HIGH PERFORMANCE SOLAR ENERGY OVEN

! "#$%&'($')#' ('( *

+(',--. ('( #

0'($') 2551

HIGH PERFORMANCE SOLAR ENERGY OVEN

! "#$%&'($')#' ('( *

+(',--. ('( #

0'($') 2551

HIGH PERFORMANCE SOLAR ENERGY OVEN

WARAPORN MUITHONGKUNG SAVITREE PANOMSAI ANUSORN ARDARSA

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING BURAPHA UNIVERSITY 2008

! ! "#$% !& '

! ( !)* 121 * -$(#$% 2551

/($0112 ($( * ($ 3456*#"7 $(#$%*$($(8

........................................................................$$ (;/6(! !<) ........................................................................$$ ( ! .$ () ...................................................................... ! "#$% ( ! & ' ) ...................................................................... ! "#$% ( ! ( )

......................................................................**/($0112 (;/6(! . ( $!$()

ii

!"#$ % &"'%() ** ! * +#!,-(, . *' 4 '% '%(/0 ! * *"#$ - % 35 1 % 57 1 ! 51 1 '%*-! **. & 15 5 *%* 0&#!# ! * '%/0 "* 6' /% )- !'# ! * -% 30 1 % 170 1 ! 15 1 '%/0 '%&-*/0 % . ).//.PIC16F877 /%*/&/%:%* & *"#$ &! * ) */% %6( '%/0 '%/%*/&&#! - ."').//. PIC16F628A . 11 DS1820 0/%*/&&#! !'%' 55-65 511 6 &#!%' 55 511 ;0&#! 6 &#!!%' 65 511 0* /% 1()==>, *;%1 ./,*' 4 ** ** 1 **+**/&) * '%? 0.21 .'% ** 2 **+**)'/&) * '%? 0.18 .'% ** 3 *! ***)'/%*/&&#!) * '%? 0.27 .'% ** 4 *! ***/%*/&&#!) * '%? 0.38 .'% '%*%'** 4 ) * ? '%& , %*"#$ %'**+6( 8 %. &"*%'! * * +#%'**+ //C : ! *, ).//., "*, ;, 11, , * , 1 ,

iii

Abstract

The solar energy is clean and versatile energy. The solar energy is appropriate in food processing. For this reason, the solar oven was designed and created. This oven is separated into 4 parts. The first part is used for baking and its dimension is 35x57x51 centimeters. The 15 degree angle clear glass was attached on the top of the oven. Then the second part, the black body plate is allows hot flowing into the oven and the dimension is 30x170x15 centimeters. For the third part, broche is insert products. The circulation of broche makes diffuse heat. The forth part is temperature control part which is controlled by PIC16F628A. Temperature is controlled between 55*65 degree Celsius. If the temperature is less than 55 degree Celsius, heater will increase temperature. If the temperature is higher 65 degree Celsius, fan will decrease temperature. Heater and circuits use energy from solar cells. There are 4 experiments in this of project. For the first experiment, product is dried by sunlight with plastic cover. The average dryer rate of this experiment is 0.21 kg/day. Then the second experiment, product is dried by sunlight. The average dryer rate of this experiment is 0.18 kg/day. Then the third experiment, product is dried in the oven and the temperature isn.t controlled. The average dryer rate of this experiment is 0.27 kg/day. Finally the forth experiment, product is dried in the oven and the temperature is controlled. The average dryer rate of this experiment is 0.38 kg/day. For the experiment above, the forth experiment gives the most average dryer rate and also uses less time than other experiments. From experiments, the forth experiment is the most efficiency experiment in terms of the average dryer rate. Keywords: The oven, Microcontroller, Black body plate, Heater, Sensor, Direct current motor, Dryer, Solar cell

v

!"#$ # % #& '$"(#$ % ()!*$+% (,-. #%&'$ % (#"#/01#)"(#2#34#5-"(# (% () )$%# % 67 % !% (% & '$#3!$ % ( !"#"(#$%.2#34# 3#6%$%% ($ 6 % ( 6-842#2#6& '$//9 % (#"#/01#:% (%$%# "(#"#5-#$6)$% 5-. %#!5-7$ 6-'$'3 !%4

% 2#2#-65-% ()! !"#)$%$) 3# #$$ 2#)"(#; %$% (,$))!:* !"##$6"(#256-. #)% ($$ ,8$$6%$%% ($236-84<<*,#( *)2#2#-6,#4 6 .#$

.. Abstract ...... .............................................................................. ........................ ... 1 .. 1.1 ... 1.2 #$%....... 1.3 '('' .. 1.4 * ( . 1.5 ,- #./0.. 2 12 #.(#'0.

2.1 12. 2.1.1 345 6 '70 [1] ..

2.1.1.1 (#' 5 #$%-45 [2] 2.1.1.2 # -45 % (Equilibrium moisture content) . 2.1.1.3 % '-45 (properties of moist air)

2.1.2 70. 2.1.2.1 %3 7# 70 [1] . 2.1.2.2 *'# ; *70....

2.1.3 (43 [2] .... 2.1.3.1 (4703# 0 < - ....

2.1.4 <=3(-# 0 '(470..

ii iii v vi xi xiv xvi 1 1 1 2 2 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 8 10 11 11 11 12

vii

()

2.1.5 # [1] ....

2.1.5.1 7'* . 2.1.5.2 #* (. 2.1.5.3 % '#%@-0*

2.1.6 3 .(B.%@ ( [4] . 2.1.6.1 (B.. 2.1.6.2 - '(B...... 2.1.6.3 7 #/'(B..........

2.1.7 (........... 2.1.7.1 - '(@ (B........... 2.1.7.2 # $@ .(C3 .......................

2.1.8 1D(#'0@ # '#% %7= =@ 0 [5].. 2.1.8.1 / , ,(......... 2.1.8.2 = C / , ,( PIC............ 2.1.8.3 / , ,( PIC16F628A................ 2.1.8.4 Pin Diagram....... 2.1.8.5 7(450 '/B DS1820 [6] .......

2.1.9 1D(#'0@ # #.#% # (C# [7] 2.1.9.1 #% # (C# PWM....... 2.1.9.2 '#.#- [8] ........ 2.1.9.3 / , ,( PIC16F877 [5] .

2.1.10 '0'70*/ 0 [9] ....... 2.2 #.3G (4703 * [2] ...

3 7 #, .

3.1 7 #

13 13 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 21 21 22 22 24 26 27 28 30 30

viii

()

3.2 6 @ #.. 3.3 '5 #..

3.3.1 '(43 .. 3.3.2 '5 #0.

3.4 ## '0 #(450 . 3.4.1 #7 #' 5(7.0# 3.4.2 7' . # ' 7 % 0# . # 0#7 ... 3.4.3 #7345 *# '0..

3.5 # %# 0 '(470. 3.5.1 ## 0 (.(470.. 3.5.2 #7 # 0 @-0@ (7# -45 .. 3.5.3 #7 = 0%# 0 0@-0@ 3 # -45 .*=H/5 (470 3.5.4 #7 # 0 57 0@-00#

3.6 #(347 7' *.#. 3.6.1 #(347 ' *#

3.7 #7/IIJ. 3.7.1 K( 3.7.2 (43 ... 3.7.3 #7' ( 3.7.4 #%/IIJ@-057 .

3.8 #.#% %7= .. 3.8.1 '#.#% %7= 3.8.2 #.# %7=

3.9 #.#% # (C#' (. 3.9.1 '#.#% # (C# (. 3.9.2 . '#...

31 32 32 33 34 34 36 36 37 37 39 40 42 43 43 44 44 46 46 47 48 48 49 50 50 51

ix

()

3.10 7 % '0#. 3.11 '0.. 3.12 *...

4 *.

4.1 *. 4.1.1 (4 4#%@-0@ . 4.1.2 *=H..

4.1.2.1 ,< -........ 4.1.1.2 ,< - 3% ........ 4.1.2.3 ,@ 0 / #% %7= ...... 4.1.2.4 ,#% %7= 7# 55-65 (B(B...................

4.1.3 7 % ' 7 % ................ 4.1.4 # ( 4@-0 K(( 4/ 3 ........ 4.1.5 3 /IIJ@-057 '03 .%

(........................... 4.1.6 <=3(-# 0 '03 #%

%7= ......................... 4.2 =*.....................

4.2.1 %((;............ 5 %*'0( ..

5.1 %*................... 5.2 '0( ............................

53 54 58 61 61 63 64 65 66 67

70 73 74

75

76 77 77 80 80 81

(0................................

82

x

()

=* #................................ =* # %7= @ # ('0 .......... =* # ' =3*=H@ ......... =* # #.#% (#.#% %7= ..... =* # # #............................................. =* # . 4#<@-00%0....... =* # L ,0## '0..........................

83 84 96 104 112 114 116

2.1 [2]............................................................... 6 2.2 "# Sorption isotherm $%& &""'() [2]...... 7 2.3 %", &"&-(.&/ $%%",-(0"%/10 [2].. 8 2.4 ".&&50%"%/10 [2]......... 8 2.5 "#"&&$%5 "%/10& &""'() [2]...... 9 2.6 "#%"10$%& &""'1"%/10 [2]....... 9 2.7 5 (%%/10///% .9:. [2].. 12 2.8 5 (%%/10///% .9:.%0% [2]........ 12 2.9 /-//-./ [1]......... 14 2.10 $ PIC16F62X [5]....... 21 2.11 :50$%%%9"[7]<.. 22 2.12 ==>?&9 [7].......... 23 2.13 A) @&"&)##A"B"? C [8]

B) @&$% 9 C) )##A0%%"...

24 2.14 $ PIC16F877 [5] 27 2.15 5 (%%/10-(?D:. Thongprasert &5> (1985)[2]... 28 2.16 5 (%%/?&% .9/%1"-(?D

:. Janjai et al., (2000) & 0-(:5"?%59@ & [2]... 29 2.17 5 (%%/10-(?D$F:. >CD 'G- (2534) [2]... 29 3.1 /&H%")%""10?&50%0%/. 30 3.2 Flow Chart "$%0%/?&% .9... 32 3.3 Flow Chart "$%@5/5%>1 ........ 48 3.4 "@&%@5/5%>1 ...... 49 3.5 Flow Chart "$%@5/55H%%9.. 50 3.6 "@&%@5/55H%%9....... 51 3.7 ==> PWM -(0"5/55H%%9.. 52 3.8 %%"//"-./"&0."/"1 53 3.9 %%"//$"1$%"&0. 54 3.10 %%"//&"'>:500&/% .9.......... 54 3.11 %%"//&"'>:500. 55

xii

()

3.12 %%"//$0010.. 55 3.13 %%"//$00$0 56 3.14 %%"//$00/ . 56 3.15 %%"//$$0. 57 3.16 %%"//$51$0....... 57 3.17 %%"//:50-(0/% .9.......... 58 3.18 %%"//$$%"@"//% .9..... 59 3.19 %%"//$$%/% .9...... 59 3.20 %%"//$5.$%$ 2 $0$%/% .9.. 60 3.21 %%"//$51$%$ 2 $0$%/% .9. 60 4.1 "&%0%/?&% .9&"? (%-./-./"....... 61 4.2 1 $%0%/?&% .9.. 62 4.3 5 (%%>1 %: Heidolph EKT 3000 & ST-2.. 63 4.4 5 (%(// @ %& Electronic Balance FP-6000........ 63 4.5 /%-(-(0"&% 12 VDC 100A &/%-( 12VDC 40A....... 63 4.6 I-%9% # 250 watt 220 VAC 63 4.7 "/"&%"%/"&0..... 64 4.8 "@)##A@"?&% .9&/%-(. 75 4.9 J ? 50%$%0%/ (0%.&). 76 4.10 "#-./-./0%.&5 -(%%"@""&0.%(: 78 4.11 "#-./-./0%.&5 -(%%"@""&0.%(: 79 $.1 "&0."%"J 26 "?J9 2552 95 $.2 "&0.1&"J 27 "?J9 2552....... 95 $.3 "&0."%"J :.5&?& " 26 "?J9 2552.. 96 $.4 "&0."%"J :.5&?& " 27 "?J9 2552.. 96 $.5 "&0.?0%"1"%%/ 11 "?J9 2552 97 $.6 "&0.?0%"11&%/0%/ 12 "?J9 2552....... 97 $.7 "&0.?0%"1"%%/ 24 "?J9 2552....... 98 $.8 "&0.?0%"11&%/0%/ -( 25 "?J9 2552... 99 $.9 "&0.?0%"1"%%/ 26 "?J9 2552 99 $.10 "&0.?0%"11&%/0%/ -( 27 "?J9 2552... 99

xiii

()

