high resolution microburst outflow vertical profile data from · vertical profile data from...

Report No. D|)l'/F..A\/PS-8817 I '

Project ReportAD-A236 486 mc-163

Reproduced FromBest Available Copy

High Resolution Microburst OutflowVertical Profile Data from

Huntsville, Alabama, and Denver, Colorado

" AVI.J. BironM.A. Isaminrer

•ELECTE >tJUN10 1991,

10 April 1991

Lincoln LaboratoryM \SSCI IUSETTS I N I iNSTI Iu. o i. 'r [CI IN0L0A)(,

ri-elptred for the I'•eheral A hiatiml Administration.

Iheimnmel is availlableI, to tlh' pmhlic through

1hw Natlional T4,4hmi(,al hiformation S4.rN ije.Slrii.ie~ldh. N ii-inia "22 16 1.

SLU NT18 MIJrodrat'.0

_ 91-01477

This (Io('iImiit is di~scu'ntreina tinder' the spoinsorsahip of the- Federal A'-iation Admi~nistr'ation.Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Go~ernnicntassumes no Ipubloit% for its contents or use thereof.

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DISCLAIMER NOTICE

THIS DOCUMENT IS BESTQUALITY AVAILABLE. THE COPYFURNISHED TO DTIC CONTAINEDA SIGNIFICANT NUMdER OFCOLOR PAGES WHICH DO NOTREPRODUCE LEGIBLY ON BLACK

AND WHITE MICROFICHE.

TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE

1, Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.ATW.- 103

4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report DateII igl Rq',oiltin l v'iurt(hi t liioit ei1 ioll ~t i r iii tn ~i~ 1(4 .lwin 1991Aita~mana. and I)4'iv4'r 4214'o atdo 6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s)8.PromnOraiainRptN.P.J. Iliroii und( NI.:k. isimalingti-AT- 0

9. Performing Organization Name and Address10WokUiN. TAS

.int14'hti Luiahraitory. MIT

11.0. Box 73 11. Contract or Grant No.Lexingtoni. NIA 021 73-910(11 tr~XoI--31-07

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and A.11dress 13. Type of Report and Pericd CoveredDepiartimentI of' franspmi44io rtat11 ro j ecl B eja itF'ederal I v illimi41 Admin111istrallt ioni

S vstemiii ltt'seaureli and )e~elloitiviine Se(ire 14. Sponsoring Agency CodeWa-Ainilonit4I. D)(' 20391

15. Supplementary Notes

This,' reporit is ~I~'lt'4I oill stiliri', perfolrmled ait Lincoiln a~iii~ti~ LI qt'ilte for l-'4-s'li4'14141rit'l lpeate 11% asL4'illisfI'ts illstitlt4'lof

Teellitiolo .1 ig;lit. work was s p i -rrd Iy l ~ ilt- e DInil Vt I('it of41 lilt- Air Forre 111141 4r Cont ract FI" 68))-CIH4

16. Abstract

li~ii j~itii'J11 or liiii" i'4'w441t iý' tO1 jii'4-sqil de4taliled 41.1tI1411ol illivroiuirst 4iitlfl(4W- re'orded'4 h%~ lilt. ii)\\ ii ti'stih'l w II

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19. SecuitClasi.(ofl thlisreporst) 20.vl wrie411 Secrit lasif.u 4T (of thisl page)iv 2l-1. Nol of l Pages 22.sl Pricee

1ORM DOTal170.7(-2 Rerdcinocoptepgeahrzd

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract

List of Figures v

List of Tables xi

List of B-Scans xiii

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. OUTFLOW DEPTHS 2

III. CASE STUDY (HUNTSVILLE) 4

IV. CASE STUDY (DENVER) 5

V. ADDITIONAL DATA 5

VI. CONCLUSION 6

REFERENCES 13

APPENDIX A: WEATHER SUMMARY 14

APPENDIX B: RADAR DATA 16

1. July 1, 1986 162. July 19, 1986 373. September 22, 1986 574. May 17, 1987 795. June 8, 1987 1016. June 12, 1987 1317. September 13, 1987 163

8. June 25, 1988 185

APPENDIX C: GLOSSARY OF TERMS 199

Accession For

NTIS GRA&I R01DTIC TAB 0

Unaimonmced ElJusti Ication

IDistributioni/

Availability CodesAvail and/or

ist Special.

LIST OF FIGURES

FigureNo. Page

1 Average differential velocity vs. height for low, medium and high 3reflectivity cases. (Denver, 1987).

2 Outflow depth (in) vs. maximum surface reflectivity for the 1987 4Denver data set.

3 Maximum differential velocity vs. depth of outflow for cases with 5Zres _< 200 meters.

B-1 RHI scan of reflectivity dt 1 degree azimuth during microburst at 1918:29:32 UT on July 1, 1986.

B-2 RHI scan of velocity at 1 degree azimuth during microburst at 2118:29:32 UT on July 1, 1986.

B-3 PPI scan of reflectivity at 2 degrees elevation during microburst at 2318:28:27 UT on July 1, 1986.

B-4 PPI scan of velocity at 2 degrees elevation during microburst at 2518:28:27 UT on July 1, 1986.

