 6- b i t 1 I6- b i t ' 6- b i t- b i t

P a r t i a lP r ou t P a r t i a lP r o d u c t P a r t i a lP r o d u c t P a r t i a lP r o d u c tlenLerat i ; e r L e r a t o r G e n e r t e r a t o r G e r e r a t o ri ( A* C ) ( B* D ) ( D C ) ( A D )

iCS At z e e CS At x e e ! ; CtA t e e CS At ± e e

I - bi I t

F i n a ± lr e s u l t F i n a lr e s u l t'A-B ABC )

R e a lP a r t

F i g .1 B l o c kd ia g r a m o ft h e

a r e r e q u i r e dt o e x e c u t e t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o nprocess . I th a sb e e nd o n ei ns u c ha way t h a ti n p u tA a n dB a re a l w a y ss e t t o t h em u l t i p l i e r sa n di n p u tC a n dD a r e a l w a y ss e tt o t h e m u l t i p l i c a n d .B y i m p l e m e n t i n gt h e s e t e c h n i q u e s ,s e v e r a l l o g i cg a t e sc a n b er e m o v e d .

I I I .

COMPLEXN U M B E RM U LT I P L I E RALGORITHM

F o r a n y c o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i e r d e s i g n ,t h e most c r i t i c a lp a r t i s t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o nprocess . I n a n y m u l t i p l i c a t i o no p e r a t i o n ,t h e r ea r e t h r e em a j o rs t e p s .F o r t h e f i r s t s t e p ,t h ep a r t i a lp r o d u c t sa r e g e n e r a t e d .F o r t h e s e c o n ds t e p ,t h ep a r t i a lp r o d u c t sa r e r e d u c e dt o o n e row

o f f i n a lsums a n dc a r r i e s .F o rt h et h i r ds t e p ,t h ef i n a lsums a n dc a r r i e sa r e a d d e dt o g e n e r a t et h er e s u l t .

I n t h i s p a p e r, t h e f i r s t s t e p i s d o n eu s i n g

R a d i x - 4m o d i f i e dB o o t ha l g o r i t h mb e c a u s eo f i t sa b i l i t yt o c u t t h en u m b e ro f p a r t i a lp r o d u c tr o w s

b y h a l f .T h e n ,W a l l a c et r e e s t r u c t u r ei s u s e df o rt h es e c o n ds t e pt o r a p i d l yr e d u c et h en u m b e ro fp a r t i a lp r o d u c trows t o t h ef i n a lt wo ( s u m sa n dc a r r i e s ) .F i n a l l y ,i n a t h i r ds t e p ,c a r r y p r o p a g a t ea d d e r s( C PA )i s e m p l o y e dt o a d dt h ef i n a lt worows r e s u l t i n gi nf i n a lp r o d u c t .

A . R A D I X - 4MODIFIEDBOOTHALGORITHM

T h em u l t i p l i c a t i o nd e s i g nb a s e don R a d i x - 4m o d i f i e dB o o t ha l g o r i t h mc o n s i s t so f t wo m a i n

I m a Vi n a r yP a t t

c o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i e r .

b l o c k s known a s MBE a n d p a r t i a lp r o d u c tg e n e r a t o ras s h o w ni nF i g .1 .

MBE i s a n e f f i c i e n te n c o d i n gt e c h n i q u ewheni t comes t o r e d u c i n gt h ep a r t i a lp r o d u c tr o w s .