$.11 "&0.?0%"1"%%/ 4 -5 2552 (9.00-17.00.). 100 $.12 "&0.?0%"11&%/0%/ 5 -5 2552 (9.00-12.00.)............ 100 $.13 "&0.?0%"1"%%/ 5 -5 2552 (12.00-17.00 .). 101 $.14 "&0.?0%"11&%/0%/6 -5 2552 (9.00-17.00 .). 101 $.15 "&0.?0%"1"%%/ 6 -5 2552 (9.00-17.00 .).......... 102 $.16 "&0.?0%"11&%/0%/ 7 -5 2552 (9.00-14.00 .).......... 102 5.1 @5/5%>1 &@5/5%%9... 103 5.2 &. @5/5%>1 .. 105 5.3 &. @5/5%%9... 107

1.1 1................................................................................... 3 1.2 2................................................................................... 4 2.1 !"#! [3].................................................................... 15 3.1 %&'()*#(......................................................................................... 34 3.2 pC &* ! (*!-)**.[1]............................................ 42 3.3 -# (*!*/ #% # [12] 45 3.4 ))*0*/" #% #.. 46 3.5 "%(#2334)**5/.............................................................................. 47 4.1 #*78%-# #......................................... 65 4.2 #*78%2 -# #........................................ 66 4.3 5##* ' 1........................................................................................... 67 4.4 5##* ' 2........................................................................................... 68 4.5 5##* ' 3........................................................................................... 69 4.6 5##* ' 1........................................................................................... 70 4.7 5##* ' 2........................................................................................... 71 4.8 5##* ' 3........................................................................................... 72 4.9 !*)*7 &* Digital Tachometer.................................. 73 4.10 )***/*/................................................................................... 74 4.11 -#2334"%(')*<(*-#*/.. 75 4.12 58-% (*)*<(* *< 76 4.13 5* =. 77 .1 #* 26 -8/ 2552.. 84 .2 #* 27 -8/ 2552.. 84 .3 ' 1 11 -8/ 2552. 85 .4 ' 1 ( *) 12 -8/ 2552 85 .5 ' 2 24 -8/ 2552. 86 .6 ' 2 ( *) 25 -8/ 2552 86 .7 ' 3 26 -8/ 2552. 87 .8 ' 3 ( *) 27 -8/ 2552 87

xv

()

.9 ' 1 4 2552. 88 .10 ' 1 ( *) 5 2552 88 .11 ' 2 5 2552. 89 .12 ' 2 ( *) 6 2552 89 .13 ' 3 6 2552. 90 .14 ' 3 ( *) 7 2552 90 .15 )(*/ (w/m2) [11] 91 .16 )***/*/ 94 .17 Saturate water-temperature table 95

xvi

A m² Ac m²

ca kJ/kg °C !" DR %db/h (Drying Rate) d kg $ (%&') ∆Ea MJ ()$ %$ ($

ec - ( !*+ GT kW/m² & ! &

& hfg kJ/kg , ! - l cm $$ Md - ' . (dry basis) Mi %db '& Mo %db '$ Mw - ' . (/ (wet basis) ma kg $"-' mw kg $ ! mp,i kg & mp,o kg $ m°a kg/s %$" P kW/ hr ( 1$-' Q kW $& r cm "$$ SEC MJ/kg ($$ !

(Specific Energy Consumption)

xvii

()

SMER kg/kW h ! !

(Specific Moisture Extraction Rate) ∆T °C &1+2"-'$!

1+2$ Tf °C 1+2"%$2 Ti °C 1+2"%$ 2 Tic °C 1+2"%$ Toc °C 1+2"%$

t hr $-'- V cm³ ( $ W kg $ w kg $ η % ( !*+ ' ηeff % ( !*+$ ($ ηc % ( !*+ ρ kg/m³ &$ + - × - 21 / -

xviii

hp = rpm = & kg = 3$ °C = " 4$ 4 %db = ( 45 . %wb = ( 45 . (/ kW = 3$ hr = '3 kJ = 3$2$ s = MJ = !2$ m = m2 = m3 = $2" cm = 4 cm2 = 4 cm3 = $2" 4 mm = $$ mm2 = $$ mm3 = $2"$$ 1 = V = 3$ A = ( W =

1

1.1

! "#$$ %&'() $*+" $, -.! !(+ /!.'($. $0$.'(1! 23 %&'45&'#$.($ 240

%&'6$-",! )07+ " !8"!(+ !/'5"$. -".' 2!

$ "9 $-,5! "$$. $05$5"5$($ $.5! $ "( $%&',!3::;.')3"%+(+ -.'3$$.!(+!.! 5 /5" !'$ 5"- / <($ =-" 3"/', )07+

1.2

1. !/'( "".'($ = $05$3" 2. !/'( " $ $ <$ + 3. !/'( " $05$"

4. !/'5 (9!!" 5. !/'2&* )07+-"", 6. !/'2&* $05$.'($ = $05$"5" 5 55-65

2%%.(

7. !/'2&*5 6%% + 05$ 8. !/'2&*5 6$ + $ $ <$ +5"5$($

-"

9. !/'2&* .. (9!" 9 $- 10. !/'2&*5 6%+(+

2

1.3

1. ($ = $05$5" .' 5 55-65 2%%.(

2. $.!$ 2$/'05$( 65 2%%.( -"C. +$/'$.05$ '6 55 2%%.(

3. -"$ +3::; ( $5$

4. ($ = $ $ < $ + -" $ PWM

5. -""6"2 $ ,)07+ 6. -"".'(*0/$.(.5/' 7. " '$. $-/ $0 " 18-25 8. ( "".'($ =;$('"$3" 9. "-"!%(+(+

1.4

) 6 ". 1. 2&*5"

2. 6(5"

3. 2&* .'!3::;,! $ "-" $ "

4. 2&* 0($"

- 2&*5 6%% +.' 05$ - 2&* 5 $-/)07+.'-" - 2&* $05$"

5. 2&* 6 MOTOR

6. "!(+( ( 7. $05$ 8. $ $ <$ + 9. 6( .' 1

10. ( ""!(+ 11. ( "( ( 12. ( " $05$ 13. ( " $ $ <$ + 14. "3 15. 6"

16. ( ) 6 $

3

17. ( ) 6

.' 1.1 ) 6 ..' 1

/ $= I $ $

.' / (5+.'

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

4

.' 1.2 ) 6 ..' 2

1.5 !"#$%&'(

1. ($ =( ""!(+ (9!(3"$= ( + 2. ($ =6!(+%&',!$-" -+ 3. ($ = $ 0! ))07+3"! 65 $05$

2"65"$. ".'

4. ($ =!'$6 )3"5 /!'$6 /'"5"!.! $" )3"

5. ($ =;('"$ # !/' $(=5$

/ !2 9 $ $ $ $!9+ $. $

.' /(5+.'

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

2

2.1

2.1.1 [10]

!!"#$ %& "'!()*+) , -)*+.!/01)+ 2 3 $ */)*++ 4"5 &+!-$ !$ ! ,%*5-)*+.!/01! 5 -"5 )*+)(+ , &&$!'$$$"3!6+!(#/.%"56"$ '!()*+.!/01&&$ ,"*$"!!+)3* (drying strategy) .+". 7 -$3 ,"*3 ,$+7( !$%*8$3*$ "$"# 7()3* %*/*-%!$' ,"*3 ,! ,$!$ %!$-"5 $$! 2&&$!'$ %!$ ,"* $37 %!$-!%!"! ,99: $ 99: 3!%**+ 2 ; 3! -(+ %!"*+1 &$"3%!"*+15 -" % "3-%!

,+! */-3$$5!"#$!-!"#

!"#"" , 2 - +< 4 !+"3!-3)*+.!/01+3!)*+.!/01

$"!$ (< 4) = [(3!*+ - 3!"#)/3!*+] x 100 (2.1) - +< !+"3!-3)*+.!/01+3!)*+.!/01

$"!$ (<) = [(3!*+ - 3!"#)/3!"#] X 100 (2.2)

6

, 2 *8$ *8$&+ *8$& '+!% , E6"3!6! '+!. $" :!** +!)*+.!/01 7$ 3 &$ *8$&+ 3&+5 &"5+5 *8$&+ ,*8$$ +$5+"5 "*

+5 3&+5"#667 &+! ! ,*' 2 "+5$#/.5* 100 7 , 5 !& 3+5 '. $ F"* ($+!5) +!''3!3! %3$ 3/+

2.1.1.1 [5]

3$ +!!--'!+#" , 4 * 1) 3*" (free water) 2) 3$ ,+!3 (solvent water) 3) 3$ +!&!1 (water attached with Van de Waal force) 4) 3&#$ (mono $ molecular water)

5 $ 2.1 ").5*3 .+ 2!+# [5]

-3*" 5$!"#-)*--' "3 5!33&#$ 5$*/)*"!)!"---' 3*" %!$"#"3&#$+%!3!+#$"#

7

2.1.1.2 !" #"$ (equilibrium moisture content)

!+# $! 57 2 !$$ 5". "#!7 $$ "# (equilibrium moisture content) "# -5!8+*-!+# #/.5* "!%!81-7 "&&! 9$""!%!81 "#! "!%!81-7". "#$#/.5*$ $ sorption isotherm -)*+)(+"6 $!(/ ,95 sigmoid !"+!5 $ 2.2

5 $ 2.2 9" Sorption isotherm -)*+)(+! [5]

2.1.1.3 !#"% & (properties of moist air)

7 ,+!% "5!+# %!+#!. 7 3 $"!+*"+! 7 +! !$

1) #/.5* (Tdb) 2) #/.5* 4 (Twd) 3) #/.5*#3 (dew-point temperature) 4) "!%!81 (relative humidity, rh) 5) "!5/1 (absolute humidity) !+" (humidity ratio) 6) 4 (enthalpy) 7) *+3% (specific volume)

+! ! 7 $"!%!81! "" ,).5*7 (psychometric chart) !5 $ 2.3 "!+*-7 $ $ !$").5*!

8

5 $ 2.3 ").5*7 $ "!+*-7$ [5] 2.1.2

,3!+# (moist material) &33 $" ,3&7! "3!)*+)(+! ,% (convective drying) & G7))*+)$ ,!+# 7 !!+#3!+#$#/.5*"5- 3!+# $" ,3 -3!+# !7 #!3$)*!+#!7 Pv,sur = Pv (2.4) &$ Pv,sur = !3$)*!+#, kPa Pv = !37, kPa

5 $ 2.4 " [5]

9

+!-3.!+#$)* , $! -!&"-!+#! +! $ % (diffusion) .'&"-!+# (capillary flow) !"&+* (osmotic pressure) & ,+ "3/*+7"+1"3!8* $$!

)*+)(+ - $!(/ !5 $ 2.5 "5 -!+ (drying rate) !5 $ 2.6

5 $ 2.5 9"-)*+)(+! [5]

5 $ 2.6 9"!+-)*+)(+ [5]

10

&! !+-)*+)(+ , 2 1. !+$ (constant-rate regime) */.!"#$"5

*H+*$)*-!"# *-I% $)*-!"#$#/.5*)*-!"# !+ $$

2. !+ (falling-rate regime) */.!"#$+3*H+* 7 !!"#!(/ -3 3$)* !7

2.1.2.1 #"$# [10]

%!$)*+.!/01 !%!-7$

+"!$

( ) ( )[ ( ) ] thwwTTCmhmTTCm fgiaaaiaapafgwciacpi ×−+−=×+−×× ,0,0,,,,, (2.5) im = 3!*+-)*+.!/01, kg

wm = -3$ !, kg cpC , = 3% -)*+.!/01, kJ/kg. oC apC , = 3% -7, kJ/kg. oC

iaT , = #/.5*-7-, oC 0,aT = #/.5*-7$, oC

cT = #/.5*-$!#/.5*7, oC fgh = J- 3, kJ/kg. am = !+*-7, kg/s.

iaw , = !+"-7-, kg/kg-dry 0,aw = !+"-7, kg/kg-dry

t = $, s

11

2.1.2.2

+! "3!6$$)+--!+# 1. #/.5*7$ #/.5*$$"5 !+

(drying rate) $"5/$-7$$#/.5*+3 2. "!%!81 7$$"!%!81+3 "!$!+#

/$$7$"!%!81"5 3. '7$)!+# '7$"5!+#

"57$/$7$5*$'+3 +)! $-$!)#/.5* "!%!81-7

4. #/"!+*-)*+.!/01$ $ *+ )*+.!/01$$ *+

2.1.3 [5]

%!"*+1 ,))*+%!"*+1% 3)*+) 7!% &! "%!"*+1% , 2 %+8+* (natural convection drying) 7!+!% % !))*+ $ !*-+*8$!!"$ &" 3 !!"$&+ (direct mode dryer) !!"$& (indirect mode dyer) )" (mixed mode dryer) &$ $+!-+ 2 !$ 2.1.3.1 !"