B-5 RHI scan of reflectivity at 7 degrees azimuth during microburst at 2918:37:44 UT on July 1, 1986.

B-6 RHI scan of velocity at 7 degrees azimuth during microburst at 3118:37:44 UT on July 1, 1986.

B-7 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0 degrees elevation during microburst at 3318:39:13 UT on July 1, 1986.

B-8 PPI scan of velocity at 0 degrees elevation during microburst at 3518:39:13 UT on July 1, 1986.

B-9 RHI scan of reflectivity at 9! degrees azimuth during microburst at 3920:04:06 UT on July 19, 1986.

B-10 RHI scan of velocity at 91 degrees azimuth during microburst at 4120:04:06 UT on July 19, 1986.

B-11 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0 degrees elevation during microburst at 43

20:02:02 UT on July 19, 1986.

V

B-12 PPI scan of velocity at 0 degrees elevation during microburst at 45

20:02:02 UT on July 19, 1986.

B-13 RHI scan of reflectivity at 99 degrees azimuth during microburst at 4920:09:37 UT on July 19, 1986.

B-14 RHI scan of velocity at 99 degrees azimuth during microburst at 51

20:09:37 UT on July 19, 1986.

B-15 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0 degrees elevation during microburst at 53

20:10:32 UT on July 19, 1986.

B-16 PPI scan of velocity at 0 degrees elevation during microburst at 55

20:10:32 UT on July 19, 1986.

B-17 RHI scan of reflectivity at 0 degrees azimuth during microburst at 61

23:03:01 UT on Sept. 22, 1986.


23:03:01 UT on Sept. 22, 1986.

B-19 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0.5 degrees elevation during microburst at 65

23:06:25 UT on Sept. 22, 1986.

B-20 PPI scan of velocity at 0.5 degrees elevation during microburst at 67

23:06:25 UT on Sept. 22, 1986.

B-25 RHI scar. of reflectivity at 108 degrees azimuth during microburst at 7123:18:00 UT on Sept. 22, 1986.

B-26 RHI scan of velocity at 108 degrees azimuth during microburst at 7323:18:00 UT on Sept. 22, 1986.

B-27 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0.5 degrees elevation during microburst at 7523:19:23 UT on Sept. 22, 1986.

B-28 PPI scan of velocity at 0.5 degrees elevation during microburst at 7723:19:23 UT on Sept. 22, 1986.

B-29 RHI scan of refle'tivity at 237 degrees azimuth during microburst at 8320:46:48 UT on May 17, 1987.

B-30 RHI scan of velocity at 237 de(,rees azimuth during microburst at 8520:46:48 UT on May 17, 1987.

B-31 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0.4 degrees elevation during microburst at 8720:50:37 UT on May 17, 1987.

vi

B-32 PPI scan of velocity at 0.4 degrees elevation during rnicroburst at 8920:50:37 UT on May 17, 1987.

B-33 RHI scan of reflectivity at 239 degrees elevation during microburst at 9320:54:18 UT on May 17, 1987.

B-34 RHI scan of velocity at 239 degrees elevation during microburst at 9520:54:18 UT on May 17, 1987.

B-35 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0.4 degrees elevation during microburst at 9720:55:13 UT on May 17, 1987.

B-36 PPI scan of velocity at 0.4 degrees elevation during microburst at 9920:55:13 UT on May 17, 1q87.

B-37 RHI scan of reflectivity at 327 degrees azimuth during microburst at 10301:47:50 UT on June 8, 1987.


01:47:50 UT on June 8, 1987.

B-39 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0.2 degrees elevation during microburst at 10701:46:50 UT on June 8, 1987.

B-40 PPI scan of velocity at 0.2 degrees elevation during microburst at 10901:46:50 UT on June 8, 1987.


B-42 RHI scan cf velocity at 326 degreer azimuth during microburst at 11501:54:27 UT on June 8, 1987.




B-46 RHI scan of velocity at 322 degrees azimuth during microburst at 12501:59:50 UT on June 8, 1987.


vii


B-49 RHI scan of refler-tivity at 288 degrees azimuth during microburst at 13521:47:16 UT on June 12, 1987.


21:47:16 UT on June 12, 1987.





21:59:43 UT on June 12, 1987.

B-55 PPI scan of refiectivity at 0.2 degrees elevation during microburst at 14921:58:59 UT on June 12, 1987.


B-57 RHI scan of reflectivity at 165 degrees azimuth duriiag microburst at 15522:13:39 UT on June 12, 1987.



B-60 PPI scan of velocity at 0.2 degrees elevation during microbur-t at 16122:12:29 UT on June 12, 1987.


01:08:09 UT on Sept. 13, 1987.

B-62 RHI scan of velocity at 305 degrees azimuth during micioburst at 169

01:08:09 UT on Sept. 13, 1987.

B-63 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0.4 degrees elevation during microburst at 17101:06:27 UT on Sept. 13, 1987.

viii


01:06:27 UT on Sept 13, 1987.


01:16:54 UT on Sept. 13, 1987.


01:16:54 UT on Sept. 13, 1987.