T h em e t h o do f g r o u p i n gt h em u l t i p l i e rb i t sw h e nu s i n gMBE t e c h n i q u ei s s h o w ni n F i g .2 . I t i sb a s e don a window s i z eo f t h r e eb i t sa n da s t r i d e

o f t wo [ 1 0 ] .T h e m u l t i p l i e rA a n d B a r es e g m e n t e di n t og r o u p s o f t h r e eb i t sa n de a c ho ft h eg r o u p s w i l lp r o d u c et h ee x p e c t e do u t p u t sa s

d e s c r i b e di n Ta b l e 1 . T h e o u t p u t s a re t h e nc o n n e c t e dt o t h ep a r t i a lp r o d u c tg e n e r a t o r .As a

r e s u l to f u s i n g1 6 x 1 6 - b i ts i g n e dn u m b e r sf o rt h i sp r o j e c t ,MBE w i l lt h e n g e n e r a t ee i g h tp a r t i a lp r o d u c t rows i n s t e a do f s i x t e e nrows

t r a d i t i o n a l l y .T h e r e a r e many m e t h o d st h a t h a v e b e e nd i s c u s s e df o rg e n e r a t i n gp a r t i a lp r o d u c trows a s

r e p o r t e di n [ 5 ] , [ 1 0 ] , [ 1 1 ] , [ 1 2 ] .T h e a i m i s t o

o p t i m i z et h en u m b e ro f p a r t i a lp r o d u c trows a s i tw i l l g i v e s i g n i f i c a n te f f e c tt o t he s p e e d ,p e r f o r m a n c ea s w e l la s a r e a o f t h es y s t e m .I n t h i ss t u d y ,t h e p r o p o s e dd e s i g n m e t h o d o l o g yi ng e n e r a t i n gp a r t i a lp r o d u c trows p r e s e n t e di n [ 1 2 ]h a s b e e ni m p l e m e n t e d .B y u s i n gt h et e c h n i q u e ,t h ep a r t i a lp r o d u c trows w i l lno l o n g e rr e q u i r e dt w o ' sc o m p l e m e n te r r o r c o r r e c t i o nc i r c u i t sa n dl a s tn e g a t i o ns i g n a la s s h o w ni n F i g .3 . H e n c e ,t h em u l t i p l i c a t i o nc a n h a v ea s m a l l e rc r i t i c a lp a t ht h u s d i r e c t l yi n f l u e n c e st h e s p e e d o f t h em u l t i p l i c a t i o np r o c e s s a s w e l l a s t h ea r e a o f t h ec i r c u i t .

7 8 7

R a d i x -4 M od i f i edB E o o t hA l g o r i t h m

Wa l l a c eT i r eeS t r u c t u r e

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAMSHEDPUR. Downloaded on September 25, 2009 at 00:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

8/3/2019 High Performance Complex Number Multiplier Using

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/high-performance-complex-number-multiplier-using 3/5

I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL u m p u r ,M a l a y s i a

G r o u p2 G r o u0

Y 2 i + 1 Y 2 i Y 2 i - 1 G e n e r a t e dP a r t i a lP r o d u c t s

O O 0 0* M u l t i p l i c a n dO O 1 1* M u l t i p l i c a n dO 1 0 1 * M u l t i p l i c a n d

O 1 1 2 * M u l t i p l i c a n d1 0 0 - 2* M u l t i p l i c a n d1 0 1 - 1 * M u l t i p l i c a n d1 1 0 - 1 * M u l t i p l i c a n d1 1 1 0 * M u l t i p l i c a n d

F i g .2 M u l t i p l i e rb i t sg r o u p i n ga c c o r d i n gt oB o o t h Ta b l e1 R a d i x - 4M o d i f i e dB o o t hR e c o r d i n g[ 1 3 ] .r e c o r d i n gf o r8 - b i ti n p u t[ 1 0 ] .

F i g .3 T h ea d d i t i o na r c h i t e c t u r eo f 1 6 x 1 6 - b i ts i g n e dm u l t i p l i c a t i o n[ 1 2 ] .1 4 XX 41 . -3 N OX x x : . 3 :

x 7 ' g -Y a 4Y O zY I Q 2y r 2 .a 1i aYn 1H 7 'Yn y -L

I glSm7iW1-1BZ!l1PXS < SOP P A tA tA trAj o 5 >A N < I 5 < ;- l l jm 9XD<A ,f 9 ~ ~ i P f. ~ ~ 'k ' A ; ~ ~ ~. 41 ?'12 i n n 0 P 2 ,9 z ._ f t P

