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Name:__________________________________________ Advisory:______________________ Period:__________
HighSchoolWorldHistoryCycle4Week7Lifework
ThispacketisdueMonday,May15th
CompleteandturninonFRIDAY5/12for5pointsofEXTRACREDIT!
LifeworkAssignment Completeoneveningof
IntroductiontoMuhammad&IslamReading&Questions Monday,May8
ReligionsReviewCrosswordPuzzle:Christianity&Islam Tuesday,May9
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QuestioningSkills:Jihad Wednesday,May10
InterimReview Thursday,May11
InterimReview Friday,May12
Pleasecompleteassignmentswithexcellenceusingcompletesentences,correctpunctuationand
capitalization.
Ms.Bush:314-348-7588 Ms.Wiedemann:636-692-1800
http://bushwiedemannworld.weebly.com/
An Introduction to Muhammad and the Faith of Islam
USHistory.org,adaptedbyNewselastaff
AmanmeditatingaloneinacavenearMeccareceivedareligiousvision.Thisvisionlaidthefoundationsforanewreligion.TheyearwasC.E.610andtheman'snamewasMuhammad.Hisideasbecamethebasisforoneoftheworld'smostwidelypracticedreligions:Islam.
MuhammadwasbornaroundC.E.570inthecityofMecca,locatedontheArabianPeninsula.BothofhisparentsdiedbeforeMuhammadwas6andhewasraisedbyhisgrandfatheranduncle.HisfamilybelongedtoapoorclanthatwasactiveinMeccapolitics.
Followingthetraditionsofwealthyfamilies,hespentpartofhischildhoodlivingwithaBedouinfamily.BedouinsweretravelingherderswholivedintheharshArabiandesert.Muhammad'sexperiencesamongthesepeoplemostlikelyhadastronginfluenceonthedevelopmentofIslam.
Inhis20s,Muhammadbeganworkingasamerchantandsoonmarriedhisemployer,arichwomannamedKhadijah.Overthenext20yearshebecameawealthyandrespectedtrader,travelingthroughouttheMiddleEast.Heandhiswifehadsixchildren:twoboys(whodidnotliveintoadulthood)andfourgirls.Bythetimehewas40,hebeganhavingreligiousvisionsthatwouldchangehislife.Arevelationoffaith
WhilemeditatinginacaveonMountHira,Muhammadhadasuddenvision.HecametobelievethathewascalledonbyGodtobeamessengerandteacherofanewfaith,Islam,whichliterallymeans"submission."
ThisnewfaithincludedideasfromJudaismandChristianityandrespectedtheholybooksofthesereligionsanditsgreatleaders,Abraham,Moses,Jesusandothers.MuhammadcalledAbraham"Khalil"("God'sfriend")andidentifiedhimasoneofIslam'sfoundingfathers,alongwithhissonIshmael.MuhammadbelievedthathehimselfwasGod'sfinalmessenger.Muslims,JewsandChristiansallworshipthesamegod,butMuslimscallhimAllah.Allahmeans"TheGod"inArabic.CentraltoIslamicbeliefsaretheFivePillarsofFaith,whichallfollowersofIslam,who
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arecalledMuslims,mustfollow:1.Thereisonlyoneuniversalgod:Allah.2.FollowersofIslam(Muslims)areexpectedtoprayfivetimeseachdaywhilefacingMecca.3.AllMuslimsareexpectedtopayayearlytaxthatismostlyintendedtohelpthepoorandneedy.4.FortheentiremonthofRamadan,Muslimsmustnoteat,smoke,drinkorhavesexualrelationsfromsunrisetosunset.5.AllableMuslimsmustmakeapilgrimage(hajj)toMeccaatleastonceintheirlifetimes.MeccahousesIslam'sholiestsite,theKaaba.ItwasbelievedtohavebeenbuiltforGodbyAbraham.Jihadbetterexplained
BeliefinjihadisacommonthreadtomanyIslamicgroups.AlthoughtheexactmeaningoftheArabicisdifficulttoexpressinEnglish,jihadismostaccuratelytranslatedas"struggle."FormostMuslims,jihadisapersonalstruggleagainstevil.TheholybattlesofthisreligiousstrugglearefoughtinsidethemindsandsoulsofMuslimbelievers.
Sometimes,thestrugglecantaketheformofaphysicalwarinthenameofself-defense.AlthoughthiskindofjihadisoftenreferredtoinEnglishasa"holywar,"mostMuslimsbelievethereisnothingholyaboutwarandthatwarsshouldonlybefoughtagainstoppressorsandaggressors.