(natural convection solar dryer)

$!" , 2 . 1) !%!"*+1&+ (direct mode)

$ !"$*+1 +))*+$+&+ )*+) 5%- &-7$*%+8+* !"$*+1 ")!"#& " ,%"+* ' )& "!3$ :!"56"$&% )!"$ !! :!J#G J + 2

12

5 $ 2.7 "!"*+1&+ [5]

2) !%!"*+1 (indirect mode) $ $)!!"$*+1 3&7!%

8+* (natural convection) 7$ +! ))*+)$+

5 $ 2.8 "!"*+1& [5] 2.1.4 #!$"

&! 2 " "*8*.%*-"*+1

*/3$ !"#! */-7$ "*8*.%* $!!+"-3!$ J+ */+!!"*+1 "3/!$

100)( ×=T

fg

AI

mhη (2.6)

13

η = "*8*.%*-"*+1, % m = !++!, kg/day fgh = J- ,, kJ/kg A = %$!!"$*+1-, m2 TI = !"$*+1$+ %, MJ/m2 - day 2.1.5 [10]

2.1.5.1

# /1!") (flat plate collector) L/1$"3!63%!"*+1 $5 55 L/1 (green house effect) 3)5""$3 +&$ () -*-"5 )5"!"*+1- ' 3$#/.5*"5- $"#!' %!5 -!"$*9 )5""$3 3$ ,!+#3(black body) *9F"*"1*-!+#3"5/1 )5"$ $!+5!-""5$"# $ "$$"##--" #/.5*-)5"(!+#3) "5-)!"$ %*- "$ $"! $%!8*&L- WEIN ,!+#& " "$+')$ 5!"$*9$5 !-!"$*9 !3#*7 & / . $" !-"5)5""$3 !!#/.5* !)5" "5- *"#&%!$5- )5" ,"$+' %!$ )!"$*9-) ! !) 2 ! %%&7&I% */$$ %!!"$*9-$ / 25% + $ 21 ! % 3"*+1$+ *" - 3") !+!5" "*8*.%- L/1$O"1 $$$$#/.5*+3 500 7$" !!#/.5*. $$"#$ 500 7$" $ "*8*.%-# /1!" "5- -5!"*+2!$

- +& +" - ") +$"# - "-)5!"$5!"$+$"# - )!"$-2 +

14

$ '# /1!")*"$3! "3$#/.5*+3 (low temperature heat) #/.5* (working temperature) $"# 100 7$" $3"!"$)* 3#/.5*"5- $!# /13""*+1$ 3

2.1.5.2

+!!!"$$$!(/ ,)$ 5 $ 2.9 "5 +!--+!!!"$)$ "$"3!6""

5 $ 2.9 +!!!"$)$ [10]

1) )5!"$3$5!"$*+1 $ , !7$) 2) ) F"5"#3$"56"$ &!"$"))) F" 3). I5""#-+!!!"$3$ :!"56"$-+!!!"$

+!!!"$)$$) F"!3 "*8*.%*"5- $) F" 3+!!!"$$+#+3 " + "*8*.%* +3+!!!"$)$! +*+!!(/ $$3#!%!#-"#$ +15 7 ! *7+ !(/ +*+!! 3!"$*+1 !&I$! 4"5"#

15

2.1.5.3 %&'%(")

1 -%!"*+1 - !"$!+&+ UV ,!"$$*"$+)*! &$"!"

/ 9% - !"$$' ,%!$55 -"$#(1"' (visible

light) &$"!" / 3% - !"$*9 "! 3% (near infrared) ,%!$55 -&

$"!" / 53% !!"!)!"!"*+15"

+$ 2.1 #/"!+* " "$ [10] #/"!+* " "$ u-value

$- !

! "$

! "

sc "5 3 -

+3 (-5!

"$- ) ")-"

$'

"5 +3 (- 5!"$-

")-!"$ uv

"5

+3

' #/"!+*-+% + */"" -

" ++)- "$' ,$$ !$%*/1 2 ##7(<7"+1 "" E+

- u-value ,"! "*8*P ,)#/.5*$++! . .+". +<$3&"! ASHRA

16

- shading coefficient (sc) "! "*8*P ! */"*+1$")-+!&+ $$ ! " 3 **+

2.1.6 *+ *%( [12]

2.1.6.1 +

- Solar Cell PV Solar Cell PV $$! 1"*+1 1"#* 1 photovoltaic +'$$3 Photovoltaic & , photo " volt !99: 3 )*+99:+ -"!+#$$" $%!" ,%!99:&+ *$5%+!+ 4 .7. 1839 +1"*+1'!5"- ! 4 .7. 1954 $ *(<11"*+1 53 ,%!!$7 4 .7. 1959 !! "# 1"*+1 "* *(<1$3"+!3 ** (silicon), $ 11 (gallium arsenide), *$ 9"91 (indium phosphide), $ 1 (cadmium telluride) 1 *$ 1 (copper indium diselenide) ,+ !"*+1&+' $ ,% 399: 5 , #99: %*!99:$-!!"-1"*+1 3-!99:-1"*+1+-!# /199: "+ "99: -"5# /1! 3"3

2.1.6.2 "'+

1. 1"*+1$3** *)$ (single crystalline silicon solar cell) $5!! mono crystalline silicon solar cell *) (polycrystalline silicon solar cell) !(/ ,)**-' 2. 1"*+1$3 19E"** (amorphous silicon solar cell) !(/ ,9F1%$ 0.5 (0.0005 .) 3! "*8*.%%$ 5-10% 3. 1"*+1$3"+!32 $ 11, $ 1 1 *$ 1 ,+ $!*)$ (single crystalline) ) (polycrystalline) 1"*+1$3$ 11 "*8*.%"5 20-25%

17

2.1.6.3 ),+ $"*+1+ 1"*+1 *"% 399: #

- *'+ &O &"+%$' 3$""99:.1 %% 399:**'+ $-! % 399:*&O $-! ( +*$< "+!3*%$ -!99:! ,-! "!""+!3*'-!99: ,-!) 3*!99: "+$-!99:!" +99: * "99:- 2.1.7 ++$ # /1$3$!'%!%+ ,# /1$"! %!$ ,99:&+1!* $ -! %!" *'&++1 ++$ 1!*%$1 ' ++$ ,# /1!'99:! )*+99: " #99:- ! "*8*.% +' 100 % 5$ / 80 % % $"56"$%!"5 L***$ # #

2.1.7.1 "'(#+

L*!+*++$#*"3 1"*+1 +$*$"# ,++$*+ ! - (lead - acid battery) +#) ,$5 # 2$ ++$*+ ! - $" "3!6 ,)+ !$ ,-! #5" !9F* $" *'&++1 1$ # &#-!91" *'&++1 +*5!)+ ! *'+ 1$ #99:- *'+3 !- " *'&++1 ++$*! L***$$ 99:*-$-*'+ .+ 1-++$! 2 &+1 ++$ 12 &+1 $ 6 1+!# 1!#5.$' +!- 3++$5+!#%!"5-++ + "- 3++$ 2 5!+!- "$+ +! "- 3++$+!#)"!-

18

++$*+ ! - $5! +$ "3!! 1"*+1$"# ++$ #"5 % 5"%! */'+ , 2 &*"$

2.1.7.2 -(*'. #-++$#%!$ , 1 - !& (ampere - hour, Ah) %!++$ 12 volt 100 Ah ! 12 volt 5/ 100 Ah 12 v 5/100 A 5/ 3600s ! 4.32 MJ ++$ 100Ah !++$ " 1 1+ , 100 !&++$ " 10 1+ , 10 !& $!++$ " 5 1+ , 20 !& !$ "! "! 100 Ah !"* '++$$$#!$' "+! !! #-++$+!+ " !3 ,3!&- "+'$3--++$"3! 1"*+1!-5!#-++$!'%!, !+ #"5"#, !+ #"5"# #/.5*+3"#$ 3++$ (#/.5*$)$$"#-++$+ ! - 77 F / 60 - 80 F) 2.1.8 /01( %%&$2$(2 [9]

2.1.8.1 ,33

&&1 # /1*'*"1 . 2 3! ) (central processing unit : CPU) 3//*+7"+1 * (arithmetic logic unit : ALU) "*+1 (oscillator) 3 (memory : rom,ram) !"!66/*%#+ -!"!66/%#+ (I/O port)

PIC &&1+ 5 3 Dperipheral interface controllerE *-&&1+ 5$ %#.+!$ , PROGRAM MEMROY, RAM, EEPROM, SERIAL, I2C, PWM, A/D VV &3 ,++# /1"*. +!-&&1+ 5 PIC $9E1!$ )!33! , ) (CPU)

19

2.1.8.2 $0 C ,33 PIC ##/.5* #'+1 -$& #&&1.( C +#)!$

- .( C ,.(+<-!O11(&&1) - .( C !& "!$! ,&" '+1 - .( C $7($5 %!W& - .( C $#& !&&1+ 5 - +! .(%11(Compiler) +!&*1-.( C

$%!W5+ $""5 - "%!W$$! $5 ,)!

!!+#)""+#$3.( C ,+!%!W& "3!&&1 E#!

2.1.8.3 ,33 PIC16F628A

%& PIC16F628A - $%$5 3"!$%$ 35 3"! - $"!66/X* +!+9+ 20 MHz ("5"#) - -3& 1 *&*1 "3! PIC16F627 2 *&*1

"3!PIC16F628 3-5 224 +1 - 3-5$$% 128 +1 - +"3**+1! +1 10 - $"+' 8 ! - $%1$+ (POR) %1! 1 (PWRT) "*+1

"+1+! 1(OST) - $+1'1 (WDT) $$"*+1+!3$

3 - :!-5!3& 3-5

! :!

20

- 3*"!66/X* 6 &! - & EC "!66/X*. - & ER +!+. - & INTRC RC .&* PIC16F628 $ 2 $ - & LP *"+%!+3 $"5"#* 200 kHz - & XT *"+ $+!+ 100 kHz "5"#* 4 MHz - & HS *"+$"5"5"#*20MHz

(+!#$!$ 20 MHz) - "& &! +5 V - "& - 9$ + 3 V + 5.5 V - "*1 1"-%1+ 25 Ma - -%1+ +* 15 *+ "5"# 16 *+ 3& INTRC 3

MCLR ,%1*%#+ - 1 3 +! (10 11 12 ) - $&5 CCP (Capture/Compare/PWM) 1 # - $&5 $$! 2 # - $&5"!* - $&5""-5# USART - $+! !!9$+1$'!(Brown-out detection) - %""!66/$+$%$5 $ +1$+

(Brown $ out reset : BOR) - %!99:/$-!&

21

2.1.8.4 Pin Diagram

5 $ 2.10 "- PIC16F62X [5]

2.1.8.5 :,+ DS1820 [11]

$ DS1820 ,$$$ ""-5# 1 " , $$6I 3""!66/%$ 1 "! &+$""!66/ clock #-5 ! ""-5#2 "-5 3$" ,"!66/ clock +! "--5 %*/!(/ -5 "!6!(/1 $ L""!66/ + - $ Dtime-slotE &+3"# "5"#-" +2 ""-5+ time-slot $3--+! -5 *-+ time-slot ! 5 -5 , asynchronous ! bit $3--5 , ! byte ""$ $ ""-5 $)$! **+1&*+1 +$+!#/.5*1 DS1820 $%$ 3 - - DQ ,-+! !" -+9$. - GND $ DS1820 +!#/.5* 3$$'3 $ DS1820 "-5-#/.5* 16 bit %"$! microcontroller 1 AT89C2051 3/-#/.5* ,-5-< 10 "" $-#/.5* 0.5 7$" &$!#/.5*+!+ -55 +125 7$"

22

2.1.9 /01( *%. [6]

+199: "+ 99:$3$ $%!99: "+ ,%! &$ "99:)+!3$5"' 3* 3++!3!*7+!I!"'