B-67 PPI scan of reflectivity at 0.4 degrees elevation during microburst at 181

01:14:37 UT on Sept. 13, 1987.


01:14:37 UT on Sept 13, 1987.


19:37:52 UT on June 25, 1988.




19:38:57 UT on June 25, 1988.

ix

LIST OF TABLES

TableNo. Page

i Characteristics of the FL-2 radar. 1

2 Microbursts within 8 km of FL-2 captured with RHI's. 7

3 1986 FLOWS surface outflow characteristics (Huntsville). 7

4 1987 FLOWS surface outflow characteristics (Denver). 8

5 1987 Denver outflow depths. 9

6 1987 Denver outflow velocity characteristics. 10

7 Height of maximum velocity in Denver outflows. 11

8 Depth of outflow (80% deltaV). 11

9 22 September 1986 microburst outflow depths. 12

10 25 June 1988 microburst outflow depths. 12

xi

LIST OF B-SCANS

B-ScanNo. Page

B-1 B-scan of velocity at 5 degrees azimuth during microburst at 1718:30:11 UT on July 1, 1986.




B-5 B-scan of velocity at 70 degrees azimuth during microburst at 5823:02:21 UT on September 22, 1986.

B-6 B-scan of velocity at 75 degrees azimuth during microburst at 5923:02:31. UT on September 22, 1986.



B-9 B-scan of velocity at 237 degrees azimuth during microburst at 8020:46:48 UT on May 17, 1987.

B-10 B-scan of velocity at 241 degrees azimuth during microburst at 9120:54:27 UT on May 17, 1987.

B-I B-scan of velocity at 327 degrees azimuth during microburst at 10201:47:50 UT on June 8, 1987.

B-12 B-scan of velocity at 323 degrees azimuth during microburst at 11101:54:08 UT on June 8, 1987.

B- 13 B-scan of velocity at 322 degrees azimuth during microbur."t at 12101:59:50 UT on June 8, 1987.

B- 14 B-scan of velocity at 289 degrees azimuth during micrcburst at 13221:41:41 UT on June 12, 1987.

xiii


R-16 B-scan of velocity at 290 degrees azimuth during microbur~t at 13421:47:26 UT on June 12, 1987.

B-17 3-scan of velocity at 263 degrees azimuth during microburst at 14321:49:22 UT on June 12, 1987.

B-18 B-scan of velocity at 222 degrees azimuth during microburst at 14421:5943 UTi on June 12, 1987.

B- 9 B-scan of velocity at 161 degrees azimuth during microburst at 15322:13:28 UT on June 12, 1987.

B-20 B-scan of velocity at 303 degrees azimuth dur) microburst at 164

01:07:56 UT on September 14, 1987.

B-25 B-scan of velociy at 357 degrees azimuth during microburst at 17501:16:54 UT on September 14, 1987.

B-26 B-scan of velocity at 100 degrees azimuth during microbiirst at 18.1ý19:37:05 UT on June 25, 1988.



xiv

1. INTRODUCTION

The focus of this report is to provide detailed data on microburst outflows recorded by the TI)WR-'stbed radar (FL-2) in Huntsville, Alabama (1936) and Demer, Colorado (1987-88). Detailed

information on microburst outflow characteristics is relevant to a number of issues:

(1) optimizing the siting and scanning of TDWR systems(2) assessing the detection capability of other wind sheardetection systems (e.g. ASR-9 and LLWAS)(3) understanding the operational hazard of a microburst toaircraft, and(4) validation of numerical models for microburst producingstorms.

However, much of the extensive past data base on microbursts does not provide adequatequantitative data to address these issues due to:

(1) clutter contamination of the surface scan data, and(2) scan strategies that did not provide adequate vertical andtemporal resolution in the outflow region.

In view of the importance of microburst outflow characteristics to the operational application of theTDWR system, a concerted effort has been made to obtain high resolution data on microburstswhich were close to the FL-2 radar from 1986 to 1988. The microburst data contained in this reportwere obtained in both a vertical (RHI) and horizontal (PPI) scan mode. Microbursts observedwithin 10 km were typically scanned with RHI's at an azimuth resolution of I or 2 degrees.

The pertinent characteristics of the FL-2 radar are shown in Table 1.

TABLE 1

Characteristics of the FL-2 Radar

BEAMWIDTH (deg) 1

WAVELENGTH (cm) 10.5

AZIMUTH RESOLUTION (deg) 1

RAINGE RESOLUTION (m) 120

SENSITIVITY @ 15 km (dB) -15

CLUTTER SUPPRESSION (dB) -40

AZ. ROTATION RATE (deg/sec) 10(HSV), 25(DEN)

SIDELOBES (dB) -25

REFL. ACCURACY : 2 dRz for weather width <' 4m/s

VELOCITY ACCURACY •-I ni/s foi weather width• 4m/s

The report is oiganized as follows. Section 11 provides summary results on outflow depths as a

function of core reflectivity, outflow wind strength, storm height, etc. Sections III and IV discussexamples of microburst outflows observed in Huntsville and Denver respectively. Section V

describes the raw data compiled in the report. The final section is a conclusion of the pertinentissues in understanding the importance of the depth of outflow in the microburst detection process.

