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High Speed Rail and Sustainable MobilitySustainable MobilityA focus on environmental and social issues

Aurélie JEHANNO

SYSTRA, Project manager

Paris, France

� The study « High Speed rail and sustainable development » was launched in 2009 by the UIC

� Its goals

• Assess whether High Speed Rail contributes or not to Sustainable

2

contributes or not to Sustainable development and to what extent

• Demonstrate the advantage of High Speed in a multimodal approach and the possible tracks for progress

• Analyse HSR through its geographical and diversity

Aurélie JEHANNO

Project manager, SYSTRA

HS and environment, 5C

• A global approach according to the three pilars of sustainable development

– With the cooperation of :

� SYSTRA

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� SYSTRA

� The UIC High Speed Committee

� The UIC Environment and Sustainability Department

� The Deutsch Bahn (revisal process)

• A specific focus on the carbon footprint of High Speed Rail throughout international comparisons

Aurélie JEHANNO



Environment : a quick definition

PhysicalEnvt

Agrarian

land and

forests

areas

Agrarian

land and

forests

areas

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Cultural and naturalheritage

Cultural and naturalheritage

Natural

Envt

Natural

Envt

Anthropogneic

or manmade

environment

Anthropogneic

or manmade

environment

Scope� Lifecycle analisis

� Conception /planning� Construction� Operation/maintenance � Renewal/End of life

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� Renewal/End of life

� Effects/impacts

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Direct Permanent

Indirect Temporary

� Environmental Impact assessment

� Risk analisis management

Integrate environment in infrastructure projects

Preliminary

Impact Assessme

Avoidance, reduction

or yscreening

Initial

diagnosisof the

territory

Scenarios for the

infrastructure

Assessment

or mitigation measures

Monitoring and

following of impacts

� Consistency of the project requires a continuity in studies

� Progress in investigations = going indepth progressively

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progressively

� Be selective = weight and propose a hierarchy for criteria

� Iterative approach = check the relevance of previous choices and interfaces with other specialties

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7

Corridor approach ( 8 to 10 km)

3 à 5 km

Growing

Corridor approach ( 8 to 10 km)

3 to 5 km

8

1 km

Layout project (500 m )

Final layout40 to 100 m

Growingprecision

Layout project (500 m )

1 km

99 Source : GPSO

Environmental footprint of High Speed

Main issues

� Global warming� Resource depletion

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� Resource depletion� Noise and vibration � Biodiversity ( Flora/ Fauna)� Landscape and cultural inheritage� Landtake

Aurélie JEHANNO



Competitive mode for medium and long distance trips

HSR competitiveness

Multimodal market share depending on distance and time travel in Japan

HSR competitiveness

Competitive mode for medium and long distance trips

HSR competitiveness

Evolution of Rail /Air Market share on specific corridors

- Paris to Lyon , in 1984 : Train = 40%, Car = 29%, Plane = 31% , in 1997 : TGV = 73% , Car = 21%, Plane = 6%

HSR competitiveness

Global warming : what is at stake? Co2 emissions since 1870 in the world

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Distribution of Co2 emissions in the world by activity sector in 2007

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Global Transport emissions by mode share in 2005

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Sensibility testing in CO2 emissions for current HSR links in Europe

CO2 emissions in kg CO2 per passenger (one way)

Typical routes HSR Car Air

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Typical routes HSR Car Air

Bruxelles - Paris, 310 km 3 44 46

Bruxelles - London, 315 km 9 45 80-111

Bruxelles - Francfort, 410 km 24 59 63

Bruxelles - Nice, 1250 km 6 179 185

Amsterdam - Paris, 510 km 8 73 75

Global warming : CO2 emissions

Comparison of CO2 average emissions per pass. km in Europe

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Possible ways to reduce GHG emissions(very strong link with energy consumption matters)

� During the conception phase :

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� Better planning and anticipation

� Better Designing civil engineering structures (ex. use less material)

� Optimise modal shift designing the most efficient infratsruture and related service

Aurélie JEHANNO



Possible ways to reduce GHG emissions

� During construction :

� Exemple: Reducing the quantities of lime and cement used

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� Exemple: Reducing the quantities of lime and cement usedby planning earthworks to take place during the driestmonths of the year

� Feed workbase as much as possible using rail infrastructure

� When using road transportation, make sure that trucks do not leave empty

� Try to reduce workers emissions in relation with theirdisplacements

Aurélie JEHANNOProject manager, SYSTRAHS and environment, 5C


� During operation : Reducing emissions from traction is the most obvious measure. It can be achieved by cutting energy consumption and acting on policy policies

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� Examples of energy saving measures could include:

� Building rolling stock from new lighter materials,

� Using regenerative braking and better aerodynamics, etc…

� Eco-driving techniques now being introduced by many operators.