2 2.11 &"-+1 "+ [6]

+199: "+ ' 2 -!5 -+!3 -

+!3 !!9 "++ :33*3' 2# $-!'!! *)!!3-+!3#$+199: "+ $!9+) *++1 ) -+!3$11 3-11*"'99:- ,-! (N) - ,-!+ (S) !-!'$52 *3')!!! 11# *7+-'X* %!*++1#+ "!)!"!"-*++1 $ $ -- +$)3*-!'$11!!'$52$! 311!5)!# *7+-'X*+ *#-11

2.1.9.1 %. PWM

PWM !-%!1&3""!66/ $$! ""!66/$$'"!66/ ""$" !"!66/$+ !-%!1 +! 3"!66/99: "+ $$!"!66/"$ ' "!66/%!1$$$ " #! " on off

23

"!"+2! $$ "' 3 motor #$'+2 !++ $+3 motor ' # +#2 $

'(" PWM (%. - PWM *+19"!&&1 %$1%#+

"!66/$ #' - PWM $ "*8*.% power Supply 3!+'$! on off (full on

and full off) - PWM 3 1 '"5"#-+1 ,% power supply

3!+'$! on off (full on and full off) 3. out put - PWM ! +# /1+!+$3

'"5 #+* +$$! ,*'*"1"*+1$"# &. out put - PWM &I% $+$-!3! MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor) ," "9+" PWM$$"5- +!+ 50 KHz / 500 KHz ! $" -"!! #'-+1! - on off !+" duty cycle

5 $ 2.12 ""!66/%!"1 [6]

24

2.1.9.2 )*" [1]

# /1"*+* "9+ $$$ 3$ ,"*+1*'*"1 $&3 &3 " #3 " &"#+*"9+ $$$ $ ,"*+1*'*"1#+*5 !3

sV LR oV+

−

sV LR oV+

−

oV

sV

ont offt0 DT T

TD)1( −

5 $ 2.13 A) )!3!99: "+ , "+%< [1] B) "5-"*+1 C) !99:

"*+13 " !99: $!!99:- )( so VV =

"*+13 " !99: $!751 )0( =oV 3 " #3 " "!66/!99: ,%!"1!5 2.13 "I$-!99: "+"

25

dttvT

V o

T

o )(1

0∫= (2.7)

dttvT

V s

DT

o )(1

0∫= (2.8)

DVV so = (2.9) sV = 99: "+ D = *+$*

" %!99: "+ 5# !*+$* (Duty cycle duty ratio: D) D !+"-$"*+13 "+"*+* $"!%!81!"

T

t

tt

tD on

offon

on =+

= (2.10)

DTton = (2.11)

TDtoff )1( −= (2.12)

ont = 3 " offt = 3 " T =

3 D * ,"!(/ ,-+' , 1'+1 +3"#- D 751 "5"# -/ $ , 1'+1 $+3"# ,751 1'+1 "5"# 1'+1

26

2.1.9.3 PIC16F877 [9]

1)

PIC16F877 "!66/X* & ,!(/ - (cycle) # 1 3"!! 1-2 &+ ! , 4" Q1, Q2, Q3 Q4 +#$ '&- PIC16F877 ! $-"!66/X* 4

41 4321

XTALQQQQcycle =+++= (2.13)

2) !"

- RA0-RA3 RA5 , I/O +* 3$ ,-*%#+-"!66/' (AN0-AN4)

- RA4 ,- I/O - RA6/OSC2/CLKO 3$" ,- OSC2 CLKO 3

,-"!66/ I/O '+*"+"*+1 $ ,&5"3'"+-!- OSC1/CLKIN &$++!- RA6/OSC2 3 - RA6 3 , I/O

- RB0-RB7 " , I/O +$#/"!+* %*7($%5!% (Pull-Up) . ,3*"!66/*+!%1+2 !$ - RB0/INT0 ,-"!66/*+1!%1. 0 - RB1/INT1 ,-"!66/*+1!%1. 1 - RB2/INT2 ,-"!66/*+1!%1. 2 - RB3/INT3 ,-"!66/*+1!%1. 3 (18F442) - RB4-RB7 ,-$"3*"!66/*+1!%1

27

3) Pin Diagram

5 $ 2.14 "- PIC16F877 [9]

2.1.10 %&'( [8]

,*8$$") +"$%! $$5) 3*"56"$*+* *8$ 5 ""**+*- )*+$#'!( + '". $ " &$ "*8*.%!!3-$$ 1 !"5+#-" '!( +"$ %!'!-" '!( $!$3! $3!I$%$ 1/7 - 1/9 -)" ) \ )-' 3"+#-" / 90 %$)*+.!/013+ 4 "3"-5!H5 )*+" # ## "3- 5 ++". #$$5+3 ,+$5* ,)*+.!/01$*&. +##/.5*5 !$ "%$$ -'+!-)* ( case hardening) $ ".%-& +$

28

2.2 )*++) [5]

*! %!W %!"*+1 ,3*-"&"# !$

Exell Kornsakoo (1976) %!W$$&" ,) "$ ,")*+73%"+* "$'- 3)%7) *%&8+* (natural convection) "- ! 1 +! / 1 ! !$"$ 2-3 !H5J

Exell (1980) "*8$ 3/--$%!W-+ 3 +!*% &1*7(<*$- !* E6!%"+*$#"+ 2 !I$- "!+1+ 2

Wibulswas / (1977) %!W$$!(/ ,+5 &$%$!" 0.23 ++ F "3#$ 18 7! ! )#3 %$!+ / )#3 %$!+ / 4.2 kg/m2-day

Thongprasert / (1985) %!W%!"*+1% &!!7 (force convection drying) )!!"$*+1- 3.74 x 4.48 + $%!57)!--- # !(/ -"5 $ 2.15

5 $ 2.15 $%!W& Thongprasert / (1985) [5]

3 "- 1 +! 17-21%(wb) 14%(wb) 1 - 4 ! + 1 ! * 1 7(<*% $ #+# %*/"56"$-'- $!++8+* Janjai (2000) %!W !#+""3! !7)!%!"*+1- 24 ++ $%!"*;#+ !"$ 75% (wb) 3 200 *&! $ 25% (wb) & 3 ! !+*+!$&"% 1"*+

29

5 $ 2.16 "%!"*+1 !#+"$%!W & Janjai et al., (2000) +*+!$&"% 1"*+ [5]

/!<#W* #(]$ (2534) %!W) &%!"*+1 ,%!

"* )!!"$*+1- 2.5 ++ $- 0.6 x 1.0 x 1.0 571+ + - 830 !++1 3 3 +! G7$-!+1- 0.76 *&!++1 $-7$37! "% " !%!$!99: 33 % $## 4.8 4 !(/ -!"5 $ 2.17 ! , -' *#-"5$!)*+.!/01$

5 $ 2.17 $%!W-& /!<#W* #(]$ (2534) [5]

3

3.1

!"# $"%& '"(&$) *+ #, #-.$ ) *+/ !"#/, $"%& ," # #$- 0-,-* #1*$# .$2"

$ 3.1 3/# !"#

!1!4"*11!, 5 ', 3 ," 2, 5 !.,"1 ,"1) " ,"!"!-#-* #

31

3.2

- #*1"4"$,! /#, 2 ' #

- [7] )6"6 7!.$" -* #$!", ," 55 - 65 8(( (&$ ##"4 "#!-* 6."#!"#.#* 18 - 25 "$4,$ !"#)'!$- 6&-* # ", 55 - 65 8(( .$8&94"6!"!-#-* ##

- [5] !"#.$#1"4"6,$#* 208 - 205 % dry basic 4 6 .!"#.- 16 % dry basic-* #"#';$<16 " -#!, 32.6 8(( !"#. # ;$ 77 (3 (#--#"-, 2551)

- 4 8,1 #-* # 55 8(( !"#. # 30(3 (&$[10] !"#. # /#,#),!-*1" ,#),"1

- 4 8,6 #-* # 508(( !"#. # 45 (3

32

3.3

3.3.1 !"#$

Start

SW

-

( )

SW END

$ 3.2 Flow Chart 41

33

3.3.2 &'

1. ""#1#.1"$6 !4"*4

- !4"* #"14$ 6" - !4"* 11$ #-" 64"$ "# 64"$4 - !4"* .$)"#1 2. !4"*#-!"#1!.$ - !4"*!"#26!.$ - !4"* #*!"#$ !"#. - !4"* #*!"# #$" - !4"* #*8-!"#$!"#. 6) *+/!.$ 3. !4"*.$4 1 - 1#;$4 !"#6" - !4"* 11) 1!.$ - 9*) 4. !4"* 4 /==> - 0, # # 5. - "6!"!-#-* # - "6!"!-## - 9* #-1" - 9*1 - 9*)

34

3.4 '& '

3.4.1 )!#*'#

!,!"#.$#1" '4'4"/4!.$228" 96 $"'# ' $#", .$4#!4"* !"#.

- 4"64" 200 # #. - $"),5 - 4$#/" $4 - 4"$ $"$#/" - -* #$ / 100 8(( - 4"1# (6 - $(6-" - "-2286! 96 $"'# - 4" $#" &!,$/ - 4!,4 $/ , #!4" !"#.1"6#

$ 3.1 !"#.$#1"

" #"$#1" #"-1" 96 $"'# 393.5 # 251.2 #

6)#% !"#!"#. - !"#. (@<) = [(4 $# - 4 -)/4 $#] x 100 (3.1)

= ( )o

o1005.395

2.2515.395×

−

= 36.49 %wet basic - !"#. (@ ) = [(4 $# - 4 -)/4 -] x 100 (3.2)

= ( )o

o1002.251

2.2515.395×

−

= 57.44 % dry basic !"#. (@<) !. 36.49 % wet basic !"#. (@ ) !. 57.44 % dry basic

35

.$6!,$/66#!,!!.$1&6 - , -1(&$4 -* #/#,/#$4 ! 6&.!,$/6"6 $),# "#!"#.$#$ 70 (3#@< [5] #%!4"* #"1"/6 #"1"$ #!,, 2 kg

)(d

dmm sh

d

−= (3.3)

#.$ dm = !"#.#@<, %wb shm = #"1"$ , kg d = #"1" ,#"1"$, kg/kgsh

!,# (3.3) 6/, ( )d

d−=

2

100

80

d = 1.111 kg / kgsh !"#.-1", 20 (3#@ 6/

sh

shf

kg

kg

kg

kgm

111.1

111.1

100

20

−

=

sh

f kg

kgm 333.1=

#.$ fm = #"1" 6 , kg #"14$ 6" # !.

sh

w kg

kgkgm 333.12 −=

sh

w kg

kgm 667.0=

#.$ wm = #"14$ 6", kg

36

3.4.2 *+'#*'#)!

1 #- 6$#664"1"4"$ (&$4 "4", &$! 2 ' # '11"4" 1 #4 '#* 100 # "4" 2 ' # #64"#* 20 11"4" !"#"';$ 0.1 # !"#"';$ 0.03 # '611" 64 11/ " 20 64 , 5 # # 4 # 9*.$,1" ' #1 " 0.01 # " 0.25 # 0.002 # 3.4.3 " )!,-&' 4 #- 4 , " " '!4"*!,, 5 !"# 1 #-#" = 0.1 # ,",,$, ) = 0.225 # ,",-1 = 0.025 # !"# = (0.1+0.225+0.025) = 0.35 # !"#" ", #-#" = 0.1 x 4 = 0.4 # ,", ", #- = 0.025 x 2 = 0.075 # ;" = 0.05 x 2 = 0.1 # 664"1 #-$ 1!"#" !"#" !"#" 6&!4"* .$)" #1 (&$64/!4"* !"#$26 ,/ '1#4 .$)" #/

( ) ( )][ lwhlhwS ++= 2 (3.4)

37

#.$ S = .$)" #1!.$ , m2 h = !"#1!.$ , m l = !"#"1!.$ , m w = !"#"1!.$ , m !,# (3.4) ( ) ( )][ ( )575.035.035.035.0575.035.02 ×+×+×=S 285.0 mS = #$6-" mmm 575.035.035.0 ××=

#$6-" 37044.0 m= 3.5 +' !'