The vast bulk of the report consists of Appendix B, which provides detailed data (e.g. printouts of

the radial velocity data on RHI scans together with color plots of the RHI and PPI data) for use byresearchers investigating the issues discussed at the beginning of this section.

I. OUTFLOW DEPTHS

The depth of outflow is pertinent to the detection capability and siting strategy of a single Dopplerradar observing the microburst from a horizontal viewing angle. The current TDWR scan strategy

consists of only PPI tilts with a surface tilt for microburst outflow detection scheduled once per

minute. The altitude over the airport of the lowest elevation angle represents a delicate tradeoff

between:

(1) scanning close to the surface to insure that the strong

outflow winds are observed, and(2) scanning far enough above the surface to minimize ground

clutter contamination.

Of particular interest is the variability of outflow depths from case to case and site to site (refer toTables 3 and 4). If the depth of the microburst is shallow, a detection algorithm might

underestimate or miss the wind shear entirely. Wilson et al. (1984) stressed the importance of radarsiting in order to detect shallow outflows. A study by DiStefano (1987) concluded that a shallow

outflow depth contributed to a missed microburst by the FL-2 radar on 23 July 1985 in Memphis,Tennessee.

In this section we provide a comparative analysis of outflow statistics tabulated from the FLOWS

Project in a wet environment (Huntsville) and dry region (Denver). Table 2 is a list of the fourteen

highest resolution microburst outflows from Huntsville and Denver which were scanned in an RHI

mode.' The radial velocity differential for these outflows ranged from 14 to 27 m/s.

Tables 3 and 4 contain outflow depths from a larger microburst data base for Huntsville and

Denver including a majority of the microbursts scanned with RHI's. For this analysis, the depth of

outflow is defined as the height of one-half the maximum surface velocity. Based on this criteria,Huntsville wind shears were slightly shallower than Denver e.g., 0.4 versus 0.6 km. Microburstdepths in Huntsville ranged from 300 to 1000 meters, while Denver outflows Naried from 200 to

1100 meters. These results are similar to the typical outflow depths reported for Memphis by

Rinehart et al., (1987) and for Denver by Wilson et al., (1984).

A more detailed analysis of Denver outflow structure is presented in Tables 5 and 6. The data

was tabulated from RHI's whose vertical resolution was dependent on the distance of the event from

the radar. The values are the lowest for which the criteria was meet. An important parameter inTable 5 is the height at which the differential radial velocity drops below 10 m/s. This is the current

minimum velocity threshold for declaring a microburst (without a precursor) in the TDWR

microburst detection algorithm. The median height of differential velocity < 10 m/s was 720 meters.

"In Table 2 and the subsequent tables, we have shown the vertical resolution of the radar(Zres). For RHI scans, the vertical resolution is the beamwidth (in radians) multiplied byrange while for PPI scans, Zres is the elevation angie spacing (in radians) multiplied by range.

2

There was quite a lot of variability ranging from a low of 200 meters to a high of 2200 meters. Theheight of one-half the maximum velocity was computed for the same cases and are listed in Table 5.The median height of one-half the maximum velocity is 700 meters, which is similar to the height atwhich the differential velocity drops below microburst threshold,*

The height of the maximum velocity and maximum differential velocity for Denver microburstsis presented in Table 6. The median height of maximum velocity and maximum differential velocitywere 50 and 60 meters respectively. The height of the maximum deltav was below 100 meters inapproximately two-thirds of the cases. In order to detect the strongest velocities in a microburst,the minimum elevation in the TDWR scan should cover the lowest one hu-!dred metcrs AGL.

Table 7 is a subset of Denver microbursts at a distance of 15 km or less from the radar. Ten ofthirteen microbursts analyzed here attained their maximum velocity on the lowest PPI tilt in thescan. The median height of maximum velocity was 10 meters with an extreme of 160 meters. Thosemicrobursts with stronger velocities aloft could have been captured prior to the strongest outflowreaching the surface. Additional research should be conducted to determine the variability of theoutflow structure in a microburst with time.

Figure 1 is a plot of the average differential velocity versus height for the Denver microburst casesaccording to the three reflectivity classifications determined by Roberts and Wilson, 1986 (low: _<35 dBz, moderate: 40-50 dBz, high: > 55 dBz). At a height of 500 meters, the differential velocityin the low reflectivity microbursts was reduced by 15 percent, while the medium and high reflectivitycases were reduced by 20 and 25 percent respectively. There was little difference in the structure ofthe radial velocity differential with height for Denver microburst reflecivity classes.

500-450 "

400.350-

300-1Height 250] High- Moderate-' -Low

(meters) 200

150" ,

100.

50- "111 1

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Radial Velocity (mis)

Figure 1. Average differential velocity versus height for low, moderate and highreflectivity Denver outflows.

It is important to be able to classify the type of microburst which may produce the shallowestoutflow. Figure 2 is a plot of the outflow depth versus the maximum core reflectivity at 0.5 km AGLfor the Denver data-set. The reflectivity distribution varies from 20 to 65 dBz. All of the lowreflectivity outflows were at least 500 meters deep, while the distribution for the moderate and high

* All heights cited in this report refer to the height of the radar plane assuming earthcurvature. The height above ground level would depend on the difference in elevationbetween the 3ntenna and ground in the location of interest. For example, at Hunts-vile the elevation difference between the radar and airport was -25 feet, while atDenver it was -3 11 feet.