AverysmallgroupofMuslims,however,feelthatMuslimsmustwagewaragainstallnon-believers.ItisthisideaofjihadthathasinspiredIslamicextremistterrorism,actsofviolencecommittedbyradicalizedMuslimswhobelievetheymustadvancetheirgoalsthroughdisruption.Unfortunately,duetomediacoverage,thisistheinterpretationofjihadthatmostWesternersarefamiliarwith.
ItshouldbereiteratedthatmainstreamIslamispeacefulandrejectstheideaofunprovokedwar.Althoughtheideaofjihadiswidespread,ithasnotbeenacceptedbythegeneralIslamiccommunityasoneofthePillarsofIslam.FromMeccatoMedinaandback
Muhammad'smessagewasespeciallywellreceivedbypoorpeopleandslaves.Manypeopleofotherreligionswereopposedtohismessage,though.Thisoppositiononlyseemedtomakehimmoredetermined.Afteryearsofpubliclypromotinghisideas,hebecamesodislikedthatsomebeganplottinghismurder.
InC.E.622,fearingforhislife,MuhammadfledtothetownofMedina.ThisflightfromMeccatoMedinabecameknownastheHegiraorHijra,Arabicfor"flight."
InMedina,thelocalpeoplewelcomedMuhammadandhisfollowers.There,Muhammadbuiltthefirstmosque,orIslamictemple,andbegantoworktoseparateIslamfromJudaismandChristianity,whichhadoriginallyinfluencedhim.WhereashisfollowershadoriginallyprayedwhilefacingtowardJerusalem,henowhadthemfacetowardMecca.MuhammadcontinuedtohavevisionsfromAllah.Throughthesevisions,hecameupwithapoetictextcalledtheQuran,whichcontainsthefundamentalideasofIslam.
MuhammadfoughtanumberofbattlesagainstthepeopleofMecca.InC.E.629,hereturnedtothecitywithanarmyof1,500believersandenteredthecityunopposedandwithoutbloodshed.Beforehisdeathtwoyearslater,heforcefullyconvertedmostoftheArabianPeninsulatohisnewfaithandbuiltasmallempire.
Unfortunately,MuhammadhadnotpickedsomeonetoleadIslamafterhedied.ThestruggleoverleadershipthatfollowedhisdeathhasdividedMuslimstothisday,creatingadivisioninIslambetweentheSunnisandShiites.Despitetheseproblems,avastIslamicempirewascreatedoverthenext12centuries.Overtime,thereligionbuiltamassivebaseofworshipersacrosstheworld.MONDAY ComprehensionQuestions:
1. DescribehowthefoundationsofIslamweremade.
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2. WhowasMuhammad?Whatwashisearlylifelike?
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3. Muhammadhad_________________________inacave.AtthistimeGodtoldMuhammadthathewastobea
_____________________________________andteacherofIslam.WhatdoesIslammean?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. ****HowareIslam,JudaismandChristianityrelated?USEAQUOTETOSUPPORTYOURANSWER.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. WhoisAllah?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. CompletethechartabouttheFivePillarsofFaith:
FirstPillar SecondPillar ThirdPillar FourthPillar FifthPillar
Drawing/Sketch:
Drawing/Sketch: Drawing/Sketch: Drawing/Sketch: Drawing/Sketch:
7. ***WhichoftheFivePillarsofIslamdoyouthinkisthemostinteresting?USEAQUOTETOSUPPORT
YOURANSWER.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Whatisjihad?Doesjihadmeanthesamethingtoeveryone?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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9. Muhammad’smessagewasreceivedbothpositivelyandnegatively,describethetheseresponses.
Positive:_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Negative:
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10. MuhammadestablishedmanyofthefoundationsofIslamperAllah’sinstruction.DescribetwootherimpactshehadfromtheFromMeccatoMedinaandbacksectionofthepassage.
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TUESDAY CrosswordPuzzle(attached)WEDNESDAY QuestioningSkills
Directions:READthesectionsofthearticlebelow.Foreachsection,youmayneedtoansweraquestionorwriteaquestion.Usethequestionexamplesbelowtohelpyouwritebetterquestions!
QuestionStarters
WHO•WHAT•WHEN•WHERE•WHY•Whatwouldhappenif…?•Whyisitactually….?
•Whatdoestheauthormeanby…?•HowisitthattheHanukkahis…?•WhydotheJewishfollow/practice…?
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Overview:Jihad
Bloomberg, adapted by Newsela staff
ANSWER:Whatisjihad?