1#-!"#1!.$ / ventevapradleakconvload QQQQQQ ++++= (3.5)

#.$ loadQ = !"#"#1!.$ convQ = !"#2""!"# leakQ = !"#26 $" radQ = !"#2""), !"# evapQ = !"#$/ !"#.6) *+ ventQ = !"#$2/ 8 3.5.1 '&.)#* !' !"#26!.$ $4 6*!"#2,"1!"# ), !"# $"(&#6!.$ (&$26 $#/#,#) *+ .$",!4"*6&4 #,"$,"#"# 4 #H"#2!"# µ !, #H$1& '!, µ #!,, /#1" -$4!.$ !"#4!.$ 2!"# $"/6!.$!,$ /- ( )tTTAQ addhl −= µ0036.0 (3.6)

38

#.$ hlQ = !"#26!.$ radleakconv QQQ ++ , MJ µ = #H!"#2!.$#;" µ = 1 W/m2K ( 46" -& -#;") dT = -* #!.$ dA = .$)" #1!.$ aT = -* #!.$ t = "$ ( $"'#) #%!4"* "" '-#! ##", $ ) *+ , !"#18$ (&$##

( ) ( )[ ( ) ] thwwTTCmhmTTCm fgiaaaiaapafgwciacpi ×−+−=×+−×× ,0,0,,,,, (3.7) #.$ im = 4 $#1) *+, kg

wm = #"14$ 6" #, kg cpC , = !"#641) *+, kJ/kg. oC apC , = !"#6418, kJ/kg. oC

iaT , = -* #18,1 , oC 0,aT = -* #18$6 , oC

cT = -* #1", #!,, -* #8, oC fgh = !"#I1 4, kJ/kg. am = / #"18!.$ , kg/s.

iaw , = ,"!"#.181 , kg/kg-dry 0,aw = ,"!"#.18 , kg/kg-dry

t = "$ , s " H, (2536) ",,"-* # (60 - 100 8(() !,!"#64"

4"#!, 0.5831 - 0.8154 !$/ # - 8(( 1 cal = 4.1868 J . 0.00419 kJ "4"#!, !"#64;$ = 3.434 kJ/kg.oC

!,# (3.6) 6/"$ ( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )[ ] t××−+−=+− 24000304.00361.05055006756.102.02400667.03255434.32

st 808.4698=

39

3600

1808.4698 hrst

×=

hrt 31.1= !,# (3.5) ( ) tTTAQ addhl ×−= µ0036.0

( ) 31.1325585.010036.0 −××=hlQ

MJQhl 0922.0=

3.5.2 !"#$ 46!.$ /6)!*1#*!"#.$ !"#I1 4 (&$1& -* #!.$ (&$!,!"#I 41-* #!.$ ", 20 - 70 8(( #%!,!"#I 4

kg

MJh fg 4.2=

#%!4"* !"#$ 46) *+/ 6# wfgevap mhQ 15.1= (3.8) #.$ evapQ = !"#$ 46) *+, MJ !,# (3.8) 667.0400.215.1 ××=evapQ MJQevap 841.1= !, 1.15 $#!, !"#1&6# 15 % 4$ 6 ",.1) *+ (&$!"#$ 6",# .$4 4!"#.," !.$6) *+#,)" /$- !,$4' Hall, (1962), Vagenas !*, (1990) /4 $#!"#,"1& 10 - 15 % !4"*! !,$15%

40

3.5.3 ! " #$% !&'()""* "

!"#.$ 6) *+ ", 6%4/, "86 5 !.$ $%1,!.$ !"#./# 8,",(&$4 !"#%/" !"#,"6!4"* 6!"#.641811!"#.64181 '!, #% /6!4"*,/ #*8$!"#./ Ma #%!4"*/ 6#

)( oi

wair

mm

ωω −= (3.9)

#.$ airm = #*8$!"#./, kg oω = !"#.64181, kgwater/kgdry air iω = !"#.641811, kgwater/kgdry air ,"!"#.18$", 5#% /#1 #!"#.

vt

v

PP

P

−=

622.0ω (3.10)

#.$ vP = !"# ,1/4,kPa tP = !"# 8#!,, 101.325, kPa #!"# ,1/4 satv PP ϕ= (3.11) #.$ ϕ = !"#. # 18$", 5, % satP = !"# 1/4$# ", kPa !"#.6418,1!.$ #!, 55 8(( !"#. # 30 % Q$ .17 saturate water-temperature / satP = 15.758 kPa

41

!,# (3.11) 758.1530.0 ×=vP kPaPv 7274.4=

!,# (3.10)

)7274.4325.101(

)7274.4622.0(

−

×=iw

dryair

wateri kg

kgw

0304.0=

!"#.6418$6!.$ #!, 50 8(( !"#. # 45 % Q $ .17 saturate water-temperature / kPaPsat 349.12=

!,# (3.11) 349.1245.0 ×=vP kPaPv 557.5= !,# (3.10)

)557.5325.101(

)557.5622.0(

−

×=iw

dryair

wateri kg

kgw

0361.0=

4!"#.6418,1!.$ 6 #4!4"*!,# (3.9)

)0304.00361.0(

677.0

−=airm

kgmair 77.118= #*!"# . $2/# 8#* ," /6# ( )adpavent TTCmQ −×= (3.12) #.$ ventQ = !"#268, MJ airm = #*8$, kg pC = !"#6-!"#6418, kJ/kg.oC

42

dT = -* # , oC aT = -* #;$18 ", , oC !, pC .!,!"#6-!"#6418 6#!,$/#-* #1 8 /" 3.1 '!, pC $# (3.11) 6 6-* #;$ ",-* # dT aT $ 3.2 !, pC .!,!"#6-!"#6418 [10]

-* #18 oK -* #18 oC !, pC kJ/kg.oC 300 27 1.0057 350 77 1.0090 400 127 1.0140 450 177 1.0207 500 227 1.0295 550 277 1.0392 600 327 1.0551 650 377 1.0635 700 427 1.0752 750 477 1.0856

!,# (3.12) ( )3255006756.17.118 −×=ventQ MJQvent 75.2=

3.5.4

6$!4"* !"#2,", !"#$64 !"#.6) *+"3#%4#!4"* !"#- loadQ 1!.$ /6# evapventhlload QQQQ ++= (3.13)

43

'$ loadQ 6!,!"#$64/ 11) !"#6,/

MJMJMJQload 75.2841.10922.0 ++=

MJQload 6832.4=

#*!"# #$" !. 4.6832MJ

3.6 !"#$ %

3.6.1 !"# %

6!4"* loadQ .!"# #$6 ) *+" 6#%4 11) '!,;$1 !"#68/#!,, ", 14 - 20 MJ/m2 .#!,;$#* 17 MJ/m2 (&$ #!"#", 1 " !"#6$,#.$ 1 #6#!,#* 17 MJ/m2

11) $ # !!,4 !"#2, 5 #% /6#

)( ,

,sunthermalsolar

loadthermalsolar Q

QA

η= (3.14)

#.$ thermalsolarA , = 11) , m2 loadQ = !"# # sunQ = !,;$1 !"#6#!,#* 17 MJ/m2 thermalsolar ,η = 1) !"##!,#* 35 % !,# (3.12)

)1735.0(

6832.4,

×=thermalsolarA

2, 7871.0 mA thermalsolar =

11) !. 27871.0 m

44

3.7

3.7.1 .$6," #!, !"#1,,"", / 6&/ 1#(&$ !, !"#1$4-4 #!,#* 17 MJ/m2 (&$%!"#$/6) 6"/#, 36 04 #%6!4"* !"#$ loadQ '6 , 6 2 , !. 606) 6"

6# thermalsolarheatload QQQ ,+= #.$ thermalsolarQ , = #*!"#1) , J heatQ = #*!"#10, J loadQ = !"# #1, J # solarQ 6!4"* ' !, $4-,$//," (&$6/# thermalsolarsunthermalsolarthermalsolar QAQ ,,, η××= (3.15) 35.008.0 2

, ××= mQ thermalsolar JQ thermalsolar 0, = #.$ thermalsolarQ , = #*!"#1) , J thermalsolaA , = 1.$1) "# .$,"1$6 , m2 sunQ = 4 !"#18.$ 4/ !, 0 $4 - thermalsolar ,η = 1) " #.$/!, thermalsolarQ , 4/!,# (3.13) .$ !, heatQ 6/#

thermalsolarheatload QQQ ,+=

thermalsolarloadheat QQQ ,−=

45

0−= loadheat QQ

heatQ = 4.6832 MJ 6 6#% 110 /'4 heatQ # "$ 6$!4"*!, t = 4698.808 s 6/

s

MJQheat 80.4698

6832.4=

s

MJQheat 80.4698

6832.4=

kWQheat 99.0=

.0#*1 1 kW % * "$/#,#!.8(&$," !,;$1 !"#6,,""#!,/#,,

$ 3.3 !, !"#6,,"" [4]

,""

6 (W/m2)

!"# sunQ (MJ/m2)

6.00 - 9.00 . 200 2.16

9.00 - 12.00 . 622.5 6.67

12.00 - 15.00 . 577.5 5.97

15.00 - 18.00 . 170 1.90

18.00 - 6.00 . 0 0

6$ 3.3 4 !, !"#6",,"" ," J/m2

6 #%!4"* !, heatQ ,,""164!, !"#6",,""/#

46

$ 3.4 !,110,,""

,""

#*!"#1)

solarsuntotalthermalsolar QAQ η××=,

!"#

solarloadheat QQQ −=

MJQload 6832.4=

110 "

!. t = 4698.808s

6.00 - 9.00 . 0.6048MJ 4.0784MJ 0.87kW 9.00 - 12.00 . 1.8676MJ 2.8156MJ 0.59kW 12.00 - 15.00 . 1.6716MJ 3.0116MJ 0.64kW 15.00 - 18.00 . 0.532MJ 4.1512MJ 0.88kW 18.00 - 6.00 . 0MJ 18MJ 0.99kW

#.$!, sunQ $,"",534# solarsuntotalthermalsolar QAQ η××=, 36

!, thermalsolarQ , 6 36#% !, heatQ /6# thermalsolarloadheat QQQ ,−= 364 110,,""

.0#*1 1 kW

3.7.2

.$6 #.$!"##.$-* #!,$4 6&. #'1 ## 11 . #1 1.8 " .$ ## 11 ,6,11 3.7.3

$64 4 1#.$$64/.11# ", ' #!"#, !"#3"1#$6 (&$#$ /==>8/$#!"#%$ 50 0( (Hz) 6 #-$#* 2.5 , (rpm) . #* 0.04167 ," (rad/s)

47

(&$#$/ #-"6#%!4"*/6#

ωτ ×=P (3.16)

#.$ P = 4 /==>1#, W τ = , N-m ω = !"#3", rad/s !,# ωτ ×=P sradgmP /0.04167××= sradgmP /0.04167××= sradsmkgP /0.04167/8.95.2 2 ××= WP 02.1= .#$#*1 1.02 W 3.7.4 !"

$ 3.5 4 /==>1-* -*/==>$ 4 /==>$

0 1000W 8 1.8W # 12 VDC 1.02W

48

3. 8 $%%&%'() 3.8.1 $* &%'()

$ 3.3 flow chart 41"6!"!-#-* #

49

3.8.2 $%%&%'()

$ 3.4 64"6!"!-#-* # '# proteus 7 professional 64"6!"!-#-* # ' PIC16F628A !"!-#/(" -* # DS1820 (&$(("6" -* # ") LCD 1 16 " 9 2 "(, (&$$6#)64 41"6!. PIC16F628A 6,!,-* #$4$%4 /" !.!,-* # 55 %& 65 8(( 6 ,!,-* #64# !,-* #$4 /" '4! !.!,-* #$4 "6",-* #6/#,,,"$4 /" PIC16F628A 6 $ 4 '6, 0 #8 -* #6",!,$4 /" PIC16F628A 6 $ "$4 ,% -* #6$,1#$4",!,$4 /" "$ &$64 6 PIC16F628A 64)!,-* #$,/ ,"-* #$4#$4 /" )6 LCD

50

3.9 $%%&%+

3.9.1 $* &%+

DVV so =

oV

oV

$ 3.5 flow chart 41"6!"!-#!"#3"#

51

3.9.2 & &

$ 3.6 64"6!"!-#!"#3"# '#proteus7professional64"6!"!-#!"#3"# 'PIC16F877 ,1#41"6!. (64 $"3 (&$#' #4!. ' #4 -4

- #.$"4 so VV =

- #.$"/#,4 0=oV

,""4 -4 6/ 22* /==> )( sV 3.7 (&$#% !, /==>;$ .!,1 /==> #

DVV so = (3.17)

52

$ 3.7 22* PWM $!"!-#!"#3"# (&$!, /==>6%!"!-#/6 !, " /(! (Duty cycle . Duty ratio: D) # ,%

!, " !,/$ 10 kΩ 6/!, /==>1 VVs 5= !, "/(! D = 1.0 (&$6/!, 3.7 6/!, /==> VVo 5= / Io = 0.005 A $1$ 17 (&$1$# 22* PWM "/#'!!'