•Aurélie JEHANNO




� End of life/renewal

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� Using recycled materials

� The AGV (Automotrice Grande Vitesse) a French HSR train with a commercial speed up to 360 km/h is designed to be up to 98% recyclable.

Aurélie JEHANNO



Conclusions

� Travelling by rail is on average 3-10 times less

CO2 intensive compared to road or air transport

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CO2 intensive compared to road or air transport

� With 6 % of passenger market share and 10% of

freight market in Europe, rail still contributes less

than 2% of the EU transport sector’s CO2

emissions

� The rail sector has committed itself to cut the

specific emissions of rail transport by 30% over

the period 1990-2020

Resource depletion : Energy consumption� Transport accounts for nearly 25% of world energy consumption and 60 % of oil world oil consumption (of which 47% is dedicated to land transportation)

� Oil peak as well as depletion of other non renewable � Oil peak as well as depletion of other non renewable energies

� Unprecedented challenge in terms of energy security

Resource depletion : Energy consumption

A multimodal comparison on Paris Marseille Corridor

97100

120

Aircraft Car HSR

3,9

51

32,2

97

0,1

37

28,8

89

3,8

139,6

2

0

20

40

60

80

100

Consumption (toe) -

Primary energy

equivalent

Energy efficiency

(goe/pass.km)

Consumption

(Koe/passenger)

Environmental

efficiency

kg.Co2/passenger

Source : French Environment and Energy efficiciency calculator

Resource depletion : Energy consumption� Conception phase:

� Improve the alignment in order to limit to the maximum acceleration and deceleration phases,� Improve aerodynamism of the Rolling stock in order to � Improve aerodynamism of the Rolling stock in order to limit air resistance

� Construction phase:

� Manage closely freight and material transport in order to favor as much as possible work site feeding by rail �…

Resource depletion : Energy consumption� Operation phaseExample of the French National Railway company policy

� Energy invoice is 800 Million Euros per year (for the whole network)whole network)

� 700 M = traction (of which 600 M for electricity and 100 M for gasoil) � 100 M = buildings

� The company has launched a programm in order to cut down this invoice with energy savings. (target : -12%)

Resource depletion : Energy consumption� Some of the measures implemented by the SNCF

� Better planning timeschedules in order to avoid useless acceleration and braking ( use of a software MARECO) � ecodriving (training of drivers), � ecodriving (training of drivers), � regenerative braking� savings on air conditioning � better designing of admisitrative buildings and stations

� Dismantlement/Renewal : � use less material, � design lighter trains� use recyclable material

Air pollution : main pollutants and impacts

> Acidification of soils and waters due to sulphur

oxides and ammonia into the atmosphere with

serious impacts on ecosystems and materials

> Formation of ground level ozone bbecause of non> Formation of ground level ozone bbecause of non

methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC),

nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and

methane (CH4) = adverse effects on human health

and ecosystems

> Airbone particulate matter (Pm) provokes

respiratory and cardiovascular problems

Air pollution : main pollutants and impacts

�HSR lines are 100% electric rail traction and the local air

pollution contribution is therefore coming from the electricity

production

�All electric rail transport is free of direct local air pollution

Local air pollution

300 268,3

Aircraft Car High Speed Rail

Route Frankfurt – Hamburg, a multimodal comparison of air pollutant emissions

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Energy Resource

consumption

(converted into

liter of petrol)

Carbon dioxine

(kg)

Particule matter

(g)

Sulphur dioxide

(g)

Nitrogen oxides

(g)

Non methane

hydrocarbons

(g)

32,8

77,1

2,1

43,4

268,3

20,838,6

86

21,23,2

223

18,311,119,2

1

19,5 17,21,1

Source: IFEU 2008

� Conception /planning : � Mainly meassures on energy production, One asset of HSR is that the wehicle is already free from local pollution ( it is not the case of cars and planes�Adopt a Multimodal approach ( HSR, road, air) when dealing with traffic increasewith traffic increase

� Construction phase : � worksite feeding, �using non air polluting generators

� Operation : � particule emissions when braking (use less polluting material and improve conception).