3

reflectivity events ranged from 200 to 900 meters. For the cases examined here, there was nodistinct relationship between the depth of the outflow and the maximum core reflectivity.

1200f

1000-

800-

Outflow .* •Depth _00_

(m) 600.-- --___--- - -4 -400.0

200.-- --- @

0 10 ' ___2b ' W '46 1 -D

Reflectivity (dBz)

Figure 2. Outflow depth (m) vs. maximum core reflectivityfor the 1987 Denver data set.

Figure 3 is a plot of the distribution of maximum differential velocity and depth of outflow forthose cases with a Zres < 200 meters. The strongest outflow in this data-set was also one of theshallowest. However, the distribution suggests there is no relationship between the strength anddepth of the microburst. This topic will be further investigated as additional data is collected.

The TDWR system requirements statement (SRS) calls for a wind shear estimation accuracy of +and - 20 percent or 5 knots, whichever is greater. The depth of outflow statistics in Table 8 pertainto the specification required in the TDWR SRS. At a height of 325 meters the velocity in a typicalDenver microburst is 80 percent that of the surface. Approximately 90 percent of the Denvermicrobursts attained the 80 percentile value at a height of greater than 185 meters.

II1. CASE STUDY (HUNTSVILLE)

On 22 September 1986, a microburst developed just east of the FL-2 radar causing damage inthe area surrounding the Huntsville-Madison County Jetplex. The maximum surface reflectivityreached 60 dBz. The outflow was quite shallow having a maximum depth (height of one-halfmaximum deltav) of 190 meters (Table 9). This is also the height at which the differential velocitydrops below 10 m/s. The maximum radial velocity recorded by FL-2 was 21 m/s at the surface. Thisis an example of a strong microburst that could be underestimated or undetected by a radar whichdid not scan near the surface.

IV. CASE STUDY (DENVER)

On 25 June 1988, a line of 30 to 55 dBz cells formed along a convergent boundary east of FL-2.Numerous microbursts were detected along the line as it tracked westward. A high reflectivity core

4

1000 .. ..I900 -- - __

800-- -- -- __

700. ,• • --600.-

Outflow 500 4Depth 5

(m) 400 .....

300-

200-------

100- --__ -- _ _ _-__10-

10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

Radial Velocity (m/s)

Figure 3. Maximum differential velocity vs. depth of outflow for caseswith Zres < 200 meters.

just east of the radar produced a strong outflow accompanied by heavy rain and hail. The wind shearincreased from 10 to 30 m/s over a period of 4 minutes. Since there was no activity within the airportTDWR sector, FL-2 collected two volume scans of RHI's through the outflow region located within

2 km. This wind shear peaked at a velocity difference of 36 m/s over a distance of 2.5 km. Thisrepresents an average wind speed change of 14 m/s per kilometer. A divergent line persisted untilafter the cells had crossed Stapleton International Airport.

In comparison to the Huntsville event, the Denver outflow was deeper, maintaining a velocity inexcess of 10 m/s to a height of 630 meters (Table 10). The maximum differential velocity is locatednear the surface at a height of 30 meters. By 430 meters AGL, the microbursts wind speed drops

below one-half that of the surface.

V. ADDITIONAL DATA

A complete data set of resampled images and BSCANS are located in Appendix B for thoseinterested in additional outflow research. Each BSCAN is composed of the velocity value (m/s)versus range and elevation. The range in kilometers is located along the x-axis while the elevation indegrees is along the y-axis. Since the data were acquired from a single RHI tilt there is only oneazimuth for each plot. Thus it is possible to estimate the 50 or 80 percent outflow depth by

determining the velocity change with height. A number of outflows were detected on more than onevolume scan allowing for an analysis of the outflow structure with time. The resampled images depictthe microburst at approximately its strongest velocity differential. For each outflow in Table 2 there

is a brief weather synopsis

VI. CONCLUSION

Vertical profiles of microburst outflows are important for TDWR siting and scanning strategy,windshear detection systems, and an understanding of the outflow variability with location and time.The TDWR testbed has collected an extensive set of high resolution vertical profile data with RHIand PPI scans in Huntsville and Denver. This report provided summary statistics on the cases withgood vertical resolution.

5

The median depth of Huntsville outflows was slightly less than Denver events e.g., 400 versus 600meters. However the shallowest outflow in either locale was 200 meters for several cases fromDenver. According to the data presented here, the ITDWR must scan the lowest one hundred metersAGL in order to detect the strongest velocities in the microburst. There seems to be no relationshipbetween the maximum surface reflectivity or maximum velocity versus the depth of the outflow forDenver and Huntsville.