53

3.10 $%%-.$!,

- 9*" #- 4 ," 1 (#: 1 (#

$ 3.8 " #-

54

- 1 #-1" 4 ," 1 (#: 1 (#

$ 3.9 1 #-1"

3.11 $%%-.(!%

- 9*1'!1,"

$ 3.10 9*'!,"

55

- '!1

$ 3.11 9*'!

11 1 6.$ 6" 4#-# 15 8 - 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.12 1

56

- 1 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.13 11

- 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.14 1

57

- !"#"1 4 1 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.15 11 - !"# 11 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.16 1!"# 1

58

3.12 $%%-.$/%$*),

- '!1,")

$ 3.17 '!" -$4)

1. ), 4 2. ),'=# , 3. ),

1

2

3

59

- 116) 6" 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.18 116)

- 11) 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.19 11)

60

- !"#"1,") 4 1 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.20 1!"#"11 2 11)

- !"# 1,") 4 ," 1 (#: 10 (#

$ 3.21 1!"# 11 2 11)

4

4.1

"# # $%&'(% "#&)*"+, ""%-+-. .$+$/'0+ " %. .$+$/'0+'' 55-65 3&4&4 4%'+ 3 . ", & 9.00-17.00 . &(%#+&)& &.' $) " +03$/'0+%-) "#.$/'0+%$;+%#' "</%,)-) $)/ ; )

)% 4.1 0/> +,

+,

.$+ -++.$+

. .$+$/'0+ -+. .$+$/'0+

'+$

.% 1

.% 2

.% 3 .% 1 .% 2 .% 3

62

)% 4.2 #' ; " #'% 1

#'% 2 ' #'% 3 3+3 #'% 4 @& #'% 5 &% #'% 6 & & #'% 7 . .$++& . .$+$/'0+ +'+$'+% )+/''% #''%.)+/ 2 "+ "3-'3-' -'&'

1

2 3

4

5 6

7

63

4.1.1

)% 4.3 &.(% $/'0+"+ Heidolph EKT 3000 ST-2

)% 4.4 &.(%,% Electronic Balance $ FP-6000

)% 4.5 &%%, 12 VDC 100A &% 12VDC 40A

)% 4.6 @& A& 250 Watt 220 VAC

64

4.1.2 !

0/> %,.( # $% "# # +)+/ 2 "+ # ".,, & 9.00-17.00 . $/'0+$;0 $,% "+",&.(% $/'0+"+&%+ 9.00-17.00 . ''#-"'#''' ",%#'&%+0/> +& & 9.00 . & ,%#''' 17.00 . $ %#

)% 4.7

&'+$ ,%#'

&)B&.(% & 9.00.

. .$+$/'0+ 55-653&4&4 )B&.(% & 17.00.

# $)+/ 2 "+

,%#''

65

4.1.2.1 $%&

00+3 + AC") (26 $+0 2552) • #' 1573.16 + • #' ' 1403.75 + 00+3 + AC") (27 $+0 2552) • #' 1403.75 +( % 26 $+0 2552) • #' ' 1221.73 +

% 4.1 "+,

+,

(,% "+) +,

(g)

' (g)

. +,((%wb)

. +,(%&'( (%)

8 1573.16 1403.75 10.77 59.23 8 1403.75 1221.73 12.97 46.26

. +,($% 22.34 (%wb) ' &F% 0.3514 kg/day

'& 4%&'G . +,($% , 18-25 4%&)*.. +,(%+. +&'++ & %,% 16 ,% "+ '&F% .( 0.1757 Kg/day 4%' +.+. +&+

66

4.1.1.2 $%&('

00+3 + AC") (26 $+0 2552) • #' 1547.57 + • #' ' 1354.34 + 00+3 + AC") (27 $+0 2552) • #' 1354.34 +( % 26 $+0 2552) • #' ' 1281.56 +

% 4.2 "+,+.$+

' $%&('

4%&'G . +,($% , 18-25 4%&)*.. +,(%+. +&'++ & %,% 16 ,% "+ '&F% .( 0.2660 Kg/day4%' +.+. +&+

+,(,% "+)

+,+.$+

(g) '

(g) . +,(

(%wb) . +,(%&'( (%)

8 1547.57 1354.34 12.49 57.51 8 1354.34 1281.56 5.37 52.14

. +,($% 17.19 (%wb) ' &F% 0.2660 kg/day

67

4.1.2.3 $%) *+, ) - 1

00+3 + AC") (11 $+0 2552) • #' 1948.02+ • #' '1700.16+ 00+3 + AC") (12 $+0 2552) • #' 1700.16+( % 11 $+0 2552) • #' '1515.63+

% 4.3 -+. .$+$/'0+.% 1

.% 1

& (,% "+)

-+. .$+$/'0+ (g) ' (g) . +,(

(%wb) . +,(%&'( (%)

8 1948.02 1700.16 12.72 57.28 8 1700.16 1515.63 10.85 46.43

. +,($%&'( 22.19 (%wb)

68

- 2

00+3 + AC") (24 $+0 2552) • #' 1627.67 + • #' ' 1389.9 + 00+3 + AC+&+I (25 $+0 2552) • #' 1389.9 +( % 24 $+0 2552) • #' ' 1177.06 +

% 4.4 -+. .$+$/'0+.% 2

.% 2 &

(,% "+) -+. .$+$/'0+

(g) ' (g) . +,((%wb)

. +,(%&'( (%)

8 1627.67 1389.9 14.61 55.39 8 1389.9 1177.06 15.31 40.08

. +,($% 27.68 (%wb)

69

- 3

00+3 + AC") (26$+0 2552) • #' 1774.01 + • #' ' 1544.52 + 00+3 + AC") (27 $+0 2552) • #' 1544.52 +( % 26 $+0 2552) • #' ' 1380.84 +

% 4.5 -+. .$+$/'0+.% 3

.% 3 &

(,% "+) -+. .$+$/'0+

(g) '(g) . +,((%wb)

. +,(%&'( (%)

8 1774.01 1544.52 12.94 57.06 8 1544.52 1380.84 10.59 46.47

. +,($% 22.16 (%wb) ' $%) *+, ) 4% 3 .%#&'G . +,($% &F%.( 24.01 4%, 18-25 4%&)*.. +,(%+. +&'++#' ,& . 16 ,% "+ "&)*",'+$"-+-. .$+$/'0+ '&F% 3 .%# .( 0.2130 Kg/day 4%' +.+. +&+

70

4.1.2.4 $%, ),+ 55-65 3 4 4%'

- 1

00+3 + AC") . +&+ &F% 23.08 MJ/m2-day (4 +.+ 2552)

• #' 1659.41+ • #' ' 1423.6+ 00+3 + AC")

. +&+ &F% 20.59 MJ/m2- day (5 +.+ 2552) • #' 1423.6+( % 4 +.+ 2552) • #' ' 1333.46+

% 4.6 . .$+$/'0+.% 1

.% 1 &

(,% "+) . .$+$/'0+

(g) '(g) . +,((%wb)

. +,(%&'( (%)

8 1659.41 1423.6 14.21 55.79 3 1423.6 1333.46 6.33 49.46

. +,($% 19.64 (%wb)

71

- 2

00+3 + AC") . +&+ &F% 20.59 MJ/m2- day (5 +.+ 2552)

• #' 1554.5+ • #' ' 1392.31+ 00+3 + AC")

. +&+ &F% 19.48 MJ/m2- day (6 +.+ 2552) • #' 1392.31+( % 5 +.+ 2552) • #' ' 1278.92 +

% 4.7 . .$+$/'0+.% 2

.% 2 &

(,% "+) . .$+$/'0+

(g) '(g) . +,((%wb)

. +,(%&'( (%)

5 1554.5 1392.31 10.43 59.57 3 1392.31 1278.92 8.14 51.43

. +,($% 18 (%wb)

72

- 3

00+3 + AC") . +&+ &F% 19.48MJ/m2- day (6 +.+ 2552)

• #' 1669.42 + • #' ' 1415.18 + 00+3 + AC") (7 +.+ 2552) • #' 1415.18 +( % 6 +.+ 2552) • #' ' 1368.65 +

% 4.8 . .$+$/'0+.% 3

.% 3 &

(,% "+) . .$+$/'0+

(g) '(g) . +,((%wb)

. +,(%&'( (%)

4 1669.42 1415.18 15.23 54.77 5 1415.18 1368.65 3.29 51.48

. +,($% 18 (%wb) ' $%, ),%)+,+ 55-65 3 4 4%'

4% 3 .%#&'G . +,($% &F%.( 18.55 4%, 18-25 4%&)*.. +,(%+. +&'++#' ,& &F%. 8-11,% "+ 4%&G +, "&)*",'+$"-+-. .$+$/'0+ 3 .%# '&F% .( 0.38 Kg/day 4%' +.+ . +&+ , &%+$/'0+0-+ 55 3&4&4 @& #&%+$&.(%&F% ,& 5-7 $/'0+ 55 3&4&4+

73

4.1.3 ,5, '+$",&.(% &(%'# %&'++'+$ - % 4.9 # '+$ "&.(% digital tachometer

Vo(Volt) (%)'+& )

D (%) ( -4&.)

N (# )

- 10 -+'+$ - 20 -+'+$ - 30 16 - 40 38

4.02 50 58 5.5 60 78 8.62 70 83 9.32 80 88 10.10 90 90 10.73 99 94

&(,% -4&. & 40 -# & 38 rpm 4% &)*.%&'++

74

4.1.4 + 6 *+('%

%#@& +, power inverter &(%&%+ 12 volt DC -)&)* 220 volt AC '+,@& 4%.$/+& &

% 4.10 .$/+& & load output power

low voltage alarm 10.3v-10.5v low voltage shutdown 9.5v-10.3v

4%%$/'0+-+ 55-65 3&4&4 +-&(%&)*& # 2 ,% "+ 5 @& +KK/&(

75

4.1.5 (*778-,5)('%9 % 4.11 -AAC%,'+

$)/ -AAC %,(+) ) #-AAC( ) . .$+. +&G +& 0.8 9.6

. .$+$/'0+ 0.08 0.96 & & @& 2.97 35.64 +3 0.15 1.8

)% 4.8 )$-AAC &%

)$-AAC&%","4&4'+4 80Watt &%+#)$& 9.00. +,& 2,% "+ 20 )$&%&G++,

76

4.1.6 '& ( 5)('%, ) % 4.12 )0&,. +. .$+$/'0+

%#

'

(kg/day)

. +&+

(&+&+- ) )0&, . +

() 4/03/2552 0.2358 23.08 3.47 5/03/2552 0.2523 20.59 3.31 6//03/2552 0.3676 19.48 5.72

)% 4.9 )0&,. + ()

% 4.12 )% 4.9 .% 1 +.)0&,. + 3.47 &) &4G .% 2 3 +.)0&,. + 3.31 5.72 &) &4G +#'&'G )0&,. ++'( '. +&+ 4%+.+)0G++-)

77

4.2 %

4.2.1 ' % %+: % 4.13 &)& ;

' &F% (Kg/day)

. +,( &F% (%wb)

# ,% "+% ,&F% (hr)

+, 0.27 17.19 16 +.$+ 0.18 22.34 16 -+. .$+$/'0+ 0.21 24.01 16 . .$+$/'0+

55-653 0.38 18.55 8-11

' 9 % %%+ :

&)&&'G %. .$+$/'0+ ' 55 - 65 3&4&4 -' &F% 0.38 Kg/day 4%+ -+. .$+$/'0+ +, +,"+.$+ 4% -' 0.27 Kg/day, 0.18 Kg/day, 0.21 Kg/day +# # ,% "+&F%%,. .$+$/'0+' 55- 65 3&4&4 +.&F% 8-11 ,% "+ 4%+. -+. .$+$/'0+ +, +.$+ 4% -,% "+&F% 16 ,% "+, 16 ,% "+, 16 ,% "+ +#

78

A&)&. +,(% ,% "+' +,0". .$+$/'0+

)% 4.10 A&)&. +,(% ,% "+

A&'G &+(%+,%+.$+%-++.$+,& '+ 16 ,% "+ &+(%%+. .$+$/'0+,& 4%"&F%,& & 11 ,% "+-0/> %+. +'+

79

A&)&. +,(% ,% "+' 0"-++. .$+$/'0+0". .$+$/'0+

)% 4.11 A&)&. +,(% ,% "+ A&'G &+(%0&+(%-++. .$+$/'0+-++#'& %-&(%$/'0+-+ &+(%%+. .$+$/'0+,& #'& %-&(%$/'0+, %#'

5

5.1

!"#!#$%&!'%(' )(" 55-65 ** "#!+(,(-!. PIC16F628A ')**.*DS1820 '"#!#$%&!&' '%(%"( 55-65 ** !1 #$%&!"( 55 2341 '%"! !1 #$%&!!"( 65 +! 341 "!3 &'!%!#1 '(,&$5 1 '%,&$5.+"! "6 +!"#!"!7"'%!#-! +') PIC16F877 "#!"!7" PWM +')"(.+("!7"'%!# 3+' "#!#$%&! %"( 55 - 65 ** 3.+%("8 0.38 Kg/day * !"('.!("#!#$%&! =!) =!)!#! * .+% 0.27 Kg/day, 0.18 Kg/day, 0.21 Kg/day !4+ 34") "!8 ')'"#!#$%&!%"( 55- 65 ** !(8 8-11 ) "! * !("('.!("#!#$%&! =!) =!)!#! * .+) "!8 ' 16 ) "! 234+8 34" 5 - 7 '4'%!#$%&!6 55 ** -!')3'#A("- * 61"(') !('%!)! #+

81

5.2

1. "1')-+-2'%%!!%(3("1 '%24.+((1 !