- ~ ~ ~~ ~ r / ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~9 9 2 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 9 ~ ~ ~2 ~ ~ ~ APs --)

3 ~ ~ ~ , : ! A

B . WALLACET R E ES T R U C T U R E

T h eWa l l a c et r e es t r u c t u r ei s o n e o f v a r i o u sr e d u c t i o nt r e ed e s i g n t e c h n i q u e sa v a i l a b l ef o rf u l l y p a ra l le lm u l t i p l i e ra r c h i t e c t u r e s .I t i s am e t h o do f c o m b i n i n ge i t h e r3 : 2o r / a n d2 : 2CS Aa d d e r st o a d dt o g e t h e rs e v e no r m o r en u m b e r so fs i z ek - b i t .T he se t w oa d d e r sb a s i c a l l ys e r v ea s an o r m a lf u l la d d e ra n dh a l fa d d e ra ss h o w ni nF i g .4 . F u r t h e r m o r e ,b y a p p l y i n gWa l l a c et r e ec o n c e p t ,t h en u m b e ro f p a r t i a lp r o d u c tr o w sc a nb e d e c r e a s e db y a f a c t o ro f 1 . 5 .I n t h i sc a s e ,d u et o 1 6 - b i ts i g n e dn u m b e r su s e d i n t h i sp r o j e c t ,t h e r ew i l lb e f iv e l e v e l so f CS At r e e sr e q u i r e dt o

c o m p l e t et h ea d d i t i o no p e r a t i o n .I n e x e c u t i n gt h ea d d i t i o np r o c e s su s i n gt h i s

m e t h o d o l o g y,t h ei n i t i a ls t e pi s t o r e a r r a n g et h ep a r t i a lp r o d u c tb i t st o b e c o m el i k ea d i a m o n ds h a p e .T h i s i s t o e n s u r et h a ti t c a n b e e a s i l yg r o u p e di n t oe i t h e rt h r e eo r t w ob i t s .B a s e do nF i g . 3 , t h e p a r t i a lp r o d u c tb i t s h a v e b e e nr e p o s i t i o n e da s s h o w ni n F i g . 5 . T h e d o tn o t a t i o n sa r eu s e dt o r e p r e s e n tt h ep a r t i a lp r o d u c tb i t s .F i g .6 s h o w ss t e p sb ys t e p show t h ea d d i t i o no p e r a t i o ni s p e r f o r m e du s i n gCS A a d d e r sa c c o r d i n gt oWa l l a c et r e es t r u c t u r e .

T h e r e a l i s a t i o no f t h e f i n a l r e s u l t sf o rp r o d u c i n gt h er e a la n di m a g i n a r yp a r th a v eb e e nd e p i c t e du s i n gc a r r yp r o p a g a t ea d d e r s .

I V .S I M U L AT I O NAN DS Y N T H E S I S

T h e VHDL c o d e sh a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l ys i m u l a t e du s i n gM o d e l S i mX E I I ( v e r .5 . 8 c )a n dh a v eb e e ns y n t h e s i z e du s i n gX i l i n xI S E6 . 1 i .Asa p r o o fo f d e s i g nc o n c e p t ,t h ec o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i e ra r c h i t e c t u r eh a s b e e ni m p l e m e n t e do nX i l i n xV i r t e x - I 1P r o FPGA d e v e l o p m e n tb o a r da n d s h o w nw o r k i n gp r o p e r l y .T h e t a r g e tc h i pu s e d i s X i l i n x V i r t e x - I 1P r o d e v i c en u m b e r2 V P 7 F F 6 7 2w i t h s p e e dg r a d es e t t o - 6 . T h em a x i m u mo p e r a t i n gf r e q u e n c yo f t h es y s t e mi sc a p a b l et o a c h i e v eu p t o 6 4 8 M H za n do n i t so wnc o n s u m e do n l y26 % o f t o t a la r e a so n t h a tFPGAb o a r d .