Noise and vibration

Impacts on health

Noise and vibration Percentages of highly disturbed when exposed to air, road and rail traffic noise

� Conception /planning :� Rolling stock , improve aerodynamic design => pantographs � Tunnel section => correctly design them to avoid sonic booms � Track designStation acoustics

Wayside Noise Barriers

� Station acoustics

Viaduct Noise Barriers

� Construction : � improve the Work site organisation,�Enclosed ‘Super Silenced’ Generators & pumps�Equipment conforming to EC noise regs�Use hoarding & cabins as Noise �Use hoarding & cabins as Noise Barriers�Noise & Vibration Monitoring

� Operation : �limit speed when crossing urban areas�When HSR infrastructure is mix, it enables to divert freight traffic from urban areas (shunts) which is a real improvement

Noise and vibration : solutions

Measure Efficiency Cost

Quantity Environment

Noise barriers 5 to 10 dB(A) Behind protection +++++

Isolation5 to 30 dB(A)

Indoor +

Sleepers and LRS4 to 5 dB(A)

Global ++

Freight rolling stock

improvement

5 to 7 dB(A)Global +++

Absorber 1 to 4 dB(A) Global ++

Best practice : JAPAN

The main risks of linear infrastructure :

Biodiversity and linear infrastructure

• Habitat degradation and fragmentation• Wildlife mortality and disappearance• Endangered flora and disappearance

� Conception

� Proper layout design of HSR lines � avoid the most sensitive areas

Wildlife overpassareas � Building of tunnels and viaducts to restore the permeability for small and big fauna� Specific fences adapted to each type of species. �Flora , soil , water, transfer of species if it is not possible to keep it on site.

Wildlife overpass

Source : RFF

�Construction � indicate clearly what is the zone that is protected, strict guidance, displacement of endangered species, �Avoid pesticides�Avoid pesticides�Correct monitoring of transfer operation…

�Operation �Strict following of guidance �Buildings

Best practice East European HSR: “Hardillon ponds and protection of the 4species of triton and frogs” (RFF)

� A network of 3 ponds in an agricultural context� A network of 3 ponds in an agricultural context

The steps :

� Identification during preliminary Environment Impact assessment studies of 4 endangered species of tritons and frogs

Identification of the impacts linked with the layout of the HSL.� Destruction of a pond and jeopardization of species � Hampering of batrachians populations

Therefore => Authorization needed to remove species to another location, rebuilding their natural habitat. (State another location, rebuilding their natural habitat. (State authorization needed = Ministry for Environment)

Pumping of the “destructed” pond, in presence of local state representative environmental authorities

Gathering of species and transfer into a recreated pond

�Building of a “batroduct” to restore movements of animals �Creation of dykes along each side of the infrastructure �Creation of fences along the whole infrastructure to avoid mortal collisions

� During construction

Clear messages directed to the construction staff

Protection net for batrachians

�After the commissioning and during operationEcological following of the pond and its surroundings during 5 years by the Natural Conservatory of natural inheritage of Champagne ArdennesRetrocession of the site to the above quoted authority

Landscape and cultural inheritage

The main risks : • Visual intrusion• Landscape fragmentation• Destruction of cultural , • Destruction of cultural , historical inheritage

Landscape and cultural inheritage

�Conception � Landscape integration policy

�Construction� Give back work sites with vegetalised surfaces, think of keeping during work fertil ground� Quarries (material strategy)

Landscape

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Source : CETE / SETRA

Land use and land take efficiency

The main risks : • Competition with other use especially agriculture• Fragmentation of the land

How to transport 515 people?

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Land use and land take efficiency

�Conception � Limit the infrastructure land take

=> With parallel layouts=> base chantiers / carrières => base chantiers / carrières

� Favor the regrouping of lands in order to avoid unused lands

HSR and safety • Increased speeds could increase the severity of collisions

• But dedicated lines with

Some figures in Europe

• But dedicated lines with no crosslevel

• Transport safety : a priority for public authorities, constructors and operators in the field of railways:

• Risk management approach is widely spread

Quality and productive time

Reliable and comfort

Productiveness Average delay for the Tokaido

Shinkansen for the period 1987-

2003

Reliable and comfort mobility : a real competitive advantage

In a nut shell

� Maximisation of positive impacts of HS (i.e modal shift from

other less efficient modes, a strengthen intermodality and

reinforcement of public transportation).

� Minimisation of negative impacts of HS on environment (mainly

the impact of the alignment on natural habitat and landscapes, the impact of the alignment on natural habitat and landscapes,

noise emissionsD)

� Anticipate environmental constraints as much as possible,

prevent is better than curing

� Adopt a Risk management approach , enabling constant

monotoring and adaptation

� Adopt a partnership approach

� Establish a very clear road map with identified avoidance,

reduction and mitigation measures, funding and partners

In a nut shell

HSR is environmentally friendly in a context of commercial efficiency (load factor, frequent services…) and when it is able to derive traffic from air and road; from air and road;

Environment is a key issue for HSR stakeholders that has enabled to gather 40 years of best practices

Thank you for your kind attentionThank you for your kind attention

Aurélie JEHANNO


www.systra.com

high speed rail and sustainable mobility - apta.com · pdf filehigh speed rail and sustainable...

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