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Extremistgroupssuchasal-QaedaandIslamicStatecalltheirviolentattacksjihad—aholywarfoughtforIslam.MainstreamMuslimsarguethatjihadismostlyaspiritualexperienceinvolvinganinternalstruggle,tobeabetterMuslim,forexample.Inthisview,violentjihadisallowedonlyinextremecasesandmustbeapprovedbylegitimateauthorities.Nevertheless,themilitantjihadisarewinningrecruits.
GlossaryJihadholywarfoughtforIslam;canalsomeanpersonalstruggle.Martyrapersoniskilled,orchoosestodie,fortheirreligiousbeliefsSharialawthereligionlaw,orrules,followedbymembersoftheIslamicfaith
TheSituationAstudybyRandCorporation,aglobalpolicynonprofitorganization,foundthatthenumberofviolentjihadigroupsgrewdramaticallyina25-yearperiod.In1988,therewerejustthreeviolentjihadigroups.In2013,therewere49.ThegoalofthisviolentkindofjihadistocreateapureIslamicsociety.JihadissaytheywanttopracticeIslamasProphetMuhammad’searlyfollowersdid.MuhammadstartedIslamabout1,400yearsago.Jihadiswantcountriestoberuledbysharia.ThesearetherulesandlawsintheQuranandweretakenfromtheprophet’slife.ArabscholarsandreligiousofficialshavecondemnedthesegroupsandsaythattheirkindofviolentjihadisagainstMuslimtheology.However,manyMuslimsdonotlistentothereligiousofficialsbecausetheyarecloselyconnectedtothegovernmentandpeopledon'tthinktheyareindependent.
1.WhatweretheresultsoftheRandCorporationstudy?2.Howhavejihadigroupsjustifiedtheiractions?3.WriteaquestionyouhaveforTheSituationpassage:
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TheBackgroundJihadliterallymeans“tomakeaneffort.”Itcanmeanaspiritual,verbal,scholarlyormilitaryattempttoserveGod.ManyIslamictextsdiscussthequestionofwhenwarisjustified.JihadfirstappearedintheQuranwhenGodpermittedMuhammadandhisearlyfollowerstofighttheirpersecutorsinArabia.Inrecentyears,terroristleadershaveusedtheideaofmilitaryjihad.Inthelate1980s,jihadispushedtheSovietUnionarmyoutofAfghanistan.SomeMuslimswhowerenotfromAfghanistanfoughtwiththejihadis.Thentheyreturnedtotheirhomecountriestocontinueholywar.AmongthemwasOsamabinLadenfromSaudiArabia.Hisgroup,al-Qaeda,declaredwarontheU.S.anditsalliesin1998,andkilledalmost3,000peopleinattacksontheU.S.onSeptember11,2001.
4.Howistheactualmeaningofjihaddifferentfromthewaygroupshaveusedjihad?5.Writeaquestionyouhaveaboutthesecondparagraph:
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TheArgumentSomejihadissaythatMuslimsshouldfightuntilallnon-MuslimsconverttoIslamorfollowIslamicrule.OthersclaimtheirmilitarycampaignsareaimedatpurifyingMuslimlandsortakingbackterritoryonceunderMuslimrule.Bothpositionsgoagainsttheviewofmainstreamscholars.TheysaythatMuslimsshouldonlyeverusejihadtodefendMuslim-ruledterritoryfromattackorprotectpersecutedMuslims.Scholarssaythatonlyheadsofgovernmentshavethepowertodeclarewar,butjihadisdothisallthetime.Criticsalsodenouncejihadisforkillingcivilians,whichisforbiddeninIslamictexts.Defendersofjihadissaythatthecivilianswereaccidentallykilledwhilefightingtherealenemy.Randestimatedthatthenumberofjihadifighterswasasmanyas105,000in2013,upfrom1,900in1988.Studiesofcapturedandformerjihadisshowthattheyhavemanydifferentreasonsforjoiningjihadigroups.Theywanttobecomefamous,belongtoagroup,orexperienceadventure.Theymayalsowanttoexpressfrustrationoversomethingthathappenedtothemthattheythinkwasunfair.Manyjihadifightersespeciallyliketheideaofbeingamartyr,apersonwhodiesforareligion.Onestudyfoundthatvolunteersgenerallydon’tcomefromveryreligiousfamilies.OnetheorysaysthatmanyofthesevolunteersthinktheMuslimworldisunderthreatandthatIslamiclawrequireseveryableMuslimmantodefendit.
6.WRITEAQUESTIONafterreadingthefirstparagraphorgraph(above).7.InTheArgumentcriticsandscholarsthoughtsonjihadisarediscussed.Pickoneexampleofanissueandcompletethischart
Issue
Jihadiviewpoint
Scholarsviewpoint
8.Whydopeoplejoinjihadigroups?