V . CONCLUSION

I n t h i sp a p e r ,a h i g hp e r f o r m a n c ec o m p l e xn u m b e rm u l t i p l i e rf o r1 6 x 1 6 - b i ts i g n e dn u m b e r sh a s b e e np r e s e n t e d .I t c a nb e c on cl u d e dt h a tt h eu s e o f R a d ix - 4m o d i f i e dB o o t ha l g o r i t h ma n dWa l l a c e t r e e s t r u c t u r el e a d t o a b e t t e rp e r f o r m a n c ei nt h r o u g h p u t

7 8 8

S - b i lb i r I n u t

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAMSHEDPUR. Downloaded on September 25, 2009 at 00:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

8/3/2019 High Performance Complex Number Multiplier Using

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/high-performance-complex-number-multiplier-using 4/5

I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL u m p u r ,M a l a y s i a

s p e e d a n d a r e a .T h e u t i l i s a t i o n so f CS Aa d d e r si n p e r f o r m i n ga d d i t i o np r o c e s sf o rp a r t i a lp r o d u c tr o w sa l s oh a v eb e e ns h o w nt o g r e a t l yi n f l u e n c et h es p e e do f t h e s y s t e m .

REFERENCES

[ 1 ] A . D . B o o t h ," A S ig ne d B in a ryM u l t i p l i c a t i o nTe ch ni qu e , " Q u a r t e l yJ . M e c h a n i c a la n dA p p l i e dM a t h . ,p p .2 3 6 - 2 4 0 ,1 9 5 1 .

[ 2 ] S . S u n d e r ," A F a s t M u l t i p l i e rB a s e d O nM o d i f i e d - B o o t hA l g o r t i h m , "I n t e r n a t i o n a lJ o u r n a lo fE l e c t r o n i c s ,v o l .7 5 ( 2 2 ) ,p p .1 9 9 - 2 0 8 ,1 9 9 3 .

[ 3 ] J . H . J . K e n n e t hL i n ,N a Ta n g , " A H i g h -P e r f o r m a n c e3 2 - b i tP a r a l l e lM u l t i p l i e rU s i n gM o d if ie d B o o t hA l g or i t hm a n dS i g nD e d u c t i o nA l g o r i t h m , "5 t h I n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n f e r e n c eo n

A S I C ,p p .1 2 81 - 1 2 8 4 ,2 0 0 3 .[ 4 ] C . S . Wa l l a c e ," A S u g g e s t i o nf o r a F a s tM u l t i p l i e r , "IEEE Tr a n s a c t i o n so n C o m p u t e r s ,p p .1 4 - 1 7 , 1 9 6 4 .

[ 5 ] M . 0 . L a k s h m a n a n ,A l a u d d i nM o h d A l i ," H i g hP e r f o r m a n c eP a r a l l e lM u l t i p l i e rU s i n gWa l l a c e -B o o t h A l g o r i t h m , "IEEE I n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n f e r e n c eo n S e m i c o n d u c t o rE l e c t r o n i c s ,p p .4 3 3 -4 3 6 , 2 0 02 .

[ 6 ] K . F . P a n g ," A r c h i t e c t u r e sf o rP i p e l i n e dWa l l a c eT r e e M u l t i p l i e r - A c c u m u l a t o r s , "IEEEI n t e r n a t i o n a lC o n f e r e n c eo n C o m p u t e rD e s i g n .V L S Ii n C o m p u t e r sa n dP r o c e s s o r s ,p p .2 4 7 - 2 5 0 ,

1 9 9 0 .[ 7 ] Y . H . N i i c h iI t o h ," A 6 0 0 MHz 5 4 x 5 4 - b i tM u l t i p l i e rw i t h R e c t a n g l u a rS t y l e dWa l l a c eT r e e , "IEEE J o u r n a lo fS o l i dS t a t eC i r c u i t s ,v o l .3 6 ,N o .2 ,p p .2 4 9 - 2 5 7 ,2 0 0 1 .