Based on this analysis, we recommend that the TDWR microburst detection scans extend fromthe surface to at least 200 m AGL and 100 m if there is adequate clutter suppression. Future studiesshould consider:

(1) the variability of outflow depth with time to attempt to addresstho issue of whether the deepest outflows are coincident with thestr ongest velocities

(2) an attempt to understand the physical processes that produceshallow (several hundred meters) and deep (2 kin) outflows

(3) focusing on the fine detailed study of the outflow structure todetermine if microburst vortices or rotors are present as numericalmodels suggest.

TABLE 2

Microbursts Within 8 .1am of FL-2 Captured with RHI's

DATE SITE YEAR TIMF LOCATION DELTA V Z RES._UT R(km)/AZ(deg•g __s) (kin)

July 1/A Huntsville 1986 1830 5/003 1 16 .08Sept 22/A huntsville 1986 2210 2/076 14 .03Sept 22/B Huntsville 1986 2318 2/108 27 .03Aug 10/A Huntsville 1986 2326 6/034 30 .10Aug 10/B Huntsville 1986 2340 7/015 30 .12Aug 10/C Huntsville 1986 2351 3/007 40 .05

- June 7/A Denver 1987 0159 7/322 18 .12May 17/A Denver 1987 2046 8/237 16 .13June 12/A Denver 1987 2147 3/288 22 .05June 12/B Denver 1987 2153 4/250 15 .07June 12/C Denver 1987 2213 6/169 25 .10Sept 13/A Denver 1987 0108 7/302 2.1 .12Sept 13/B Denver 1987 0117 2/358 16 .03June 25/A Denver 1988 1936 2/100 35 .03

Note: Some of the velociky range gates on 10 August 1986 are contaminated.

TABLE 3

1986 FLOWS Surface Outflow Characteristics (Huntsville)

DATE TIME LOC. DELTA V DEPTH MaxZ HEIGHT TOP Z RES.UT R(km)/AZ(deg) (m/s) OUTFLOW(km) CORE 20 dBz (Lk-i_

June 24 1548 19/161 12 0.5 55 7.0 .32July 01 1830 5/003 18 0.4 60 10.8 .08July 06 2041 27/212 21 0.6 60 12.5 .45July 13 2050 24/023 32 1.0 65 13.9 .40July 13 2126 16/325 28 0.7 65 13.4 .27July 25 2020 20/215 15 0.3 55 7.1 .33July 25 2206 24/066 18 0.3 55 10.3 .40Aug 07 2123 23/339 24 0.4 55 10.6 .38Aug 24 2019 23/283 18 0.4 60 13.1 .38Sept 21 1903 9/235 24 0.5 60 12.8 .15Sept, 22 2249 3/088 14 0.5 60 11.5 .05Sept 22 2317 3/155 27 0.3 60 12.0 .05

Median 19.5 0-.45 60 11.75

7

TABLE 4

1987 FLOWS Surface Outflow Characteristics (Denver)

DATE TIME LOCATION DELTA V DEPTH MaxZ HEIGHT TOP Z RES.UT R(km)/AZ(deg) (m,/s) OUTFLOW(kin) CORE 20 dBz (km)

May 1712046 8/237 18 0.9 65 10.6 .13May 17 2102 16/033 14 0.5 60 11.5 .27May 23 2152 14/236 25 0.6 65 10.6 .23May 23 2146 19/318 18 0.5 60 11.0 .32May 26 1851 16/113 21 0.9 55 8.2 .27June 7 2343 20/290 20 0.6 50 6.0 .33June 7 0021 29/280 16 0.5 45 5.9 .48June 7 0101 26/277 16 0.9 40 6.3 .43June 7 0129 13/338 14 0.2 40 3.8 .22June 7 0136 10/337 20 0,2 55 6.3 .17June 7 0159 8/322 18 0.2 60 5.5 .13

June 10 2219 18/276 21 0.9 30 5.6 .30June 11 1841 19/250 15 0.5 35 6.8 .32June 12 2147 3/293 20 0.7 30 - .05June 12 2149 4 !263 16 0.5 40 9.2 .07June 12 2155 12/236 21 0.7 55 7.9 .20June 12 2223 10/12,t 18 0.7 25 6.8 .17June 17 2146 17/273 24 0.4 45 8.6 .28June 17 2152 23/278 21 0.8 45 7.4 .38June 18 2317 21/312 18 0.7 45 7.9 .35June 18 2301 32/283 22 0.4 60 10.1 .53July 02 0254 17/253 21 0.5 30 .4.6 .28July 02 0236 18/178 27 0.6 60 11.9 .30July 23 0443 14/279 20 0.5 55 11.5 .23Aug 07 0155 13,/120 18 0.6 60 12.0 .22Sept 10 0314 16/109 20 0.5 55 9.2 .27Oct 08 0015 17'/147 22 1.1 20 4.8 .28Oct 08 0034 16/164 16 0.7 25 4.0 .27Oct 08 0121 20/164 22 0.8 20 4.5 .33

- -Median 20 0.6 45 7.65

8

TABLE 5

1987 Denver Outflow Depths

DATE/CASE # TIME LOCATION HEIGHT DELTAV HEIGHT 1/2UT R(km)/AZ~deg) < 10 m/s (M) MAX. VELOCITY (in)