2. ""!B'%!"!+"'')!"( 3. "1 ''%%!! 4. "1"* ,&$5 ')'+'%!"!#%1 "61

"!(-+ 5. "1')"+#'4 (& .!(('%+! 4%

1 "!+"'1 6. "1')34"-+-*'%%!!"3)3

82

[1] , [Online].: http://www.cpe.ku.ac.th/~yuen/204471/power/ _regulator/control.html [ 2551]. [2] , [Online]. : http://www.it2dekthai.com/48105/ecohouse_trick.html [ 2551]. [3] !" $$% &'&(") , [Online]. : http://ozone.tmd.go.th/solar_today.htm [ 2552]. [4] * +, [Online]. : http://www.lesa.in.th/5/balance_system/temp-light/temp-light.html [ 2551]. [5] " -. + )+ ) /, : &*1: *2* !3+* (2547). [6] !$ (2546). !!" (1 Ed.). &*1: )<+(& &*. [7] 2 $=, &/&>?>>, (2550). [Online]. : http://gotoknow.org/file/wuddy_dip/ view/115636 [ 2551]. [8] @ )+&$$/&)A &$$, [Online]. : http://www.tistrfoodprocess.net/fruit _dry.html [ 2552]. [9] @/B PIC16F877 16F84, 2547 [Online]. : http://www.ett.co.th/article/pic/pic009.html [*C) 2551]. [10] $"C= D, #$%& '(, &*1: @&$$*&>=, (2540). [11] &(?>A%, [Online]. : http://webserv.kmitl.ac.th/~s5050842/index_files/DTM.doc. [ 2551]. [12] Solar cell, [Online]. : http://enghome.eng.psu.ac.th/mne/knowledge/student/solarcell/menu.htm [2551].

83

84

1. .1 "# "# 26 &"#' 2552

)* # 9.00 32.10 10.00 37.40 11.00 37.30 12.00 36.50 13.00 36.20 14.00 35.80 15.00 33.10 16.00 32.30 17.00 31.20

.2 "# "# 27 &"#' 2552

)* # 9.00 33.00

10.00 34.50 11.00 35.50 12.00 35.70 13.00 35.50 14.00 34.50 15.00 35.70 16.00 33.80 17.00 33.70

85

2., -#.)// .3 /"1 1 "# 11&"#' 2552

2.)// "# 11 &"#' 2552 )* # (ºC) T1 (ºC) T2 (ºC) T3 (ºC) 9.00 #. 29.00 30.00 44.00 43.00 10.00 #. 30.00 41.50 50.50 48.50 11.00 #. 35.00 41.10 63.30 60.00 12.00 #. 33.00 40.30 59.90 58.20 13.00 #. 33.00 40.30 57.30 57.60 14.00 #. 33.00 38.60 59.70 58.40 15.00 #. 35.00 40.20 61.10 58.90 16.00 #. 34.00 39.40 57.30 55.00 17.00 #. 34.00 35.50 48.70 47.40

.4 /"1 1 ()) "# 12 &"#' 2552

2.)// "# 12 &"#' 2552 )* #(ºC) T1(ºC) T2(ºC) T3(ºC) 9.00 #. 31.00 33.50 46.50 44.70 10.00 #. 32.00 36.70 56.40 50.50 11.00 #. 32.00 39.30 61.50 54.50 12.00 #. 33.00 40.20 62.80 60.10 13.00 #. 34.00 39.10 59.50 56.90 14.00 #. 33.00 38.30 59.30 55.80 15.00 #. 33.00 38.70 55.80 53.50 16.00 #. 32.00 35.50 53.60 49.10 17.00 #. 32.00 34.50 49.50 45.60

T1: *,"", T2: *, T3: -#

86

.5 /"1 2 "# 24 &"#' 2552 2.)// "# 24 &"#' 2552

)* # T1 T2 T3 9.00 33.00 35.50 42.00 44.00 10.00 35.70 37.40 52.20 57.50 11.00 36.50 38.40 56.00 60.00 12.00 35.40 38.30 56.80 59.00 13.00 34.50 42.50 63.10 65.00 14.00 36.60 44.40 60.20 65.50 15.00 37.50 45.60 60.90 61.50 16.00 34.50 44.90 54.40 57.20 17.00 32.30 42.60 47.50 53.40

.6 /"1 2 ()) "# 25 &"#' 2552 2.)// "# 25 &"#' 2552

)* # T1 T2 T3 9.00 32.40 38.70 41.60 46.50

10.00 33.00 39.00 44.30 50.00 11.00 35.00 42.70 46.30 51.50 12.00 33.50 44.20 54.20 58.50 13.00 34.70 43.20 53.60 55.50 14.00 34.90 46.30 58.00 61.00 15.00 33.20 45.60 59.40 61.00 16.00 32.70 41.70 51.90 57.30 17.00 31.90 40.30 50.30 52.50

T1: *,"", T2: *, T3: -#

87

.7 /"1 3 "# 26 &"#' 2552 2.)// "# 26 &"#' 2552

)* # T1 T2 T3 9.00 32.10 40.20 49.60 43.00 10.00 37.40 48.30 52.40 55.50 11.00 37.30 47.50 55.50 58.50 12.00 36.50 46.50 57.20 60.50 13.00 36.20 45.40 58.10 60.50 14.00 35.80 46.90 58.20 60.00 15.00 33.10 44.40 56.90 59.50 16.00 32.30 41.80 52.40 54.50 17.00 31.20 38.30 47.50 48.50

.8 /"1 3 ()) "# 27 &"#' 2552

2.)// "# 27&"#' 2552 )* # T1 T2 T3

9.00 33.00 37.10 42.10 44.30 10.00 34.50 46.60 50.60 54.00 11.00 35.50 46.60 55.50 60.00 12.00 35.70 46.50 57.70 61.50 13.00 35.50 45.60 57.40 60.50 14.00 34.50 43.50 58.30 60.50 15.00 35.70 43.00 58.00 59.50 16.00 33.80 40.70 50.50 52.50 17.00 33.70 37.50 46.60 50.00

T1: *,"", T2: *, T3: -#

88

3., -#//

.9 /"1 1 "# 4 #/ 2552 2// "# 4#/ 2552

)* # T1 T2 T3 9.00 32.40 33.30 40.80 55.00 10.00 36.00 38.30 54.50 55.50 11.00 37.00 39.50 61.40 62.00 12.00 37.00 38.00 60.50 61.50 13.00 34.00 37.70 63.20 63.50 14.00 34.00 36.50 57.70 60.00 15.00 34.00 36.80 61.30 63.50 16.00 34.00 34.50 57.10 57.00 17.00 33.00 33.30 53.40 56.00

.10 /"1 1 ()) "# 5 #/ 2552

2// "# 5#/ 2552 )* # T1 T2 T3

9.00 32.00 33.20 37.70 55.00 10.00 34.00 36.50 48.40 55.50 11.00 33.00 37.70 56.50 59.50 12.00 34.00 36.80 59.20 63.00

T1: *,"" T2: * T3: -#

89

.11 /"1 2 "# 5 #/ 2552 2// "# 5 #/ 2552

)* # T1 T2 T3 12.00 35.00 36.40 56.10 60.00 13.00 33.00 35.40 57.30 61.00 14.00 34.00 36.30 58.50 61.50 15.00 36.00 36.40 60.50 62.00 16.00 33.00 34.50 56.50 57.50 17.00 33.00 35.50 53.50 55.00

.12 /"1 2 ()) "# 6 #/ 2552

2// "# 6 #/ 2552 )* # T1 T2 T3

9.00 32.00 33.10 37.70 55 10.00 36.00 39.10 60.40 65.00 11.00 34.00 37.60 55.70 60.50 12.00 35.00 37.40 61.10 64.00

T1: *,"" T2: * T3: -#

90

.13 /"1 3 "# 6 #/ 2552 2// "# 6 #/ 2552

)* # T1 T2 T3 13.00 35.00 36.50 61.00 64.00 14.00 35.00 36.50 56.70 61.50 15.00 35.00 36.40 56.60 61.50 16.00 35.00 36.40 58.30 61.00 17.00 34.00 34.60 53.20 55 .00

.14 /"1 3 ()) "# 7 #/ 2552 2// "# 7 #/ 2552

)* # T1 T2 T3 9.00 33.00 34.30 39.50 55.00 10.00 34.00 38.30 54.40 58.00 11.00 35.00 37.70 59.40 62.50 12.00 34.00 37.70 60.50 65.00 13.00 36.00 36.70 60.20 63.00 14.00 32.00 36.90 59.50 62.50

T1: *,"" T2: * T3: -#

91

.15 /)/*' (W/m2) [11]

"#/* Global

Radiation(W/m2) 4/3/2009 9:00:00 501.6 4/3/2009 9:10:00 531.8 4/3/2009 9:20:00 562.9 4/3/2009 9:30:00 599.2 4/3/2009 9:40:00 634.7 4/3/2009 9:50:00 671.9 4/3/2009 10:00:00 706.3 4/3/2009 10:10:00 731.4 4/3/2009 10:20:00 762.3 4/3/2009 10:30:00 788.4 4/3/2009 10:40:00 814.5 4/3/2009 10:50:00 839.2 4/3/2009 11:00:00 861.1 4/3/2009 11:10:00 882.4 4/3/2009 11:20:00 901.5 4/3/2009 11:30:00 915.8 4/3/2009 11:40:00 928.4 4/3/2009 11:50:00 939.7 4/3/2009 12:00:00 946.2 4/3/2009 12:10:00 961.2 4/3/2009 12:20:00 953.4 4/3/2009 12:30:00 962.7 4/3/2009 12:40:00 963.4 4/3/2009 12:50:00 960.7 4/3/2009 13:00:00 960.2 4/3/2009 13:10:00 953.5 4/3/2009 13:20:00 949.1 4/3/2009 13:30:00 938.4 4/3/2009 13:40:00 926 4/3/2009 13:50:00 910.8

"#/* Global

Radiation(W/m2) 4/3/2009 14:00:00 892.3 4/3/2009 14:10:00 869.8 4/3/2009 14:20:00 855.7 4/3/2009 14:30:00 829.2 4/3/2009 14:40:00 806.5 4/3/2009 14:50:00 781.6 4/3/2009 15:00:00 765 4/3/2009 15:10:00 728.3 4/3/2009 15:20:00 693.6 4/3/2009 15:30:00 635.9 4/3/2009 15:40:00 609.2 4/3/2009 15:50:00 584.8 4/3/2009 16:00:00 472.4 4/3/2009 16:10:00 235.5 4/3/2009 16:20:00 184.7 4/3/2009 16:30:00 169.6 4/3/2009 16:40:00 180.4 4/3/2009 16:50:00 229.4 4/3/2009 17:00:00 306.7

92

.15 ()) /)/*' (W/m2) [11]