[ 8 ] T . K . W i l l i a mJ a o , S . T j i a n g ," C i r c u i tO p t i m i z a t i o nU s i n gC a r r yS a v e - A d d e rC e l l s , "IEEE T r a n s a c t i o n so n C o m p u t e r s - A i d e dD e s i g no f I n t e g r a t e dC i r c u i t sa n dS y s t e m s ,v o l .1 7 , p p .9 7 4 - 9 8 4 ,1 9 9 8 .

[ 9 ] W . J . T . K i m , S t e v e T j i a n g ," A r i t h m e t i c

O p t i m i z a t i o nu s i n g C a r r y S a v e A d d e r s , "P r o c e e d i n go f AC M ,p p .4 3 3- 4 38 , 1 9 9 8 .[ 1 0 ]J . L . G . J . Y.K a n g ," AF a s ta n dW e l l - S t r u c t u r e d

M u l t i p l i e r , "E U R O M I C R OS y s t e m so n D i g i t a lS y s t e mD e s i g n ,p p .6 9 2 - 7 0 1 ,2 0 0 4 .

[ 1 1 ]A . F . S a d i qM. S a i t ,G e r h a r dB e c k o f f ," AN o v e lTe c h n i q u ef o r F a s t M u l t i p l i c a t i o n , "IEEEF o u r t e e n t h A n n u a l I n t e r n a t i o n a lP h o e n i xC o n f e r e n c eo n C o m p u t e r sa n dC o m m u n i c a t i o n s ,v o l .7 8 0 3 - 2 4 9 2 - 7 ,p p .1 0 9 - 11 4 ,1 9 9 5 .

[ 1 2 ]B . P . R .C h eI s m a i l ," P e r f o r m a n c eE n h a n c e m e n ta n d R e d u c e dA r e aP a r a l l e lM u l t i p l i e r , "IEEEN a t i o n a l S y m p o s i u mo n M i c r o e l e c t r o n i c s( N S M 2 0 0 5 ) ,p p .2 5 2- 2 5 8 ,2 0 0 5 .

[ 1 3 ]0 . L . M a c S o r e l y ,"H i gh S p e e dA r i t h m e t i ci nB i n a r y C o m p u ta t i on , "IEEE P r o c e e d i n g s ,v o l .4 9 ,p p .6 7 - 9 1 ,1 9 9 0 .

7 8 9

Authorized licensed use limited to: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY JAMSHEDPUR. Downloaded on September 25, 2009 a t 00:30 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

8/3/2019 High Performance Complex Number Multiplier Using

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/high-performance-complex-number-multiplier-using 5/5

I C S E 2 0 0 6P r o c .2 0 0 6 ,K u a l aL u m p u r ,M a l a y s i a

A B X

HA * hhhh1h000000000000000000

C a t yS u m0in00000 000

( b )2 : 2CS A * 0

F i g .4 T h eb l o c kd i a g r a m o fC S A .

n

* 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 Ci1 11 8 1; gg ; ; ;* * B E S E S EE E * * *

F i g .5 T h ed o tn o t a t i o n sr e p r e s e n tp a r t i a lp r o d u c tb i t s .

* X @BEaBE a0 . . . . .., ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, 0 0 0 0

S y b 6 De s t l i p t i o n M M M M M M M l

* ~ ~ ~ ~~~ FI F 1i lFd113 b i t * *ll i 1 i 1 . lY, i1z 1 = i i . s .Y i1

( f )r t l e g e n d

0 0 0 ORR>MS >!I S SR RR P . F I I .PP .F i l * # *

* * n n r l , n n* 0a a e i

( b ) Second level

( e )F i n a ll e v e lu s i n gCPA

* W * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 ODL00*

( c )T h i r dl e v e l

t ouI D DLD0DD

( d )F o u r t hl e v e l

F i g .6 S t e p sb y s t e p st h ea d d i t i o no p e r a t i o nu s i n gC S A .

7 9 0

A B C

FA

C a r t yS u m

( a )3 : 2CS A

i * # 0 ** 0

:) * 0 * ** 0

n * * w *

0 *

D 0 * * #0 *