5-17-87/1 204648 9/237 400 5605-17-87/2 210213 16/033 280 4505-23-87/1 215219 13/236 1000 10005-23-87/2 214628 18/318 480 13005-26-87/1 185105 16/113 940 9406-07-87/1 234320 21/290 360 10006-07-87/2 002105 29/280 400 5606-07-87/3 010105 28/277 820 9806-07-87/4 012952 10/337 200 1906-07-87/5 015950 8/322 260 2606-10-87/1 221930 18/276 1100 8606-12-87/1 214741 3/293 730 6906-12-87/2 222327 10/124 750 6806-12-87/3 215519 12/236 1630 16306-12-87/4 184146 18/250 470 9006-17-87/1 214648 18/276 450 6506-17-87/2 215233 23/279 410 9006-18-87/1 231735 19/312 910 7306-18-87/2 230129 32/283 1420 14207-02-87/1 205359 16/253 720 10007-02-87/2 023603 18/178 2200 14807-23-87/1 044242 13/279 1540 9008-07-87/1 015606 13/120 1640 16409-10-87/1 031357 16/109 590 52010-08-87/1 001527 17/147 1440 128010-08-87/2 003316 16/164 720 70010-08-87/3 012457 19/164 670 860

Median 720 700

9

TABLE 6

1987 Denver Outflow Velocity Characteristics

DATE/CASE # LOCATION TIME REFLECTIVITY HEIGHT MAX. HEIGHT MAX.R(km)/AZ(deg) UT CORE (dBz) VELOCITY(m) DELTA V(

5-17-87/1 8/237 204648 55 < 10 105-17-87/2 16/033 210213 60 40 505-23-87/1 1j/236 215219 65 10 205-23-87/2 -/318 214628 60 50 605-26-87/1 16/113 185105 50 10 2006-07-87/1 2?/210 234320 45 130 1606-07-87/2 30/280 002105 45 60 606-07-87/3 28/277 010105 40 180 1006-07-87/4 10/337 012952 40 10 106-07-87/15 8/322 015950 55 20 206-10-87/1 18/276 221930 20 20 206-11-87/1 18/2(1V 000146 15 20 206-12-87/1 3/293 214741 25 < 10 106-12-87/2 10/124 222327 40 160 16306-12-87/3 11/236 215519 5 450 4506-17-87/1 18/276 214648 30 20 206-17-87/2 23/279 215233 35 40 406-18-87/1 20/312 231735 45 150 1906-18-87/2 32/283 230129 60 110 1407-02-87/1 17/253 205359 15 70 207-02-87/2 18/178 023603 55 20 207-23-87/1 14/271 044242 55 10 3209-10-87/1 16'/109 031357 55 60 8010-08-87/1 17/147 001527 5 560 33010-08-87/2 16/164 003316 5 140 14010-08-87/. 20/164 012457 15 150 180

Median 45 50 60

10

TABLE 7

Height of Maximum Velocity in Denver Outflows

DATE TIME LOCATION MAX. VELOCITY HEIGHT MAX. LOWESTUT R(km)/AZ(deg) (rn/ _ VELOCITY (m) TILT

5-17-87 2046 7/237 10 < 10 Y5-23-87 2152 10/236 16 10 Y5-26-87 1851 14/113 15 10 Y6-07-87 0129 8/337 10 < 10 Y6-07-87 0159 8/322 11 20 Y6-12-87 2147 2/293 12 5 Y6-12-87 2155 10/236 16 10 N6-12-87 2223 9/124 10 160 N

7-02-87 2053 15/253 18 70 N7-23-87 0442 11/279 12 10 Y9-10-87 0313 14/109 10 60 Y108-87 0033 15/164 13 140 Y6-25-88 1937 2/104 23 < 10 Y

Median- 10

TABLE 8

Depth of Outflow (80% Maximum Delta V)

DATE TIME LOCATION DEPTH OUTFLOW ATUT R(km)/AZ(deg) 80% DELTA V (m)

June 7 2343 20/290 185June 7 0021 29/280 310June 7 0101 26/277 830June 7 0136 10/337 40June 7 0159 8/322 125June 17 2146 17/273 280June 17 2152 23/278 368May 17 20416 8/237 240May 17 2102 16,/033 200May 23 2152 14/236 195May 23 2146 19/318 400June 10 2219 18/276 770

June 18 2317 21/312 639June 18 2301 32/283 218July 02 2054 17/253 560Oct 08 0015 17/1.17 1260Oct 08 0034 16/164 314

Oct 08 0121 20/16t 558July 23 0443 11/279 416Aug 07 0155 13/120 330Sep 10 0314 16/109 280July 02 0236 18/178 561June 12 2147 3/293 150

June 12 2155 12/236 890June 12 2223 10/124 470May 26 1851 16/113 320

Medlian 325

11

TABLE 9

22 September 1986 Microburst Outflow Depths

TIME VELOCITY HEIGHT VELOCITY HEIGHT DELTA VUT (m/s) (M) (m/s) (M) (m/s)