"#/* Global

Radiation(W/m2) 5/3/2009 9:00:00 422.20 5/3/2009 9:10:00 526.70 5/3/2009 9:20:00 387.80 5/3/2009 9:30:00 290.00 5/3/2009 9:40:00 551.80 5/3/2009 9:50:00 646.70 5/3/2009 10:00:00 537.90 5/3/2009 10:10:00 658.50 5/3/2009 10:20:00 853.70 5/3/2009 10:30:00 885.90 5/3/2009 10:40:00 796.40 5/3/2009 10:50:00 542.60 5/3/2009 11:00:00 670.60 5/3/2009 11:10:00 575.00 5/3/2009 11:20:00 918.40 5/3/2009 11:30:00 711.70 5/3/2009 11:40:00 972.10 5/3/2009 11:50:00 468.60 5/3/2009 12:00:00 736.30 5/3/2009 12:10:00 629.60 5/3/2009 12:20:00 1010.20 5/3/2009 12:30:00 1049.90 5/3/2009 12:40:00 1049.90 5/3/2009 12:50:00 912.20 5/3/2009 13:00:00 1003.90 5/3/2009 13:10:00 969.10 5/3/2009 13:20:00 971.50 5/3/2009 13:30:00 941.60 5/3/2009 13:40:00 894.00 5/3/2009 13:50:00 901.00

"#/* Global

Radiation(W/m2) 5/3/2009 14:00:00 873.30 5/3/2009 14:10:00 674.70 5/3/2009 14:20:00 829.00 5/3/2009 14:30:00 754.30 5/3/2009 14:40:00 719.60 5/3/2009 14:50:00 751.70 5/3/2009 15:00:00 696.40 5/3/2009 15:10:00 669.40 5/3/2009 15:20:00 628.40 5/3/2009 15:30:00 609.50 5/3/2009 15:40:00 580.50 5/3/2009 15:50:00 547.30 5/3/2009 16:00:00 513.90 5/3/2009 16:10:00 472.90 5/3/2009 16:20:00 436.50 5/3/2009 16:30:00 397.00 5/3/2009 16:40:00 329.50 5/3/2009 16:50:00 299.80 5/3/2009 17:00:00 263.70

93

.15 ()) /)/*' (W/m2) [11]

"#/* Global

Radiation(W/m2) 6/3/2009 9:00:00 409.40 6/3/2009 9:10:00 346.20 6/3/2009 9:20:00 368.00 6/3/2009 9:30:00 266.40 6/3/2009 9:40:00 566.60 6/3/2009 9:50:00 522.40 6/3/2009 10:00:00 304.40 6/3/2009 10:10:00 169.40 6/3/2009 10:20:00 211.40 6/3/2009 10:30:00 831.70 6/3/2009 10:40:00 890.10 6/3/2009 10:50:00 833.30 6/3/2009 11:00:00 671.20 6/3/2009 11:10:00 409.70 6/3/2009 11:20:00 942.80 6/3/2009 11:30:00 999.10 6/3/2009 11:40:00 871.30 6/3/2009 11:50:00 906.80 6/3/2009 12:00:00 1051.00 6/3/2009 12:10:00 919.70 6/3/2009 12:20:00 1096.20 6/3/2009 12:30:00 921.40 6/3/2009 12:40:00 828.70 6/3/2009 12:50:00 989.40 6/3/2009 13:00:00 958.10 6/3/2009 13:10:00 525.40 6/3/2009 13:20:00 707.00 6/3/2009 13:30:00 508.60 6/3/2009 13:40:00 1037.50 6/3/2009 13:50:00 843.10

"#/* Global

Radiation(W/m2) 6/3/2009 14:00:00 460.20 6/3/2009 14:10:00 901.40 6/3/2009 14:20:00 859.20 6/3/2009 14:30:00 609.40 6/3/2009 14:40:00 566.50 6/3/2009 14:50:00 769.40 6/3/2009 15:00:00 732.10 6/3/2009 15:10:00 699.70 6/3/2009 15:20:00 666.80 6/3/2009 15:30:00 639.80 6/3/2009 15:40:00 601.60 6/3/2009 15:50:00 567.90 6/3/2009 16:00:00 535.10 6/3/2009 16:10:00 496.40 6/3/2009 16:20:00 456.10 6/3/2009 16:30:00 417.60 6/3/2009 16:40:00 371.90 6/3/2009 16:50:00 323.10 6/3/2009 17:00:00 288.40

94

.16 /"#*'*'

Load Output power

continuous 1000watts

2-3hours 1200watts

10-20min 1500watts

peak(surge) 2000watts

output voltage 220VAC RMS+/-5%

output frequency 50Hz+/-2

low voltage alarm 10.3v-10.5v

low voltage shutdown 9.5v-10.3v

over-voltage shutdown 14.5v-15.5v

no-load current draw < 0.45amp

95

.17 Saturate water - temperature table

temperature (Cº) saturate pressure (kPa)

0.01 0.6113

5 0.8721

10 1.2276

15 1.7051

20 2.339

25 3.169

30 4.246

35 5.628

40 7.384

45 9.593

50 12.394

55 15.758

60 19.940

65 25.03

70 31.19

75 38.58

80 47.39

85 57.83

96

1.

.1 !"#$ 26 '#(" 2552

.2 !"#$ 27 '#(" 2552

97

.3 !"#$ ,!-'#( 26 '#(" 2552

.4 !"#$ ,!-'#( 27 '#(" 2552

98

2./ !0///1#- /-'#'#

.5 !(##'/ 11 '#(" 2552

.6 !(##'/0/ 12 '#(" 2552

99

.7 !(##'/ 24 '#(" 2552

.8 !(##'/0/ 25 '#(" 2552

100

.9 !(##'/ 26 '#(" 2552

.10 !(##'/0/ 27 '#(" 2552

101

3. / !0///- /-'#'#

.11 !(##'/ 4 #-# 2552 (9.00-17.00.)

.12 !(##'/0/ 5 #-# 2552 (9.00-12.00.)

102

.13 !(##'/ 5 #-# 2552 (12.00-17.00 .)

.14 !(##'/0/ 6 #-# 2552 (9.00-17.00 .)

103

.15 !(##'/ 6 #-# 2552 (9.00-17.00 .)

.16 !(##'/0/ 7 #-# 2552 (9.00-14.00 .)

104

1.

! .1

105

( )

1. "#$#$ ¼ $# 470Ω 1 2. "#$#$ ¼ $# 390Ω 2 3. "#$#$ ¼ $# 4.7kΩ 2 4. "#$#$ ¼ $# 5.1kΩ 1 5. "#$#$ ¼ $# 47Ω 1 6. "#$#$%#&" % $# 10kΩ 1 7. ' (# $# 22pF 50V 2 8. ' (# $# 0.1uF 50V 3 9. ' '& $# 470uF 25V 1 10. ' '& $# 47uF 25V 1 11. &)% $# 5mm 3 12. &( PIC16F628A 1 13. &( 7805 1 14. &( DS1820 1 15. #$( BC547 2 16. &) 1N4001 2 17. ( 16 * 2 1 18. (%+ 4 19. (## 1 20. $' 2 # 1 21. $' 3 # 3 22. + 6 V 2 23. XTAL 4MHz 1 24. ,%$#+#"$ 1

106

! .2 #+$

107

( ) 1. "#$#$ ¼ $# 470Ω 2 2. "#$#$ ¼ $# 390Ω 9 3. "#$#$%#&" % $# 10kΩ 1 4. ' (# $# 22pF 50V 2 5. ' '& $# 470uF 25V 1 6. ' '& $# 47uF 25V 1 7. &)% $# 5mm 1 8. &( PIC16F877 1 9. &( 7805 1 10. #$( BC547 2 11. #$( TIP3055 1 12. &) 1N4001 1 13. (%+ 1 14. (## 1 15. $' 2 # 3 16. XTAL 4MHz 1 17. (%$($ 2 * 1 18. ,%$#+#"$ 2 ,%$ 19. 12Vdc 1

108

! .3 #+$

109

Souce Code #include "E:\project\ccc\project\project1.h" #use fast_io(A) #use fast_io(b) #use fast_io(C) #use fast_io(d) #use fast_io(e) #BYTE PA=5

#BYTE PB=6

#BYTE PC=7

#BYTE PD=8

#BYTE PE=9

#BIT DIGIT1=PD.0

#BIT DIGIT2=PD.1

#define Vbe 0.0048875855327468230694037145650049 // Vref/1023 (5/1023) //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// int a,SEG1,SEG2,out; int16 value; float volt; //INT CONST DISPLAY[10]=0X3F,0X06,0X5B,0X4F,0X66,0X6D,0X7D,0X07,0X7F,0X6F; INT CONST DISPLAY[10]=0Xc0,0Xf9,0Xa4,0Xb0,0X99,0X92,0X82,0Xf8,0X80,0X90; //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void multiplex() seg2 = out%10; // Filter data for segment1

seg1 = out/10; // Filter data for segment2

digit1 = 1; // ON segment1

digit2 = 0; // OFF segment2

PB = display[seg1]; // Send data to port0(display 7-segment) delay_ms(10); // Delay for display

110

digit1 = 0; // OFF segment1

digit2 = 1; // ON segment2

PB = display[seg2]; // Send data to port0(display 7-segment) delay_ms(10); // Delay for display //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// void main(void) set_tris_b(0); set_tris_c(0); set_tris_d(0); setup_ccp1(CCP_PWM); setup_timer_2(T2_DIV_BY_16, 127, 1); setup_port_a(ALL_ANALOG); setup_adc(adc_clock_internal); set_adc_channel(0); while(1) delay_us(100); value=read_adc(); set_pwm1_duty(value/2); volt=vbe*value; out=20*volt; if(out==100)out=99; multiplex();

111

PIC16F877

1. /#!0"01"#$ 35 /#! 2. /#!$3!401"#/##$ 1 53 2 Cycle 3. /##$&" ! 20 MHz 4. /##$ Pipe-line ( 2 %) /#0" #$3!/##$ 2 +%#:"4$&" 5. $%+#/#);$ Flash $# 8 Key Word (1 word=14 ) 6. RAM $# 368 & 7. EEPROM $# 256 & 8. $$:&" 14 % 9. Stack 0"01"&" 8 10. Power On Reset, Power Up Timer, Oscillator Start-up timer 11. Watchdog timer 12. Code Protection 13. )+$

14. @@#$#A# #+)0"B01"#$ B #01" XTAL B RC 15. ##5)"+&C +5V DC &" 16. 01"#) In-Circuit Serial Programming 17. /##$ !$ 2VDC 53 5.5VDC 18. Current Sink Current Source +% ! 25 mA

19. Timer/Counter 3 20. ) Capture/Compare/PWM 2 1 21. A-TO-D Converter 10 /#$$ 8 1%$/#"# 0$

22. USART /#% #B!# RS232 23. & + (Brown-out reset) 24. I/O : 5 :

112

1.

1 2 • !" 1573.16g • !() " 1221.73g

- *+, (./0) = [( ! - !() )/ !] x 100 = ( )

oo100

16.1573

73.122116.1573×

−

= 22.34 %wet basic

2. !"

!6 ++""( 78* 9: +++"("( 7 +8";+( 7 = +8+""( 7* 3600× = (873.30+1003.90+736.30+670.60+537.90+422.20+696.40+513.90+263.70) 3600× = 20.59MJ/m2

113

3. !#!

(A+ B6 !" * !! *+, ! ++))B!CD!D*! 55-65 E99( ++))B!CD+ 1

• !" 1659.41 !, 1.659 kg • !"! 1423.6 !, 1.424 kg ! = 424.1659.1 −

= 0.235 kg/day 4. &' ( ) !*# !"

!6 , +/B *!()! !* +/B+"E!9:+ +, /*( C;+*+ (" ! *!*+F/B+( 7 /*( C;+"D(A+ B

η = 100××

×

T

fg

IA

hm

, η +, /*( C;+"D;( 7, % m +, !, kg/day fgh +, +F"/G6, kJ/kg A +, ;, ( 7"D, m2 TI +, +( 7 * ;,, MJ/m2-day

+( η = 10008.237871.0

384.22358.0×

×

×

η = 09.3 %

114

1.

!"#$" %&!# (Heater) (% %!"# 1. )*"(*%+, 2. !%-./#%!!0(+1 $"!,.2! 3. ""(!!! 4. !(!!3--%-/*% --%%)%!# 5. !(!!3#!# 6. ". 4&!#3#!# 7. .5!#--%-/*% --%%)%!# 8. .5!##!# 9. %!"-.5!#--%-/*%--%%)%!# #!#

!% +. 4&!##!# +-./#-"(!(!!

10. %! -./#-"( 11. )!3(%.6""-3!

115

2.

-7 !"#$"%%3 % (Heater) % 8-!(0 1. !! • !"(*,% ( !%

2. %!# -%- • ..-7 3%!# -%-"(% (

"%9: 3. #!# • !,% ( !#-!((",,%( !;5#

("(*.!,%( 4. &!# • )*&!#-( ( )-!(",;

5. " " • " ".6- 8 .6-% "$"!%1

.6! 1+1.6"(% <( %" "" " %* ( )

116

!"#$%