231800 -10 0 +11 0 21-9 0 +10 10 19

-11 20 +9 30 20-9 30 +8 60 17-9 4I +5 100 14

-11 50 +1 140 12-9 90 +1 190 1 10

TABLE 10

25 June 1988 Microburst Outflow Depths

TIME VELOCITY HEIGHT VELOCITY HEIGHT DELTA VUT (m/s) (M) (m/s) (M) (m/s)

193711 -23 0 +12 20 35-23 10 413 30 36-23 10 A12 40 35-23 20 +12 80 35-21 30 +12 90 33-19 40 +12 140 31--19 40 +ll 190 30-19 50 +9 190 28-18 50 +9 230 27-18 60 +7 290 25-18 80 +5 320 23-18 90 +4 290 22-19 100 +5 370 24-18 110 +4 380 22-17 120 +3 410 20-14 110 43 430 17-13 130 43 500 16-1-4 140 13 550 17-14 150 -T2 490 16-13 100 -3 490 16-11 110 -i2 520 16-14 120 -1 590 13-13 160 -2 630 I 11

12

REFERENCES

1. DiStefano, J.T., Study of Microburst Detection Performance During 1985 in Memphis, Tennessee.Project Report ATC-142 DOT/FAA/PM-87-18, 1987.

2. Eilts, M.D., Nowcasting low-altitude wind shear with a Doppler radar. AIAA 25th AerospaceSciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada. 1-5, 1987.

3. Rinehart, R.E., J.T. DiStefano, and M.M. Wolfson, Preliminary Memphis FAA/Lincoln Labora-tory Operational Weather Studies Results. Project Report ATC-141 DOT/FAA/PM-86-40. 1987.

4. Roberts, R.D. and J.W. Wilson, Nowcasting Microburst Events Using Single Doppler Radar. 23rdConference on Radar Meteorology, Snowmass, Colorado. 14-17, 1986.

5. Wilson, J.W., R.D. Roberts, C.J. Kessinger, and J. McCarthy, Microburst Wind Structure andEvaluation of Doppler Radar for Airport Wind Shear Detection. Journal of Climate and AppliedMeteorology, 23. 898-914, 1984.

13

APPENDIX A: WEATHER SUMMARY

July 1, 1986

Due to a warm, moist and unstable atmosphere on this day, air-mass showers and thunderstormsdeveloped over northern Alabama. The morning's activities focused on several scattered thundershowerswhich developed to the south and southeast of FL-2. These cells were quite weak and produced only weakoutflowr. By early afternoon, stronger cells developed in the vicinity of the radar. Several fairly strongoutflows were detected by FL-2, including one with a 33 m/s differential shear.

July 19, 1986

This day's mission began at 19"10 GMT focusing on a cell 42 km to the north of the radar. By 2000 GMT,a strong cell had developed at a range of 6 km and 090 degrees. A reflectivity core of 60 dBz was observedpriov to a microburst shear of +15 and -9 m/s. Several other microbursts were observed to the east andsoutheast of FL-2.

September 22, 1986

On this day, air-mass thundershowers developed during the afternoon hours within the FLOWS mesonet.A total oi 5 microbursts and 2 gustironts were recorded in the radar logs. The strongest event was armicroburst located near FL-2 producing a radial shear of 36 m/s.

May 17, 1987

The passage of a strong cold front on this day led to the development of several strong (55 to 60 dBz) cellswest of Denver by 1900 GMT. Two gustfronts and four microbursts were detected during this day's mission.All of the events were accompanied 1.y moderate to heavy rainfall at the surface.

June 8, 1987

On this day, echoes began to develop over 'he mountains by early afternoon. At 2140, a gustfront wasdetected. Convergence along this feature provided additional lifting to a cell over Denver. Severalmicrobursts were noted within a line west of S-_apieton. Most of the outflows on this day were classified asmoderate or high reflectivity events.

June 12, 1987

On the 12th, several lines of virga developed to the west and north of FL-2. A number of strongwindshears accompanied by blowing dust were documented. The surface reflectivities in these storms weregenerally less ther. 45 dB.-. A total of 28 rnicrobursts were logged within 4 divergent lines.

September 13, 1987

Virga developed along the foothills during the mid-afternoon producing several weak microbursts. Laterin the afternoon, a second line of stronger cells built off of the mountains and moved across the airport. Anumber c-f outflows were detected in real time to the northwest, north, and northeast of the FL-2 site.

14

June 25, 1988

By early afternoon on this day, several moderate echoes developed along a convergence line east of theFL-2 radar. This line produced several microbursts as it drifted to the west and passed over Stapleton. Thestrongest event, accompanied by hail, caused minor damage at the FL-2 site.

15

APPENDIX B: RADAR DATA

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APPENDIX C: GLOSSARY OF TERMS

DELTAV- Radial velocity differential across the outflow.

HEIGHT Vmax- Height in kilometers of the rzaximum approaching or receding velocity.

DEPTH out- Height in kilometers to one-half of the maximum approaching or receding ve'ocity.

MAXZ core- Maximuir reflectivity in dBz within the core above the outflow.

HEIGHT 2OdBz- Height in kilometers of the top of the 20 dBz contour.

Zres- The radar resolution in the vertical (eg. range X beamwidth.

199

high resolution microburst outflow vertical profile data from · vertical profile data from...

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